984:
684:
continued acceleration. It is possible for the next higher gear ratio to be so much lower than the preceding ratio that upshifting lowers the engine speed excessively, resulting in the engine speed falling outside its "power band"; for maximum acceleration, the engine speed of an automobile should be kept in this power band. A wide-ratio transmission requires the engine to operate over a greater range of engine speeds, but requires less shifting and allows a wider range of output (vehicle) speeds.
125:
63:
22:
996:
case, shifting up to 3rd gear causes the engine speed to be slightly below the speed at which maximum torque is produced. By using a close-ratio gearbox, such as the Hill Climb example above, shifting to 3rd gear would drop engine speed to 5120/min (6600 Ă— 1.55 / 2.00), which almost coincides with the maximum torque output of the engine.
503:
660:(CVT) has a nearly infinite "number" of gear ratios between its highest and lowest ratios, which means the CVT has infinitesimally small steps between gear ratios. However, because CVTs do not have specific (fixed) gear ratios unless programmed as such, it would not be considered a close-ratioed transmission.
1682:(CVTs) attempts to push this strategy to its logical conclusion. This allows a near infinite "number" of gear ratios, which this implies an infinitely close-ratioed transmission. However, given that there are no gears or specific gear ratios, one would not really consider such a transmission close-ratioed.
1958:
is technically defined as when the output shaft rotates faster than the input shaft; in other words it is "over driven". Thus, a true overdrive gear ratio must be less than 1:1. If both 5th and 6th gear have ratios less than 1.00:1, then both are overdrives. The series BMW transmission above has a "5
1372:
fifth with an even lower first gear, resulting in what would have been considered a very wide ratio transmission. "Close ratio" transmissions now had low gear ratios of 2.64:1 while "wide ratio" transmissions were 3:1 or higher, meaning that "close ratio" transmissions produced in the 1970s often had
907:
vehicles from 1967 to 1971, the first being the standard 901/75 transmission, the second being the 901/76 transmission denoted "For hill climbs", and the third being the 901/79 transmission denoted "NĂĽrburgring ratios". It includes the step between successive ratios; for example, the step from 3rd to
1588:
One way to create a close-ratio transmission is to install more gears into the transmission without altering the lowest and highest gear ratios. In this manner, some six-speed transmissions available in consumer vehicles are labelled as "close-ratio". Again, the defining issue is the overall spacing
999:
Likewise, the NĂĽrburgring gearset above is also slightly numerically closer than the
Standard gearset, making it more useful for sporting applications. However, the NĂĽrburgring specification has a "taller" (numerically lower) 5th gear ratio than the Hill Climb gearbox, allowing for higher top speeds
683:
During acceleration, when the vehicle's speed increases to the point that the engine speed exceeds the speed at which maximum power is developed, the driver or transmission shifts to a higher gear (numerically lower ratio), which reduces engine speed, keeping it in its optimum power band, and allows
267:
Often, manufacturers use the term "close-ratio" when offering one or more alternatives to the transmission fitted as standard equipment: for example, an optional, sportier transmission which offers closer ratios than the standard, such as
Porsche offered with the three transmissions listed below for
263:
A close-ratio transmission is one which is described relative to another transmission for the same vehicle model. The relativity applies only for the transmissions offered for a single make and model; that is, there is no specific threshold value or accepted industry standard that determines whether
970:
By similar calculations, the Hill Climb transmission has successive gear ratios which are 81% of the preceding gear, on average, and the NĂĽrburgring transmission has successive gear ratios which are 77% of the preceding gear. Thus, the Hill Climb transmission's gears are "closer" in numerical ratio
995:
which produced 160 hp (120 kW) at 6600/min and 179 Nâ‹…m (132 lbfâ‹…ft) of torque at 5200/min. Using the
Standard transmission gear ratios above, when the driver shifts from 2nd to 3rd gear at 6,600/min, the engine speed would fall to 4890/min (which is 6600 Ă— 1.32 / 1.78). In this
974:
Note the step from 1st to 2nd for the NĂĽrburgring transmission is the largest single change for any of the three transmissions, but the successive step changes from 2nd through 5th are relatively small; this transmission is intended for sustained high-speed operation instead of acceleration from a
1367:
ratio of 3.5:1 or higher to compensate for the relatively high lowest gear ratio, resulting in a large rate of fuel consumption. Following the oil crises of the 1970s, final drive ratios went to 3:1 or lower to improve fuel economy and to accommodate this, vehicle manufacturers began adding more
1639:
Whether a six-speed transmission can be legitimately called "close-ratio" depends on whether it keeps the top gear unchanged relative to that of a comparable 5-speed model, thus causing the change in ratios from low to high gear to occur in smaller steps (i.e. closer ratios) between gears.
1647:
By extension, an automatic transmission could also be called close-ratioed. With the advent of 6-, 7-, and 8-speed automatic transmissions, the ratios become closer and closer together, which meets the mathematical conception of what constitutes a close-ratio transmission.
1640:
Alternatively, some six-speed transmissions have ratios essentially the same as a 5-speed transmission, and add an even higher (numerically lower) 6th gear that allows even lower engine speeds at highway speeds. In this case, the transmission would be considered a "double"
687:
High-performance engines often are tuned for maximum power in an even more narrow range of operating speeds. A close-ratio type of transmission is designed to allow an engine to remain in this relatively narrow range of operating speeds and generally are offered in
285:
1675:(Engine efficiency improves greatly when the load on the engine is maximized; hence, automatic transmissions also upshift whenever possible in an attempt to lower the engine's speed as much as possible, which increases load and efficiency.)
1672:. With an 8-speed transmission, the power range can be kept relatively narrow, which allows the engineer to optimize engine efficiency at a particular engine speed, and the transmission attempts to keep the engine operating at that speed.
1003:
The
Standard gearset with its numerically lower 5th gear, will allow even lower engine speeds at highway speeds, thereby reducing engine noise and fuel consumption, but compromises acceleration performance at very high speeds.
264:
the steps between gears constitute a normal or close-ratio transmission. What one manufacturer describes as a close-ratio transmission is not necessarily closer in ratios than another manufacturer's normal manual transmission.
1667:
By reducing the spacing between ratios allowed by having more gears, a vehicle's engine speed can be kept in a narrow band. With a 5-speed transmission, the power range must be relatively wide, which requires compromising the
635:
In general, most transmissions have approximately the same total range between the highest and lowest gears, so the more gears a transmission has, the closer they are together. This is apparent from the expression above: as
965:
1351:
typically had four forward speeds and a top gear offering a 1:1 ratio. The designation of wide versus close ratio affected the lowest gear ratio; for example, the four-speed Muncie transmissions offered in
1356:
performance vehicles included the M20 "wide ratio" transmission, which had a first gear ratio of 2.52 or 2.56:1, while the M21 and M22 "close ratio" transmissions had a first gear ratio of 2.20:1.
498:{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathrm {spacing} }}\equiv \left(\prod _{i=1}^{n-1}{\frac {R_{i+1}}{R_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{n-1}}={\sqrt{\frac {R_{n}}{R_{1}}}}={\sqrt{\frac {R_{hi}}{R_{lo}}}}}
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1660:
generally had three or four gears. To meet requirements to maximize fuel economy, manufacturers began offering 5- and, in the 1990s, 6- speed manual transmissions. Likewise, 3-speed
1933:
602:
557:
279:
of, gears. This is defined as the n-1 root of the products of each gear ratio, which simplifies to the overall range of gear ratios and the number of (forward) speeds:
1983:
1589:
of gears between 1st and in this case 6th gear. As an example, consider three manual transmissions fitted to Honda cars, each with an overall change in ratios (
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142:
35:
983:
911:
For the standard
Porsche transmission (901/75) described here, each successive gear's ratio is, on average, 75% of that of the preceding gear:
1911:
917:
908:
4th gear for the 901/76 transmission is 85%, meaning the engine speed in 4th gear is 85% of that in 3rd gear at equivalent vehicle speeds.
189:
1679:
1636:) of 0.2 to 0.3, but with a different number of gears; the six-speed transmission has closer ratios than the four-speed transmission.
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161:
1988:
668:
Internal combustion engines found in passenger automobiles are capable of operating over a relatively wide range of speeds: idle to
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106:
49:
73:
168:
1749:
676:, which is the optimum range of engine speeds considering fuel consumption, torque, and power output, is usually smaller. The
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680:
is used to maintain the engine speed within the power band while operating the vehicle over a wide range of legal speeds.
175:
41:
1959:
speed overdrive" transmission; the optional close-ratio transmission does not have an overdrive 5th gear. In the overall
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1779:
275:
Mathematically, the "closeness" of a transmission can be characterized from the cumulative average spacing between, or
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88:
1886:
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to the preceding gear than that of the standard or NĂĽrburgring transmission, making it a close-ratio transmission.
1963:, 'overdrive' is more complex and there are several definitions in use, including that of the simple gearbox. See
135:
84:
244:
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were the norm until fairly recently, but now 6-, 7-, and 8-speed automatic transmissions are being offered.
677:
1661:
1830:
1964:
1641:
1369:
269:
1805:
182:
692:, in which the driver can be expected to enjoy shifting often to keep the engine in its power band.
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1386:
1348:
1014:
706:
564:
519:
1406:
1363:
was not a primary concern and the "close ratio" transmissions generally were paired with a low
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1977:
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1027:
904:
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for petrol engines is approximately 700 to 6500 RPM or more; however, the
1960:
725:
689:
673:
252:
248:
251:. They are most often used on sports cars in order to keep the engine in the
1699:
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a larger range of ratios than "wide ratio" transmissions from the 1960s!
1724:
960:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {0.821}{2.643}}\right)^{\frac {1}{4}}=0.747}
669:
1861:
91:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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982:
903:
This table compares the ratios of three transmissions offered for
1936:(Press release). American Honda Motor Co., Inc. November 1, 2018
118:
56:
15:
1914:(Press release). American Honda Motor Co., Inc. June 3, 1990
1780:"Guide to Muncie M20, M21, and M22 Four-Speed Transmissions"
991:
The 1967 Porsche 911 S was equipped with a 2.0 L
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transmission, depending upon the 5th and 6th gear ratios.
1934:"2019 Honda Civic Type R Specifications & Features"
80:
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forward speeds into the gearbox, typically pairing an
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288:
247:with a smaller than average difference between the
149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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656:increases, the average spacing will increase. A
8:
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626:is the total number of (forward) gear speeds
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50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1380:
1011:
1000:necessary for this faster racing circuit.
699:
1652:Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT)
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1013:Ratios of Muncie and Borg-Warner 4-speed
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227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
1629:{\displaystyle {\frac {R_{hi}}{R_{lo}}}}
1691:
1725:"901 5-speed transaxle specifications"
559:is the gear ratio of the highest gear
7:
1984:Automotive transmission technologies
604:is the gear ratio of the lowest gear
147:adding citations to reliable sources
1804:O'Clair, Jim (September 23, 2018).
1680:continuously variable transmissions
1656:Prior to the 1970s, manufacturers'
658:continuously variable transmission
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1347:In the 1960s, cars equipped with
31:This article has multiple issues.
664:Engine power band considerations
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61:
20:
1912:"1991 Acura NSX Specifications"
1862:"Wide and Close Ratios Defined"
134:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1806:"Borg-Warner T-10 Four-speed"
1778:Smart, Jim (August 7, 2018).
1750:"Tested: 1967 Porsche 911 S"
597:{\displaystyle R_{1}=R_{lo}}
552:{\displaystyle R_{n}=R_{hi}}
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1729:Porsche Gearbox Specialists
1678:The recent introduction of
87:the claims made and adding
2010:
243:describes a motor vehicle
158:"Close-ratio transmission"
1860:Cangialosi, Paul (2001).
1831:"Super T-10 Plus 4-Speed"
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1892:. Honda UK Ltd. 1978
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1008:Historical evolution
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1407:Civic Type R (2019)
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1994:Engineering ratios
1700:"Power vs. Torque"
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649:{\displaystyle n}
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132:This article
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1956:in a gearbox
1955:
1954:"Overdrive"
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
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1397:Civic (1978)
1358:
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709:(1967–1971)
686:
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274:
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245:transmission
240:
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165:
153:
141:Please help
136:verification
133:
103:
94:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1866:5speeds.com
1784:Motor Trend
1365:final drive
1030:Super T-10
1028:Borg-Warner
905:Porsche 911
732:NĂĽrburgring
703:Porsche 911
690:sports cars
249:gear ratios
1978:Categories
1961:drivetrain
1704:x-engineer
1686:References
1402:NSX (1991)
1057:(1980–82)
1054:(1979–81)
1051:(1977–79)
1048:(1974–77)
1042:(1966–74)
1037:(1963–65)
979:Power band
726:Hill Climb
674:power band
253:power band
169:newspapers
81:improve it
36:improve it
1642:overdrive
1559:Avg Step
1370:overdrive
1294:Avg Step
874:Avg Step
734:(901/79)
728:(901/76)
487:−
441:−
400:−
348:−
330:∏
320:≡
315:¯
199:June 2013
97:June 2013
85:verifying
42:talk page
1940:10 April
1918:10 April
1896:10 April
1840:10 April
1815:10 April
1810:Hemmings
1760:10 April
1709:10 April
1573:Overall
1320:Overall
705:5-speed
259:Overview
1871:9 April
1789:9 April
1734:9 April
1024:Muncie
670:redline
183:scholar
79:Please
1568:72.7%
1565:70.8%
1562:64.3%
1315:66.4%
1312:70.3%
1309:72.4%
1306:74.4%
1303:76.9%
1300:73.5%
1297:73.1%
975:stop.
883:76.9%
877:74.7%
866:0.926
860:1.217
854:0.821
843:1.080
837:1.318
831:1.000
820:1.318
814:1.550
808:1.318
797:1.600
791:2.000
785:1.778
774:2.643
768:2.833
762:2.643
717:Ratio
508:where
185:
178:
171:
164:
156:
1890:(PDF)
1834:(PDF)
1579:0.25
1576:0.27
1551:0.735
1537:0.911
1531:0.771
1517:1.125
1511:0.967
1505:0.846
1494:1.529
1488:1.230
1482:1.181
1471:2.115
1465:1.727
1459:1.823
1448:3.625
1442:3.071
1436:3.181
1428:Step
1425:Ratio
1422:Step
1419:Ratio
1416:Step
1413:Ratio
1393:Gear
1384:Honda
1341:0.29
1338:0.35
1335:0.38
1332:0.41
1329:0.45
1323:0.39
1101:Step
1098:Ratio
1095:Step
1092:Ratio
1089:Step
1086:Ratio
1083:Step
1080:Ratio
1077:Step
1074:Ratio
1071:Step
1068:Ratio
1065:Step
1062:Ratio
1021:Gear
955:0.747
932:2.643
929:0.821
897:0.35
894:0.43
891:0.31
754:Step
751:Value
748:Step
745:Value
742:Step
739:Value
714:Gear
190:JSTOR
176:books
1942:2024
1920:2024
1898:2024
1873:2024
1842:2024
1817:2024
1791:2024
1762:2024
1736:2024
1711:2024
1582:0.2
1554:81%
1545:6th
1540:81%
1534:80%
1525:5th
1520:74%
1514:79%
1508:72%
1502:4th
1497:72%
1491:71%
1485:65%
1479:3rd
1474:58%
1468:56%
1462:57%
1456:2nd
1433:1st
1326:0.4
1289:68%
1286:1.00
1283:75%
1280:1.00
1277:75%
1274:1.00
1271:81%
1268:1.00
1265:78%
1262:1.00
1259:68%
1256:1.00
1253:68%
1250:1.00
1247:4th
1242:64%
1239:1.46
1236:70%
1233:1.33
1230:77%
1227:1.34
1224:76%
1221:1.23
1218:78%
1215:1.28
1212:78%
1209:1.46
1206:77%
1203:1.48
1200:3rd
1195:67%
1192:2.28
1189:66%
1186:1.91
1183:66%
1180:1.75
1177:66%
1174:1.61
1171:75%
1168:1.64
1165:75%
1162:1.88
1159:75%
1156:1.91
1153:2nd
1145:3.42
1139:2.88
1133:2.64
1127:2.43
1121:2.20
1115:2.52
1109:2.56
1106:1st
880:81%
869:86%
863:92%
857:82%
851:5th
846:82%
840:85%
834:76%
828:4th
823:82%
817:78%
811:74%
805:3rd
800:61%
794:71%
788:67%
782:2nd
759:1st
268:the
162:news
1040:M20
1035:M20
270:911
255:.
145:by
83:by
1980::
1864:.
1850:^
1808:.
1782:.
1770:^
1752:.
1727:.
1702:.
1548:—
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777:—
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239:A
45:.
1967:.
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1764:.
1738:.
1713:.
1620:o
1617:l
1613:R
1607:i
1604:h
1600:R
952:=
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924:(
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590:o
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574:1
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545:i
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529:n
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490:1
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477:o
474:l
470:R
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457:R
450:=
444:1
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410:=
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351:1
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325:(
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48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
