1039:
experiments. These experiments help identify the specific amount of a chemical that may cause harm and potential risks of being near or using products that contain certain chemicals. Research projects may range from assessing the effects of toxic pollutants on the environment to evaluating how the human immune system responds to chemical compounds within pharmaceutical drugs. While the basic duties of toxicologists are to determine the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings, specific job duties may vary based on industry and employment. For example, forensic toxicologists may look for toxic substances in a crime scene, whereas aquatic toxicologists may analyze the toxicity level of water bodies.
204:
685:
elucidation of the DNA double helix, and the development of computers. ... Toxicity testing is approaching such a scientific pivot point. It is poised to take advantage of the revolutions in biology and biotechnology. Advances in toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, epigenetics, and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded primarily on in vitro methods that evaluate changes in biologic processes using cells, cell lines, or cellular components, preferably of human origin." As of 2014 that vision was still unrealized.
1026:(SOT) recommends that undergraduates in postsecondary schools that do not offer a bachelor's degree in toxicology consider attaining a degree in biology or chemistry. Additionally, the SOT advises aspiring toxicologists to take statistics and mathematics courses, as well as gain laboratory experience through lab courses, student research projects and internships. To become Medical Toxicologists, physicians in the United States complete residency training such as in Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics or Internal Medicine, followed by fellowship in Medical Toxicology and eventual certification by the
800:
417:
1022:. Bachelor's degree programs in toxicology cover the chemical makeup of toxins and their effects on biochemistry, physiology and ecology. After introductory life science courses are complete, students typically enroll in labs and apply toxicology principles to research and other studies. Advanced students delve into specific sectors, like the pharmaceutical industry or law enforcement, which apply methods of toxicology in their work. The
128:
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such effects. Evidence-based toxicology has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. These include concerns related to transparency in decision-making, synthesis of different types of evidence, and the assessment of bias and credibility. Evidence-based toxicology has its roots in the larger movement towards
922:
86:
45:
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tumors, and live longer than the control animals". A few chemicals have no well-defined safe level of exposure. These are treated with special care. Some chemicals are subject to bioaccumulation as they are stored in rather than being excreted from the body; these also receive special consideration.
517:
of a substance. Adverse effects depend on two main factors: i) routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, or dermal) and ii) dose (duration and concentration of exposure). To explore dose, substances are tested in both acute and chronic models. Generally, different sets of experiments are conducted to
1038:
Toxicologists perform many different duties including research in the academic, nonprofit and industrial fields, product safety evaluation, consulting, public service and legal regulation. In order to research and assess the effects of chemicals, toxicologists perform carefully designed studies and
569:
strives to transparently, consistently, and objectively assess available scientific evidence in order to answer questions in toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the environment, including the prevention and amelioration of
1047:
The salary for jobs in toxicology is dependent on several factors, including level of schooling, specialization, experience. The U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) notes that jobs for biological scientists, which generally include toxicologists, were expected to increase by 21% between 2008 and
642:
provides information that is not available by other means about how substances function in a living organism. The use of non-human animals for toxicology testing is opposed by some organisations for reasons of animal welfare, and it has been restricted or banned under some circumstances in certain
737:
Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve – at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed. Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge – a small exposure produces animals that "grow more rapidly, have better general appearance and coat quality, have fewer
725:
animal models of human prenatal developmental toxicity, (3) sensitivity improved as more stringent weights of evidence requirements were applied to the animal studies, and (4) statistical analysis of the most potent chemical hits on specific biochemical targets in ToxCast revealed positive and
684:
published a report called "Toxicity
Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy" which opened with a statement: "Change often involves a pivotal event that builds on previous history and opens the door to a new era. Pivotal events in science include the discovery of penicillin, the
676:
can be determined, and chemical structures that are likely to bind to, and interfere with, proteins with essential functions, can be identified. This work requires expert knowledge in molecular modeling and statistics together with expert judgment in chemistry, biology and toxicology.
866:
to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use. The primary concern for forensic toxicology is not the legal outcome of the toxicological investigation or the technology utilized, but rather the obtainment and interpretation of results.
741:
Several measures are commonly used to describe toxic dosages according to the degree of effect on an organism or a population, and some are specifically defined by various laws or organizational usage. These include:
464:
is considered "the father" of modern toxicology, based on his rigorous (for the time) approach to understanding the effects of substances on the body. He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "
1714:
Schreider J, Barrow C, Birchfield N, Dearfield K, Devlin D, Henry S, et al. (July 2010). "Enhancing the credibility of decisions based on scientific conclusions: transparency is imperative".
2275:
1224:
Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Giorgi FM (August 2020). "Transcriptional network inference and master regulator analysis of the response to ribosome-inactivating proteins in leukemia cells".
1048:
2018. The BLS notes that this increase could be due to research and development growth in biotechnology, as well as budget increases for basic and medical research in biological science.
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experiments with other types, or use more simple forms of life when possible. The historical development of alternative testing methods in toxicology has been published by Balls.
1073:
138:
3437:
729:
In some cases shifts away from animal studies have been mandated by law or regulation; the
European Union (EU) prohibited use of animal testing for cosmetics in 2013.
717:
following chemical exposure. Major findings from the analysis of this ToxCast_STM dataset published in 2020 include: (1) 19% of 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of
2560:
Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Remião F, Marques A, Santos A, et al. (September 2010). "Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology".
1279:
5608:
2914:
Caito S, Lopes AC, Paoliello MM, Aschner M (2017). "Chapter 16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to
Mammalian Organs". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.).
768:
689:
2147:
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1751:"Toxicology and epidemiology: improving the science with a framework for combining toxicological and epidemiological evidence to establish causal inference"
1847:
de Bruin YB, Eskes C, Langezaal I, Coecke S, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Hakkinen PJ (2009). "Testing methods and toxicity assessment (Including alternatives)".
4296:
468:" which translates as, "All things are poisonous and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous." This is often condensed to: "
726:
negative associations with the STM response, providing insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of the targeted endpoint and its biological domain.
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2272:
5555:
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2693:
Berg N, De Wever B, Fuchs HW, Gaca M, Krul C, Roggen EL (June 2011). "Toxicology in the 21st century--working our way towards a visionary reality".
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While testing in animal models remains as a method of estimating human effects, there are both ethical and technical concerns with animal testing.
721:, (2) assay performance reached 79%–82% accuracy with high specificity (> 84%) but modest sensitivity (< 67%) when compared with
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to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Within the
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that the article is lacking scope of the real discipline, both in actual content and in its pointing to more specialized, related articles.
673:
437:, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect. A work attributed to the 10th century author
661:" – reduce the number of experiments with animals to the minimum necessary; refine experiments to cause less suffering, and replace
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969:
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72:
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include the dosage, duration of exposure (whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment.
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Thévenod F, Lee WK (2013). "Toxicology of
Cadmium and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.).
2350:"Profiling the ToxCast Library With a Pluripotent Human (H9) Stem Cell Line-Based Biomarker Assay for Developmental Toxicity"
947:
780:
TTC = The
Threshold of Toxicological Concern concept has been applied to low-level contaminants, such as the constituents of
777:
TWA = Time-Weighted
Average, the average amount of an agent's concentration over a specified period of time, usually 8 hours
498:
1471:
Wennig R (April 2009). "Back to the roots of modern analytical toxicology: Jean
Servais Stas and the Bocarmé murder case".
395:
5120:
4745:
4266:
4004:
3692:
299:
1506:
Committee on Risk
Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1994).
774:
STEL = Short-Term
Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted for short periods of time, in general 15–30 minutes
493:
became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue. This allowed him to identify the use of
5594:
4673:
3822:
2255:
681:
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is also considered the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his
5525:
4863:
3989:
1980:"High-Throughput Video Processing of Heart Rate Responses in Multiple Wild-type Embryonic Zebrafish per Imaging Field"
986:
is a scientist or medical personnel who specializes in the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of
943:
693:
58:
1358:"Taxonomical outlines of bio-diversity of Karnataka in a 14th century Kannada toxicology text Khagendra Mani Darpana"
932:
154:
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Since the late 1950s, the field of toxicology has sought to reduce or eliminate animal testing under the rubric of "
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3111:
3061:
1094:
571:
291:
2460:"Editorial: Advances and Refinements in the Development and Application of Threshold of Toxicological Concern"
611:
The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals. Examples of model organisms are
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1406:"Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01"
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Unterthiner T, Mayr A, Klambauer G, Hochreiter S (March 2015). "Toxicity prediction using deep learning".
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Adami HO, Berry SC, Breckenridge CB, Smith LL, Swenberg JA, Trichopoulos D, et al. (August 2011).
298:
research, since some toxins can be used as drugs for killing tumor cells. One prime example of this is
2776:
Unterthiner T, Mayr A, Klambauer G, Steijaert M, Wegner JK, Ceulemans H, et al. (December 2014).
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1991:
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1089:
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33:
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Krewski D, Acosta D, Andersen M, Anderson H, Bailar JC, Boekelheide K, et al. (February 2010).
6095:
5903:
5773:
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5424:
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5307:
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5115:
5003:
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4618:
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4025:
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3512:
3486:
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3126:
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2148:"Alternative toxicity test methods: reducing, refining and replacing animal use for safety testing"
1183:
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1114:
875:
851:
829:
821:
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as a poison in the Bocarmé murder case, providing the evidence needed to convict the Belgian Count
466:
Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist.
2399:"Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010"
1978:
Martin WK, Tennant AH, Conolly RB, Prince K, Stevens JS, DeMarini DM, et al. (January 2019).
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3091:
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Andresen E, Küpper H (2013). "Cadmium Toxicity in Plants". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.).
2848:
2797:
2585:
2428:
2111:
1800:"Enhancing credibility of chemical safety studies: emerging consensus on key assessment criteria"
1581:
1257:
1058:
871:
863:
833:
807:
751:
364:
243:
825:
1931:"Advancing toxicology research using in vivo high throughput toxicology with small fish models"
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2017:
1960:
1911:
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2410:
2397:
Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, et al. (May 2011).
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2007:
1999:
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To work as a toxicologist one should obtain a degree in toxicology or a related degree like
316:
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6013:
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5429:
5342:
5165:
5040:
4868:
4828:
4813:
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3772:
3570:
3552:
3294:
3274:
3157:
2348:
Zurlinden TJ, Saili KS, Rush N, Kothiya P, Judson RS, Houck KA, et al. (April 2020).
2279:
1929:
Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Allen D, Ceger P, Casey W, Hinton D, et al. (2016-11-01).
1886:"Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection"
1624:
Stephens ML, Andersen M, Becker RA, Betts K, Boekelheide K, Carney E, et al. (2013).
1275:
905:
514:
150:
64:
2736:
528:
Both large single exposures (acute) and continuous small exposures (chronic) are studied.
2706:
2308:
2178:
1995:
1603:
1561:
1237:
1210:
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5678:
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5414:
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4167:
4134:
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3187:
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3131:
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2537:
2510:
2509:
Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, van Benthem J, Wester P, Opperhuizen A (February 2011).
2486:
2459:
2374:
2349:
2325:
2292:
2061:
2036:
2012:
1979:
1955:
1930:
1906:
1885:
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1824:
1799:
1775:
1750:
1691:
1666:
1382:
1357:
1164:
1139:
639:
475:
424:
239:
1373:
6089:
5948:
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5733:
5708:
5703:
5371:
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4554:
4139:
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3542:
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1261:
1079:
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781:
438:
391:
208:
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1585:
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1285:
518:
determine whether a substance causes cancer and to examine other forms of toxicity.
5993:
5973:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5898:
5878:
5788:
5758:
5718:
5698:
5688:
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5653:
5328:
5130:
5090:
4991:
4915:
4793:
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4433:
4155:
3969:
3890:
3238:
1019:
1015:
859:
231:
17:
3032:
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2958:
2573:
2316:
692:
studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the
380:
6043:
6038:
6008:
5963:
5908:
5848:
5833:
5828:
5793:
5753:
5643:
5633:
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4678:
4235:
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2785:. Proceedings of the deep learning workshop at NIPS. Vol. 27. pp. 1–9.
2612:
2133:
921:
701:
445:
describes various toxic substances and poisonous recipes that can be made using
430:
2003:
1569:
1548:
Hoffmann S, Hartung T (September 2006). "Toward an evidence-based toxicology".
767:
PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted under US
6023:
5968:
5953:
5893:
5858:
5853:
5823:
5783:
5763:
5693:
5673:
5402:
5292:
5095:
4919:
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4291:
4189:
4151:
4088:
4052:
4017:
3679:
3335:
2923:
2835:
2818:
2714:
2415:
2398:
2212:
1642:
1626:"Evidence-based toxicology for the 21st century: opportunities and challenges"
1625:
1245:
1177:
841:
820:
is the discipline that can be practiced not only by physicians but also other
714:
461:
420:
2844:
2476:
2365:
854:
is the discipline that makes use of toxicology and other disciplines such as
386:
5943:
5928:
5913:
5863:
5838:
4873:
4311:
4251:
4204:
4113:
4100:
4057:
4040:
3964:
3615:
3580:
3448:
3223:
2661:
1766:
1727:
1159:
1011:
811:
704:
619:
596:
490:
368:
283:
251:
227:
3014:
2976:
2941:
2918:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 501–534.
2722:
2679:
2630:
2581:
2546:
2495:
2424:
2383:
2334:
2192:
2070:
2021:
1964:
1946:
1915:
1833:
1784:
1735:
1700:
1651:
1577:
1492:
1391:
1253:
2527:
6033:
5958:
5888:
5818:
5813:
5638:
5302:
5261:
4995:
4967:
4954:
4723:
4643:
4209:
4194:
4127:
4117:
4035:
3709:
3646:
3453:
3218:
2991:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 415–490.
2953:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 395–413.
1149:
1109:
895:
803:
Brochure illustrating the work of the CDC Division of Laboratory Sciences
757:
NOEL = No-Observed-Effect-Level, the highest dose known to show no effect
590:
510:
494:
303:
271:
263:
247:
235:
2091:
1815:
1682:
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5778:
5648:
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3601:
3355:
3041:
2297:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews
1007:
837:
709:
628:
626:), which allow for the study of toxicology in a lower order vertebrate
584:
450:
446:
270:
is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical
255:
223:
5586:
2179:
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique: Is It Relevant Today?
5713:
4326:
4122:
4083:
3532:
3471:
3177:
3036:
2052:
1667:"Evidence from Toxicology: The Most Essential Science for Prevention"
995:
295:
279:
2802:
2603:
Reisfeld B, Mayeno AN (2012). "What is Computational Toxicology?".
1484:
4340:
4336:
3495:
3197:
3192:
1897:
991:
987:
814:
status (MD or DO degree plus specialty education and experience).
798:
672:
testing method; using computer models of chemicals and proteins,
415:
259:
202:
2515:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1884:
Harding CR, Schroeder GN, Collins JW, Frankel G (November 2013).
643:
regions, such as the testing of cosmetics in the European Union.
268:
relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism
4848:
4741:
4737:
4539:
4329:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
434:
5590:
5234:
4406:
4402:
3419:
3050:
2293:"Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy"
1432:
The dose makes the poison: a plain-language guide to toxicology
915:
121:
79:
38:
3046:
2607:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 929. pp. 3–7.
2257:
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
1458:"Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)"
5230:
2646:"A toxicology for the 21st century--mapping the road ahead"
792:"Clinical toxicology" redirects here. For the journal, see
355:
349:
882:
project, the best predictive models were identified to be
352:
343:
325:
334:
1331:
Levey M (2017). Arnold E, Flood FB, Necipoğlu G (eds.).
870:
Computational toxicology is a discipline that develops
713:
developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular
294:. Toxicology is currently contributing to the field of
146:
1436:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
433:, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor
2194:
The history of alternative test methods in toxicology
453:
poetic work attributed to the Jain prince Mangarasa,
340:
331:
328:
319:
2779:
Deep learning as an opportunity in virtual screening
2107:"E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients"
754:, a dose that will kill 50% of an exposed population
346:
322:
6057:
5501:
5438:
5395:
5321:
5268:
5188:
5148:
5104:
5053:
5026:
4990:
4953:
4914:
4905:
4841:
4786:
4777:
4716:
4661:
4610:
4572:
4563:
4494:
4449:
4440:
4284:
4228:
4176:
4099:
4015:
3951:
3944:
3903:
3876:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3736:
3708:
3678:
3669:
3632:
3614:
3594:
3551:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3323:
3257:
3206:
3140:
3084:
764:, the highest dose known to show no adverse effects
337:
1537:. United States Environmental Protection Agencies.
1429:
668:Computer modeling is an example of an alternative
1074:Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study
2737:"Toxicology in the 21st century Data Challenge"
27:Study of substances harmful to living organisms
2755:"NCATS Announces Tox21 Data Challenge Winners"
5602:
5246:
4418:
3431:
3062:
2823:Journal of the American College of Toxicology
2231:Risk assessment of chemicals: An introduction
2090:. Society of Toxicology. 2014. Archived from
2082:
2080:
1362:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
828:in clinical toxicology: physician extenders (
690:United States Environmental Protection Agency
135:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2819:"Occupational Toxicology: NIOSH Perspective"
2458:Patlewicz G, Worth A, Yang C, Zhu T (2022).
2916:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health
1665:Mandrioli D, Silbergeld EK (January 2016).
1510:. The National Academic Press. p. 56.
1333:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
950:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
594:(testing on isolated cells or tissues), or
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5609:
5595:
5587:
5253:
5239:
5231:
5185:
5145:
5050:
5023:
4987:
4950:
4911:
4838:
4783:
4713:
4658:
4607:
4569:
4491:
4446:
4425:
4411:
4403:
4321:
3948:
3805:
3796:
3675:
3500:
3491:
3438:
3424:
3416:
3069:
3055:
3047:
2037:"The C. elegans model in toxicity testing"
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
521:Factors that influence chemical toxicity:
472:" or in Latin "Sola dosis facit venenum".
95:needs attention from an expert in medicine
6075:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2834:
2801:
2669:
2536:
2526:
2485:
2475:
2414:
2373:
2324:
2060:
2011:
1954:
1905:
1823:
1774:
1690:
1641:
1381:
970:Learn how and when to remove this message
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
5313:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
2445:
2233:. New York: Springer. pp. 451–479.
1508:Science and judgement in risk assessment
536:Ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption
2153:. Society of Toxicology. Archived from
1602:. Society of Toxicology. Archived from
1281:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1197:
290:as part of the larger movement towards
3351:List of extremely hazardous substances
2989:Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
2951:Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
2511:"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke"
2088:"The importance of animal in research"
1028:American College of Medical Toxicology
582:Toxicity experiments may be conducted
457:, describes several poisonous plants.
105:may be able to help recruit an expert.
6070:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2224:
2222:
2191:Balls M, Combes RD, Worth AP (2019).
1529:
1527:
894:, which can reach the performance of
7:
4369:
3386:
2229:van Leeuwen CJ, Vermeire TG (2007).
1460:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
948:adding citations to reliable sources
904:is the application of toxicology to
4381:
3398:
1849:Information Resources in Toxicology
1550:Human & Experimental Toxicology
1310:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 10.
5211:Minimum bactericidal concentration
2254:National Research Council (2007).
2134:"Existing Non-animal Alternatives"
1861:10.1016/B978-0-12-373593-5.00060-4
1798:Conrad JW, Becker RA (June 2011).
1535:"Human Health Toxicity Assessment"
25:
3290:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
2891:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
2562:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
1890:Journal of Visualized Experiments
1804:Environmental Health Perspectives
1671:Environmental Health Perspectives
1284:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1171:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
618:which can replace small mammals,
460:The 16th-century Swiss physician
238:, that involves the study of the
207:A toxicologist working in a lab (
54:This article has multiple issues.
5571:
5570:
5531:List of pharmaceutical companies
5201:Minimum inhibitory concentration
4380:
4368:
4357:
4356:
3397:
3385:
3374:
3373:
920:
810:is the discipline that requires
762:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level
674:structure-activity relationships
315:
126:
84:
43:
32:For the scientific journal, see
5551:Pharmacies in the United States
5141:WHO list of essential medicines
4634:Non-specific effect of vaccines
2136:. AltTox.org. 8 September 2011.
1600:"How do you define toxicology?"
1356:Bhat S, Udupa K (August 2013).
1308:A Textbook of Modern Toxicology
1205:Schrager TF (October 4, 2006).
62:or discuss these issues on the
5196:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3361:Occupational safety and health
3265:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
880:Toxicology in the 21st Century
501:of killing his brother-in-law.
390:, which in turn come from the
300:ribosome-inactivating proteins
1:
5121:Functional analog (chemistry)
1374:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60134-3
1368:(8): 668–72, discussion 672.
372:
302:, tested in the treatment of
4674:Hill equation (biochemistry)
2997:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_14
2959:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_13
2574:10.3109/15376516.2010.497976
2317:10.1080/10937404.2010.483176
2260:. National Academies Press.
2181:Altex 27, Special Issue 2010
682:National Academy of Sciences
600:(in a computer simulation).
588:(using the whole animal) or
5526:Pharmacy benefit management
2869:. American Chemical Society
2817:Johnson BL (January 1983).
2613:10.1007/978-1-62703-050-2_1
2105:Kanter J (March 11, 2013).
1335:. Wiley. pp. 525–526.
846:allied health professionals
694:CompTox Chemicals Dashboard
499:Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé
378:, from the combining forms
149:, discuss the issue on the
97:. The specific problem is:
6112:
5189:Antimicrobial pharmacology
4669:Dose–response relationship
4599:Desensitization (medicine)
4109:Arthropod bites and stings
3728:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
2197:. London: Academic Press.
2004:10.1038/s41598-018-35949-5
1570:10.1191/0960327106het648oa
912:Toxicology as a profession
791:
733:Dose response complexities
559:Individual characteristics
513:assessment is to identify
286:. There is a movement for
31:
5624:
5566:
5111:Coinduction (anesthetics)
4352:
4324:
4320:
3868:Tricyclic antidepressants
3467:
3369:
3310:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
2924:10.1515/9783110434330-016
2836:10.3109/10915818309140666
2715:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.008
2416:10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2
1643:10.14573/altex.2013.1.074
1473:Drug Testing and Analysis
1246:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152531
1155:Risk Information Exchange
680:In 2007 the American NGO
567:evidence-based toxicology
470:The dose makes the poison
288:evidence-based toxicology
5521:Investigational New Drug
5362:Pharmaceutical chemistry
5308:Pharmacological activity
5176:Multiple drug resistance
5149:Tolerance and resistance
4517:Physiological antagonist
3300:Consumption of Tide Pods
3285:Niigata Minamata disease
3112:Environmental toxicology
2605:Computational Toxicology
2477:10.3389/ftox.2022.882321
2035:Hunt PR (January 2017).
1095:Environmental toxicology
707:-based assay to predict
572:evidence-based practices
292:evidence-based practices
5503:Pharmaceutical industry
5322:Pharmaceutical sciences
4927:Neuropsychopharmacology
4689:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
4684:Del Castillo Katz model
4611:Other effects of ligand
4594:Receptor (biochemistry)
4512:Irreversible antagonist
4307:List of types of poison
3863:Serotonergic substances
3148:Acceptable daily intake
3102:Occupational toxicology
3020:(subscription required)
2982:(subscription required)
2889:"Biological Scientists"
2464:Frontiers in Toxicology
1187:(2013 documentary film)
1145:Occupational toxicology
1064:Automatism (toxicology)
902:Occupational toxicology
892:Support Vector Machines
5684:Biological engineering
5063:Classical pharmacology
4824:Plasma protein binding
4799:Volume of distribution
4507:Competitive antagonist
3595:Other non-toxic metals
3305:Visakhapatnam gas leak
3249:Whole bowel irrigation
2650:Toxicological Sciences
2644:Hartung T (May 2009).
2403:Archives of Toxicology
2366:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa014
2354:Toxicological Sciences
1947:10.14573/altex.1601281
1755:Toxicological Sciences
1716:Toxicological Sciences
1130:Indicative limit value
804:
719:developmental toxicity
700:modelling and a human
635:Caenorhabditis elegans
455:Khagendra Mani Darpana
427:
212:
5769:Developmental biology
5744:Computational biology
5724:Cellular microbiology
5478:Pharmacist prescriber
5463:Consultant pharmacist
5171:Antibiotic resistance
4963:Clinical pharmacology
4482:Physiological agonist
4442:Ligand (biochemistry)
3975:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
3270:2007 pet food recalls
3042:Society of Toxicology
2867:"Toxicology Overview"
2662:10.1093/toxsci/kfp059
2528:10.3390/ijerph8020613
1767:10.1093/toxsci/kfr113
1728:10.1093/toxsci/kfq102
1135:Modes of toxic action
1069:Certain safety factor
1024:Society of Toxicology
876:computer-based models
802:
419:
408:, "subject matter").
365:neoclassical compound
206:
5989:Reproductive biology
5874:Mathematical biology
5799:Evolutionary biology
5749:Conservation biology
5546:Pharmacies of Norway
5483:Pharmacy informatics
5377:Pharmacoepidemiology
5286:Prehistoric medicine
5068:Reverse pharmacology
4978:Pharmacoepidemiology
4819:Biological half-life
4699:Ligand binding assay
4573:Activity at receptor
4467:Irreversible agonist
3168:Fixed-dose procedure
1855:. pp. 497–514.
1428:Ottoboni MA (1991).
1207:"What is Toxicology"
1090:Environmental health
1076:(CHEERS) (in the US)
944:improve this section
884:Deep Neural Networks
856:analytical chemistry
830:physician assistants
822:health professionals
638:. As of 2014, such
484:Toxicologie générale
250:and the practice of
155:create a new article
147:improve this article
137:may not represent a
103:WikiProject Medicine
34:Toxicology (journal)
5774:Ecological genetics
5618:Branches of biology
5493:Veterinary pharmacy
5425:Pharmacy technician
5387:Pharmacocybernetics
5281:History of pharmacy
5116:Combination therapy
5004:Pharmacoinformatics
4973:Medicinal chemistry
4579:Mechanism of action
4345:foodborne illnesses
4302:Lists of poisonings
3985:Shellfish poisoning
3693:Aluminium phosphide
3127:In vitro toxicology
3117:Forensic toxicology
2707:2011ToxVi..25..874B
2695:Toxicology in Vitro
2309:2010JTEHB..13...51K
1996:2019NatSR...9..145M
1816:10.1289/ehp.1002737
1683:10.1289/ehp.1509880
1562:2006HETox..25..497H
1238:2020Toxgy.44152531M
1184:Unacceptable Levels
1125:In vitro toxicology
1115:Forensic toxicology
852:Forensic toxicology
834:nurse practitioners
818:Clinical toxicology
794:Clinical Toxicology
670:in vitro toxicology
614:Galleria mellonella
401:, "poisonous", and
244:chemical substances
222:, overlapping with
18:Clinical toxicology
6065:History of biology
5999:Structural biology
5984:Relational biology
5809:Generative biology
5804:Freshwater biology
5488:Specialty pharmacy
5451:Community pharmacy
5420:Pharmacy residency
5086:Immunopharmacology
5036:Pharmacotoxicology
4937:Psychopharmacology
4729:Intrinsic activity
4629:Pleiotropy (drugs)
4550:Agonist-antagonist
4462:Endogenous agonist
4297:EPA list of hazard
4079:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3823:Anticholinesterase
3331:Biological warfare
3315:List of poisonings
3122:Medical toxicology
3092:Aquatic toxicology
2741:www.tripod.nih.gov
2278:2020-02-15 at the
2177:Alan M. Goldberg.
2112:The New York Times
1984:Scientific Reports
1306:Hodgson E (2010).
1213:on March 10, 2007.
1059:Aquatic toxicology
908:in the workplace.
864:clinical chemistry
808:Medical toxicology
805:
752:Median lethal dose
565:The discipline of
533:Route of exposure
480:Traité des poisons
449:. A 14th century
428:
213:
6083:
6082:
6004:Synthetic biology
5884:Molecular biology
5739:Cognitive biology
5584:
5583:
5541:Pharmacy in China
5468:Hospital pharmacy
5446:Clinical pharmacy
5382:Pharmacovigilance
5298:Prescription drug
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5184:
5183:
5081:Photopharmacology
5076:
5075:
5049:
5048:
5022:
5021:
4986:
4985:
4949:
4948:
4942:Electrophysiology
4932:Neuropharmacology
4887:
4886:
4837:
4836:
4773:
4772:
4760:Therapeutic index
4712:
4711:
4657:
4656:
4606:
4605:
4535:
4534:
4490:
4489:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4280:
4279:
4262:Poisonous animals
3940:
3939:
3905:Vitamin poisoning
3899:
3898:
3786:
3785:
3665:
3664:
3610:
3609:
3413:
3412:
3229:Chelation therapy
3006:978-94-007-5178-1
2968:978-94-007-5178-1
2933:978-3-11-043433-0
2759:www.ncats.nih.gov
2622:978-1-62703-049-6
2448:, pp. 83–85.
2267:978-0-309-15173-3
2240:978-1-4020-6102-8
2204:978-0-12-813698-0
1870:978-0-12-373593-5
1517:978-0-309-07490-2
1443:978-0-442-00660-0
1342:978-1-119-06857-0
1317:978-0-470-46206-5
1120:History of poison
1100:Enzyme inhibition
994:; especially the
980:
979:
972:
371:, first attested
201:
200:
193:
183:
182:
175:
157:, as appropriate.
120:
119:
77:
16:(Redirected from
6103:
5729:Chemical biology
5611:
5604:
5597:
5588:
5574:
5573:
5536:Medication costs
5511:Drug development
5473:Nuclear pharmacy
5350:Pharmacogenomics
5338:Pharmacodynamics
5334:Pharmacokinetics
5255:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5186:
5146:
5126:Polypharmacology
5051:
5024:
5014:Pharmacogenomics
5009:Pharmacogenetics
4988:
4951:
4912:
4839:
4809:Rate of infusion
4784:
4779:Pharmacokinetics
4714:
4659:
4608:
4570:
4565:Pharmacodynamics
4545:Neurotransmitter
4527:Enzyme inhibitor
4492:
4447:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4333:, which is rare.
4322:
4257:Venomous animals
3949:
3806:
3797:
3698:Organophosphates
3676:
3553:Dietary minerals
3501:
3492:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3376:
3280:Minamata disease
3214:Activated carbon
3163:Biomagnification
3107:Entomotoxicology
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3021:
3018:
2983:
2980:
2945:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:. Archived from
2751:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2053:10.1002/jat.3357
2041:J. Appl. Toxicol
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1468:
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1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:. Archived from
1202:
1105:Exposure science
1085:Entomotoxicology
975:
968:
964:
961:
955:
924:
916:
906:chemical hazards
505:Basic principles
377:
374:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
218:is a scientific
196:
189:
178:
171:
167:
164:
158:
130:
129:
122:
115:
112:
106:
88:
87:
80:
69:
47:
46:
39:
21:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6053:
6014:Systems biology
5979:Quantum biology
5620:
5615:
5585:
5580:
5562:
5497:
5434:
5430:Pharmacy school
5391:
5343:Pharmacometrics
5317:
5264:
5259:
5229:
5220:
5180:
5166:Drug resistance
5144:
5100:
5072:
5045:
5041:Neurotoxicology
5018:
4982:
4945:
4907:
4901:
4883:
4833:
4829:Bioavailability
4814:Onset of action
4769:
4708:
4653:
4602:
4559:
4531:
4522:Inverse agonist
4486:
4472:Partial agonist
4436:
4431:
4401:
4392:
4348:
4334:
4316:
4276:
4224:
4172:
4095:
4011:
3936:
3931:
3895:
3872:
3838:Benzodiazepines
3782:
3768:Carbon monoxide
3756:Ethylene glycol
3732:
3704:
3661:
3628:
3606:
3590:
3547:
3481:
3463:
3444:
3414:
3409:
3365:
3319:
3295:Seveso disaster
3275:Bhopal disaster
3253:
3202:
3158:Bioaccumulation
3136:
3080:
3075:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
2986:
2981:
2969:
2948:
2934:
2913:
2909:
2907:Further reading
2904:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
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2865:
2864:
2860:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2643:
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2638:
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2602:
2601:
2597:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2457:
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2452:
2444:
2440:
2396:
2395:
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2347:
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2303:(2–4): 51–138.
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959:
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925:
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826:master's degree
797:
790:
749:
735:
652:
609:
580:
578:Testing methods
515:adverse effects
507:
443:Book on Poisons
414:
375:
318:
314:
278:are experts on
240:adverse effects
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5439:Practice areas
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5156:Drug tolerance
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5136:Lists of drugs
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4272:Mycotoxicology
4269:
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4229:Related topics
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4168:Tick paralysis
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4135:Scorpion venom
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3324:Related topics
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3234:Gastric lavage
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3208:
3204:
3203:
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3195:
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3188:Toxicity class
3185:
3183:Toxic capacity
3180:
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3160:
3155:
3153:Acute toxicity
3150:
3144:
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3134:
3132:Toxicogenomics
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3076:
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3028:
3027:External links
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2765:on 2015-02-28.
2746:
2728:
2701:(4): 874–881.
2685:
2636:
2621:
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2568:(7): 363–414.
2552:
2521:(2): 613–628.
2501:
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2409:(5): 367–485.
2389:
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2340:
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2125:
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2094:on 2014-12-07.
2076:
2027:
1970:
1941:(4): 435–452.
1921:
1892:(81): e50964.
1876:
1869:
1853:Academic Press
1839:
1810:(6): 757–764.
1790:
1761:(2): 223–234.
1741:
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541:Other factors
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482:, also called
476:Mathieu Orfila
425:Mathieu Orfila
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139:worldwide view
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4763:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4649:
4648:Neurotoxicity
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:Selectivity (
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4555:Pharmacophore
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
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4408:
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4389:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:Miscellaneous
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Deadly fungus
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:Charybdotoxin
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Batrachotoxin
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3928:Megavitamin-B
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Sulfuric acid
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Hazard symbol
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Hemoperfusion
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Ecotoxicology
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:Ottoboni 1991
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2160:on 2016-03-04
2156:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:10.3791/50964
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1636:(1): 74–103.
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1606:on 2013-06-05
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1288:on 2020-05-25
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Ecotoxicology
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
974:
971:
963:
953:
949:
945:
939:
938:
934:
929:This section
927:
923:
918:
917:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:experiments.
897:
893:
889:
888:Random Forest
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
801:
795:
787:
783:
782:tobacco smoke
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
745:
744:
743:
739:
732:
730:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
615:
606:
603:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
577:
575:
573:
568:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
540:
535:
534:
532:
527:
526:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Ibn Wahshiyya
436:
432:
426:
422:
418:
411:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
392:Ancient Greek
389:
388:
383:
382:
370:
366:
360:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Toxicologists
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:exposures to
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
210:
209:United States
205:
195:
192:
177:
174:
166:
156:
152:
148:
142:
140:
133:
124:
123:
114:
104:
100:
96:
93:This article
91:
82:
81:
76:
74:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
50:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
6028:
5994:Sociobiology
5974:Protistology
5939:Photobiology
5934:Pharmacology
5924:Parasitology
5919:Paleontology
5899:Neuroscience
5879:Microbiology
5789:Epidemiology
5759:Cytogenetics
5719:Cell biology
5699:Biosemiotics
5689:Biomechanics
5669:Biogeography
5664:Biochemistry
5659:Bacteriology
5654:Astrobiology
5354:
5329:Pharmacology
5131:Chemotherapy
5091:Cell biology
5027:
4992:Biochemistry
4916:Neuroscience
4864:Distribution
4794:Loading dose
4477:Superagonist
4434:Pharmacology
4385:
4373:
4361:
4156:Latrodectism
4147:spider venom
3970:Haff disease
3891:Dipyridamole
3833:Barbiturates
3743:
3505:Toxic metals
3402:
3390:
3378:
3239:Hemodialysis
3077:
2988:
2950:
2915:
2893:. Retrieved
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2861:
2829:(1): 43–50.
2826:
2822:
2812:
2791:
2778:
2771:
2763:the original
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2656:(1): 18–23.
2653:
2649:
2639:
2604:
2598:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2441:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2256:
2249:
2230:
2193:
2186:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2155:the original
2142:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2092:the original
2047:(1): 50–59.
2044:
2040:
2030:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1879:
1848:
1842:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1594:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1507:
1501:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1431:
1400:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1290:, retrieved
1286:the original
1280:
1270:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1211:the original
1200:
1182:
1169:
1046:
1043:Compensation
1037:
1020:biochemistry
1016:pharmacology
1005:
1002:Requirements
984:toxicologist
983:
981:
966:
957:
942:Please help
930:
900:
879:
872:mathematical
869:
860:pharmacology
850:
816:
806:
740:
736:
728:
722:
708:
697:
687:
679:
667:
662:
656:
653:
647:
633:
627:
623:
612:
610:
604:
595:
589:
583:
581:
564:
520:
509:The goal of
508:
488:
483:
479:
474:
465:
459:
454:
442:
429:
405:
398:
385:
379:
310:
308:
275:
232:pharmacology
215:
214:
187:
169:
160:
136:
108:
98:
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
29:
6044:Xenobiology
6039:Virophysics
6009:Systematics
5964:Primatology
5909:Ornithology
5849:Ichthyology
5834:Herpetology
5829:Gerontology
5794:Epigenetics
5754:Cryobiology
5644:Agrostology
5634:Aerobiology
5629:Abiogenesis
5396:Professions
5276:Compounding
5216:Bactericide
4892:Compartment
4703:Patch clamp
4679:Schild plot
4387:WikiProject
4200:Fish toxins
4161:Loxoscelism
4074:Snake venom
4046:Physalaemin
4018:vertebrates
3858:Paracetamol
3404:WikiProject
3341:Food safety
3173:Lethal dose
2273:Lay summary
2118:October 26,
1677:(1): 6–11.
998:of people.
842:pharmacists
771:regulations
702:pluripotent
624:Danio rerio
556:Environment
441:called the
431:Dioscorides
376: 1799
6096:Toxicology
6029:Toxicology
6024:Teratology
5969:Proteomics
5954:Physiology
5894:Neontology
5859:Lipidology
5854:Immunology
5824:Geobiology
5784:Embryology
5764:Dendrology
5694:Biophysics
5674:Biogeology
5403:Pharmacist
5355:Toxicology
5293:Medication
5096:Physiology
5028:Toxicology
4920:psychology
4869:Metabolism
4859:Absorption
4853:Liberation
4695:Organ bath
4623:Functional
4502:Antagonist
4495:Inhibitory
4450:Excitatory
4335:including
4292:Antibiotic
4220:Strychnine
4190:Cinchonism
4152:Latrotoxin
4101:Arthropods
4089:Batroxobin
4000:Neurotoxic
3995:Diarrhetic
3945:Biological
3688:Pesticides
3680:Phosphorus
3616:Metalloids
3336:Carcinogen
3207:Treatments
3078:Toxicology
3033:Toxicology
2803:1503.01445
2470:: 882321.
2213:1057893426
2164:2014-12-05
1990:(1): 145.
1722:(1): 5–7.
1610:2017-06-17
1292:2017-07-28
1232:: 152531.
1226:Toxicology
1193:References
1178:Toxinology
746:LD50 or LD
715:metabolism
462:Paracelsus
421:Lithograph
311:toxicology
252:diagnosing
246:on living
220:discipline
216:Toxicology
59:improve it
5944:Phycology
5929:Pathology
5914:Osteology
5904:Nutrition
5864:Mammalogy
5839:Histology
4878:Clearance
4874:Excretion
4693:Methods (
4312:Pollution
4252:Cnidocyte
4205:Lathyrism
4118:Bee venom
4114:Bee sting
4058:Coturnism
4041:Bufotenin
4026:Amphibian
4005:Paralytic
3980:Scombroid
3965:Ciguatera
3923:Vitamin E
3918:Vitamin D
3913:Vitamin A
3634:Nonmetals
3581:Manganese
3513:Beryllium
3487:Inorganic
3449:Poisoning
3258:Incidents
3224:Cathartic
2845:0730-0913
1262:220255474
1174:(journal)
1160:Pollution
1012:chemistry
996:poisoning
960:June 2014
931:does not
812:physician
705:stem cell
698:in silica
620:Zebrafish
597:in silico
491:Jean Stas
489:In 1850,
369:Neo-Latin
309:The word
284:poisoning
264:toxicants
248:organisms
228:chemistry
163:July 2012
151:talk page
111:June 2014
65:talk page
6090:Category
6058:See also
6034:Virology
6019:Taxonomy
5959:Pomology
5889:Mycology
5819:Genomics
5814:Genetics
5639:Agronomy
5576:Category
5303:Pharmacy
5262:Pharmacy
4996:genetics
4968:Pharmacy
4955:Medicine
4765:Affinity
4724:Efficacy
4662:Analysis
4644:Toxicity
4363:Category
4215:Mushroom
4195:Ergotism
4180: /
4154: /
4128:Melittin
4116: /
4072: /
4036:Bombesin
3955: /
3932:syndrome
3761:Methanol
3723:Nicotine
3710:Nitrogen
3657:Fluoride
3652:Chlorine
3647:Selenium
3561:Chromium
3538:Thallium
3459:Overdose
3454:Toxicity
3380:Category
3219:Antidote
3141:Concepts
3015:23430781
2977:23430780
2942:28731309
2853:84847131
2723:21338664
2680:19357069
2631:23007423
2590:20779037
2582:20615091
2547:21556207
2496:35573274
2433:28569258
2425:21533817
2384:32073639
2335:20574894
2276:Archived
2071:27443595
2022:30644404
1965:27328013
1916:24299965
1834:21163723
1785:21561883
1736:20363830
1701:26091173
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1493:20355192
1392:23905027
1254:32593706
1150:Overdose
1110:Exposome
1052:See also
1030:(ACMT).
896:in vitro
760:NOAEL =
696:) using
659:Three Rs
648:In vitro
591:in vitro
511:toxicity
495:nicotine
304:leukemia
272:toxicity
256:treating
236:medicine
145:You may
6049:Zoology
5779:Ecology
5649:Anatomy
5556:History
5269:General
4906:Related
4849:(L)ADME
4803:Initial
4787:Metrics
4734:Potency
4717:Metrics
4619:Binding
4589:Binding
4457:Agonist
4375:Commons
4331:argyria
4240:Stinger
4210:Locoism
3990:Amnesic
3957:Seafood
3886:Digoxin
3853:Opioids
3848:Lithium
3843:Cocaine
3828:Aspirin
3818:Alcohol
3810:Nervous
3778:Toluene
3751:Ethanol
3745:alcohol
3718:Cyanide
3671:Organic
3624:Arsenic
3528:Mercury
3518:Cadmium
3477:History
3392:Commons
3356:Mutagen
2703:Bibcode
2671:2675641
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2487:9096208
2375:8527599
2326:4410863
2305:Bibcode
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2013:6333808
1992:Bibcode
1956:5270630
1907:3923569
1825:3114808
1776:3155086
1692:4710610
1558:Bibcode
1383:3703563
1234:Bibcode
1008:biology
952:removed
937:sources
824:with a
723:in vivo
710:in vivo
663:in vivo
650:methods
629:in vivo
605:In vivo
585:in vivo
544:Species
525:Dosage
451:Kannada
412:History
399:toxikos
396:τοξικός
381:toxico-
363:) is a
280:poisons
224:biology
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5714:Botany
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4908:fields
4341:toxins
4337:venoms
4327:Silver
4178:Plants
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4070:Snakes
4065:Mammal
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3773:Oxygen
3602:Silver
3571:Copper
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3496:Metals
3472:Poison
3178:Poison
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3198:Venom
3193:Toxin
2849:S2CID
2798:arXiv
2783:(PDF)
2586:S2CID
2429:S2CID
2158:(PDF)
2151:(PDF)
1935:Altex
1630:Altex
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2963:ISBN
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2897:2023
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2209:OCLC
2199:ISBN
2120:2018
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