142:
122:
1666:
27:
87:
109:, the close helmet had an entirely different method of opening. Like the armet, the close helmet followed the contours of the head and neck closely, and narrowed at the throat, therefore it required a mechanical method for opening and closing. While an armet opened laterally using two large hinged cheekpieces, a close helmet instead opened vertically via an integral rotating
179:', which were armours with interchangeable parts ('pieces of exchange') to suit heavy or light field use, and the many different forms of tournament combat. Garnitures would usually include elements for reinforcing the left side of the helmet for use in jousting. Such reinforcing pieces were called 'double pieces' or 'pieces of advantage'.
168:
150:
bevor, was projecting and shaped like the prow of a modern ship. The upper visor, when closed, fitted within the upper edge of the ventail; it could be raised independently of the ventail by the provision of a projecting lifting peg. At the same time, on most helmets, the base of the bevor and the lower edge of the skull had laminated
130:
helmets were rounded with visors of the 'sparrow's beak' form, whereas in
Germany, the fluted 'Maximillian' style of armour produced distinctive types of helmet. The skulls of these helmets were globular with a low crest; many were decorated with fluting but some were plain. Two types of visor were produced, the
129:
Beginning around 1500, armour, including helmets, became more immediately influenced by fashion, especially in civilian clothing. As a result close helmets came in a huge variety of forms. The earliest close helmets resembled contemporary armets. In Italy, England and France in the period 1510–1525
149:
From the 1520s a new, almost universal, variety of close helmet was developed. The previous forms of one-piece visor were replaced by a more complex system of face covering. The visor was split, below the eye-slits, into two independently pivoting parts. The lower half, called the ventail or upper
158:
There are many helmets surviving with 'grotesque' visors. These are thought to have been used as part of a 'costume armour' worn at parades and during festivities. Some of these masks portrayed the heads of animals or demons, whilst others were evidently for comic effect, being caricatures of the
113:, which was attached to the same pivots as its visor. The moving parts were usually secured when closed by pivot-hooks engaging pierced staples. Alternatively, spring-loaded studs could be employed. The bevor was often held closed by a strap.
154:
plates attached. Crests, running from front to back tended to become taller in the course of the 16th century, becoming particularly exaggerated in some
Italian-made examples, before becoming reduced in size at the century's close.
90:
Comparison of close helm and armet in open position. Note the close helm uses a single pivot point for the double visor and bevor, while the armet has hinged cheek plates that lock in place.
1665:
141:
1552:
102:
in the late 15th century. In contemporary sources it was sometimes also referred to as an 'armet', though modern scholarship draws a clear distinction between the two types.
171:
A close helmet with a split visor (also with an extra pivoting peak), c. 1560 (notice that its bevor – secured by a strap – is attached to the same pivot as the visors)
541:
121:
1309:
1208:
1545:
1279:
1274:
1026:
1538:
1269:
1294:
349:
285:
1072:
1951:
1561:
1475:
175:
The close helmet was used on the field of battle, but was also popular for use in tournaments. Wealthy men often owned '
941:
916:
461:
167:
411:
1052:
896:
834:
1941:
779:
466:
431:
316:
The Art of
Chivalry : European arms and armor from the Metropolitan Museum of Art : an exhibition
313:
1434:
1346:
1016:
961:
636:
476:
1716:
1444:
1254:
1102:
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1507:
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551:
531:
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421:
401:
342:
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586:
991:
986:
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891:
734:
616:
521:
471:
1067:
926:
641:
441:
386:
26:
1376:
1304:
1152:
1137:
1021:
446:
376:
1615:
1482:
1393:
1361:
1203:
976:
606:
596:
526:
511:
436:
406:
396:
281:
1946:
1818:
1519:
1424:
1289:
1218:
1188:
1178:
814:
536:
501:
335:
145:
Close helmet with grotesque visor (modern reproduction of a German helmet of c. 1520 style)
1915:
1854:
1762:
1635:
1600:
1388:
1366:
951:
865:
789:
729:
719:
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621:
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546:
516:
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416:
20:
1530:
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714:
611:
506:
481:
86:
1935:
1787:
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1514:
1487:
1465:
1429:
1398:
1383:
1062:
1001:
946:
886:
881:
829:
724:
601:
566:
486:
71:
55:
43:
1920:
1910:
1640:
1470:
1193:
1107:
824:
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656:
646:
581:
426:
381:
67:
1752:
1732:
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1502:
1314:
1284:
1259:
1112:
860:
855:
819:
804:
704:
556:
391:
59:
51:
320:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The American Federation of Arts.
1884:
1777:
1737:
1655:
1610:
1408:
1233:
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966:
936:
921:
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63:
1828:
1630:
1620:
1403:
1371:
1249:
931:
906:
784:
626:
176:
131:
278:
European
Weapons and Armour. From Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution.
1859:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1772:
1757:
1701:
1625:
1590:
1585:
1497:
1439:
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1047:
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694:
684:
661:
135:
138:
form, which was more projecting and is commonly called a 'monkey face'.
125:
German close helmet of the
Maximillian type, with bellows visor, c. 1520
1905:
1889:
1879:
1864:
1808:
1803:
1767:
1742:
1580:
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1339:
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47:
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140:
120:
110:
106:
99:
85:
75:
25:
1057:
1534:
331:
30:
French close helmet of the later split-visor type, c. 1555–1560
94:
The close helmet was developed from the later versions of the
62:
eras. It was also used by some heavily armoured, pistol-armed
327:
16:
Helmet that fully encloses the head, with pivoted bevor
1898:
1847:
1796:
1725:
1694:
1673:
1568:
1458:
1417:
1327:
1242:
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874:
843:
670:
574:
565:
365:
70:. It is a fully enclosing helmet with a pivoting
1546:
343:
8:
134:form, which had a 'bellows' shape, and the
1553:
1539:
1531:
571:
350:
336:
328:
166:
306:European arms and Armour Vol. 1: Armour
187:
1562:Components of medieval European armour
299:Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight
7:
105:While outwardly very similar to the
14:
1664:
280:The Boydell Press, Woolbridge.
304:Wallace Collection Catalogue.
98:and the superficially similar
1:
273:. Osprey Publishing, London.
269:Gravett, Christopher (2006)
917:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
301:. London: Bison Books, 1988
1968:
1053:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
18:
1662:
276:Oakeshott, Ewart (2000)
19:Not to be confused with
312:Nickel, H, ed. (1982).
159:faces of their owners.
1255:Advanced Combat Helmet
257:Gravett, pp. 20 and 62
230:Oakeshott, pp. 218–221
212:Oakeshott, pp. 121–122
172:
146:
126:
91:
31:
1347:Boxing / Martial Arts
170:
144:
124:
89:
29:
1952:Western plate armour
897:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
1068:Romanian M73 helmet
1022:M1918 (Switzerland)
942:Mk II talker helmet
907:Stahlhelm (Germany)
462:Henry VIII's Horned
1305:Lightweight Helmet
780:Lobster-tailed pot
173:
147:
127:
92:
32:
1929:
1928:
1528:
1527:
1367:Gridiron football
1323:
1322:
977:SSh-39 and SSh-40
912:M1934/39 (Greece)
248:Oakeshott, p. 123
203:Oakeshott, p. 122
194:Oakeshott, p. 121
46:that was worn by
1959:
1942:Medieval helmets
1668:
1626:Lobster tail pot
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
962:M1940 (Portugal)
637:Late Roman ridge
572:
352:
345:
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258:
255:
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1601:Enclosed helmet
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1445:Riot protection
1413:
1319:
1270:ECH (Australia)
1238:
1162:
1031:
1027:Type 92 Tetsubo
952:Netherlands M34
902:M1923 (Denmark)
870:
866:Tarleton helmet
839:
672:
666:
561:
417:Coventry Sallet
369:
367:
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294:
292:Further reading
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119:
84:
82:Characteristics
24:
21:Enclosed helmet
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1783:Coat of plates
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1508:American fiber
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1045:
1043:Bangtan Helmet
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:M1937 (Sweden)
1009:
1007:M1926 (Sweden)
1004:
999:
997:M1942 Modelo Z
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989:
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892:M36 (Bulgaria)
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552:Witcham Gravel
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442:Guilden Morden
439:
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422:Crosby Garrett
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239:Gravett, p. 17
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221:Gravett, p. 17
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3:
2:
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1921:Arming points
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1788:Jack of plate
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1686:Falling buffe
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1438:
1436:
1435:Firefighter's
1433:
1431:
1428:
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1423:
1422:
1420:
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1316:
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1308:
1306:
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1301:
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1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Hełm wz. 2005
1288:
1286:
1283:
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1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
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1263:
1261:
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1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Hełm wz. 2000
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
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1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
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1066:
1064:
1063:Hungarian M70
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:L'Eplattenier
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:M1934 (Spain)
990:
988:
987:M1926 (Spain)
985:
983:
982:M1921 (Spain)
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
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960:
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948:
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928:
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746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Germanic boar
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Falling buffe
723:
721:
718:
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706:
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286:0-85115-789-0
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74:and integral
73:
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66:into the mid-
65:
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56:Late Medieval
53:
49:
45:
44:combat helmet
42:is a type of
41:
37:
28:
22:
1641:Nasal helmet
1606:Close helmet
1605:
1483:Heraldic use
1471:Helmet cover
1243:2001–present
1073:Mº 44 E.T.A.
927:M42 Duperite
825:Takula tofao
775:Lamellenhelm
709:
673:Early Modern
671:Medieval and
642:Montefortino
387:Benty Grange
324:
317:
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305:
298:
277:
271:Tudor Knight
270:
264:Bibliography
253:
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174:
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128:
104:
93:
68:17th century
39:
36:close helmet
35:
33:
1733:Breastplate
1651:Spangenhelm
1596:Cervelliere
1260:BK-3 helmet
1214:Hełm wz. 93
1138:Paratrooper
1123:Modèle 1978
1118:Modèle 1951
1093:Hełm wz. 67
1088:Hełm wz. 63
1083:Hełm wz. 50
957:Hełm wz. 31
922:M33 (Italy)
861:Pith helmet
856:Pickelhaube
844:Late Modern
820:Spangenhelm
805:Pickelhaube
705:Cervelliere
587:Boar's tusk
447:Guisborough
412:Coțofenești
64:cuirassiers
60:Renaissance
52:men-at-arms
1936:Categories
1778:Lance rest
1738:Brigandine
1656:Kettle hat
1616:Frog mouth
1611:Great helm
1394:Motorcycle
1377:Revolution
1362:Equestrian
1189:M90 (Iraq)
770:Kulah khud
730:Frog-mouth
607:Corinthian
597:Chalcidian
527:Sutton Hoo
512:Ribchester
472:Iron Gates
467:Horncastle
437:Gjermundbu
407:Coppergate
397:Canterbury
368:historical
366:Individual
183:References
177:garnitures
117:Variations
50:and other
40:close helm
1885:Schynbald
1829:Rerebrace
1631:Mail coif
1621:Hounskull
1520:Zuckerman
1476:Mitznefet
1425:Custodian
1404:Scrum cap
1372:Eyeshield
1250:A2 Helmet
1167:1980–2000
1153:Swiss M71
1036:1945–1980
875:1914–1945
745:Hounskull
627:Kegelhelm
132:Nuremberg
1860:Chausses
1839:Vambrace
1834:Spaulder
1824:Pauldron
1819:Gauntlet
1773:Codpiece
1758:Plackart
1702:Aventail
1591:Burgonet
1586:Bascinet
1498:Tarnhelm
1440:Hard hat
1389:Lacrosse
1328:Athletic
1300:KH-B2000
1275:ECH (US)
1103:M76 Para
1048:CABAL II
720:Enclosed
700:Burgonet
695:Bascinet
685:Aventail
662:Shmarjet
652:Phrygian
622:Imperial
617:Illyrian
592:Boeotian
547:Waterloo
542:Venetian
517:Shorwell
497:Nijmegen
492:Newstead
452:Hallaton
432:Gevninge
402:Ciumeşti
377:Agighiol
136:Augsburg
1947:Helmets
1906:Gousset
1880:Sabaton
1865:Cuisses
1809:Besagew
1804:Ailette
1768:Hauberk
1753:Pauncer
1743:Cuirass
1717:Pizaine
1581:Barbute
1493:Mahiole
1450:Welding
1357:Cricket
1352:Bicycle
1340:Coolflo
1335:Batting
1229:SPECTRA
1158:Type 66
851:Dragoon
815:Secrete
750:Jingasa
715:Dragoon
690:Barbute
575:Ancient
507:Pioneer
482:Meyrick
477:Lokrume
370:helmets
359:Helmets
54:in the
48:knights
1916:Rondel
1899:Pieces
1890:Tasset
1875:Poleyn
1870:Greave
1814:Couter
1712:Gorget
1646:Sallet
1636:Morion
1515:Winged
1488:Horned
1466:Flight
1430:Diving
1399:Racing
1384:Hockey
1265:QGF-03
1199:M59/85
1148:SSh-68
1143:SSh-60
1133:OR-201
1078:M59/85
1002:SSK 90
972:SSh-36
947:Mk III
887:Brodie
882:Adrian
835:Viking
830:Turban
810:Sallet
800:Paseki
790:Morion
765:Kettle
760:Katapu
755:Kabuto
602:Coolus
567:Combat
502:Peretu
487:Nemiya
457:Hellvi
284:
152:gorget
96:sallet
1855:Bases
1763:Fauld
1748:Culet
1726:Torso
1707:Bevor
1681:Visor
1576:Armet
1459:Other
1224:Sfera
1209:PASGT
1194:JK 96
1184:GOLFO
1174:CG634
1128:MPC-1
1108:Mk IV
795:Nasal
785:Mempo
740:Great
710:Close
680:Armet
657:Pilos
647:Negau
632:Konos
612:Galea
582:Attic
537:Veksø
532:Tjele
427:Emesa
382:Agris
111:bevor
107:armet
100:armet
76:bevor
72:visor
1911:Lame
1848:Legs
1797:Arms
1695:Neck
1674:Face
1569:Head
1503:Pith
1418:Work
1315:Mk 7
1310:MICH
1295:IHPS
1285:6B47
1280:FAST
1113:Mk 6
1058:GK80
557:Yarm
392:Broe
282:ISBN
58:and
34:The
1409:Ski
1234:6B7
1204:M87
1179:M92
1098:M63
967:RAC
937:M1C
163:Use
38:or
1938::
932:M1
78:.
1554:e
1547:t
1540:v
351:e
344:t
337:v
308:.
23:.
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