494:. The appropriate deeds made all assets of the added Abbey sacred, and to take them was to commit sacrilege. Soon, Cluny began to receive bequests from around Europe – from the Holy Roman Empire to the Spanish kingdoms from southern England to Italy. It became a powerful monastic congregation that owned and operated the network of monasteries and priories, under the authority of the central abbey at Cluny. It was a highly original and successful system, The Abbots of Cluny became leaders on the international stage and the monastery of Cluny was considered the grandest, most prestigious and best-endowed monastic institution in Europe. The height of Cluniac influence was from the second half of the 10th century through the early 12th. The first nuns were admitted to the Order during the 11th century.
479:, fields, meadows, woods, waters, mills, serfs, and lands both cultivated and uncultivated. Hospitality was to be given to the poor, strangers, and pilgrims. It was stipulated that the monastery would be free from local authorities, lay or ecclesiastical, and subject only to the Pope, with the proviso that even he could not seize the property, divide or give it to someone else or appoint an abbot without the consent of the monks. William placed Cluny under the protection of Saints Peter and Paul, with a curse on anyone who should violate the charter. With the Pope across the Alps in Italy, this meant the monastery was essentially independent.
156:
140:
980:
842:
1229:
442:
699:
503:
36:
511:
834:
163:
684:, enkindled with the fire of thy love, became burning and shining lights in thy Church : Grant that we also may be aflame with the spirit of love and discipline, and may ever walk before thee as children of light; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, liveth and reigneth, one God, now and forever.
1057:
538:(died 1156), who brought lax priories back into line and returned to stricter discipline. Cluny reached its apogee of power and influence under Peter, as its monks became bishops, legates, and cardinals throughout France and the Holy Roman Empire. But by the time Peter died, newer and more austere orders such as the
1080:
of the Salian dynasty, who had married a daughter of the duke of
Aquitaine. Henry was infused with a sense of his sacramental role as a delegate of Christ in the temporal sphere. He had a spiritual and intellectual grounding for his leadership of the German church, which culminated in the pontificate
1240:
in the early 17th century, little remains of the original buildings. In total the surviving parts amount to about 10% of the original floor space of Cluny III. These include the southern transept and its bell-tower, and the lower parts of the two west front towers. In 1928, the site was excavated by
1006:
In the fragmented and localized Europe of the 10th and 11th centuries, the
Cluniac network extended its reforming influence far. Free of lay and episcopal interference, and responsible only to the papacy (which was in a state of weakness and disorder, with rival popes supported by competing nobles),
829:
At Cluny, the central activity was the liturgy; it was extensive and beautifully presented in inspiring surroundings, reflecting the new personally-felt wave of piety of the 11th century. Monastic intercession was believed indispensable to achieving a state of grace, and lay rulers competed to be
658:
made with precious gems for use at the abbey Masses. Instead of being limited to the traditional fare of broth and porridge, the monks ate very well, enjoying roasted chickens (a luxury in France then), wines from their vineyards and cheeses made by their employees. The monks wore the finest linen
653:
As perhaps the wealthiest monastic house of the
Western world, Cluny hired managers and workers to do the traditional labour of monks. The Cluniac monks devoted themselves to almost constant prayer, thus elevating their position into a profession. Despite the monastic ideal of a frugal life, Cluny
612:
Cluny developed a highly centralized form of government entirely foreign to
Benedictine tradition. While most Benedictine monasteries remained autonomous and associated with each other only informally, Cluny created a large, federated order in which the administrators of subsidiary houses served as
1052:
The early
Cluniac establishments had offered refuges from a disordered world but by the late 11th century, Cluniac piety permeated society. This is the period that achieved the final Christianization of the heartland of Europe. By the twelfth century there were 314 monasteries across Europe paying
849:
The fast-growing community at Cluny required buildings on a large scale. The examples at Cluny profoundly affected architectural practice in
Western Europe from the tenth through the twelfth centuries. The three successive churches are conventionally called Cluny I, II and III. The construction of
1071:
Well-born and educated
Cluniac priors worked eagerly with local royal and aristocratic patrons of their houses, filled responsible positions in their chanceries and were appointed to bishoprics. Cluny spread the custom of veneration of the king as patron and support of the Church, and in turn the
1180:
in the 13th century arose within the
Western Christian church, the competition gradually weakened the status and influence of the abbey. Furthermore, poor management of the abbey's estates and the unwillingness of its subsidiary priories to pay their share of the annual taxable quotas annually
1092:
Within his order, the Abbot of Cluny was free to assign any monk to any house; he created a fluid structure around a central authority that was to become a feature of the royal chanceries of
England and of France, and of the bureaucracy of the great independent dukes, such as that of Burgundy.
821:, and then elsewhere. The head of their order was the Abbot at Cluny. All English and Scottish Cluniacs were bound to cross to France to Cluny to consult or be consulted unless the abbot chose to come to Britain, which occurred five times in the 13th century and only twice in the 14th.
912:, not gold, seemed little by comparison. The Alfonsine census enabled Abbot Hugh (who died in 1109) to undertake construction of the huge third abbey church. When payments in aurei later lapsed, the Cluniac order suffered a financial crisis that crippled them during the abbacies of
486:, William released Cluny Abbey from all future obligations to him and his family other than prayer. Contemporary patrons normally retained a proprietary interest and expected to install their kinsmen as abbots. William appears to have made this arrangement with Berno, the first
1225:. Its extensive library and archives were burned in 1793 and the church was given up to plundering. The abbey's estate was sold in 1798 for 2,140,000 francs. Over the next twenty years the Abbey's immense walls were quarried for stone that was used in rebuilding the town.
574:
led to the suppression of the order in France in 1790 and the monastery at Cluny was almost totally demolished in 1810. Later, it was sold and used as a quarry until 1823. Today, little more than one of the original eight towers remains of the whole monastery.
1049:, all Cluniac houses in England were French, governed by French priors and directly controlled from Cluny. Henry's act of raising the English priories to independent abbeys was a political gesture, a mark of England's nascent national consciousness.
617:, not abbeys. The priors, or chiefs of priories, met at Cluny once a year to deal with administrative issues and to make reports. Many other Benedictine monasteries, even those of earlier formation, came to regard Cluny as their guide. When in 1016
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1171:
Starting from the 12th century, Cluny had serious financial problems mainly because of the cost of building the third abbey (Cluny III). Charity given to the poor also increased the expenditure. As other religious orders such as the
624:
Partly due to the Order's opulence, the
Cluniac monasteries of nuns were not seen as being particularly cost-effective. The Order did not have an interest in founding many new houses for women, so their presence was always limited.
1195:
Although the monks – who never numbered more than 60 – lived in relative luxury during this period, the political and religious wars of the 16th century further weakened the abbey's status in Christendom. For instance with the
550:
of 1378 to 1409 further divided loyalties: France recognizing a pope at Avignon and England one at Rome, interfered with the relations between Cluny and its dependent houses. Under the strain, some English houses, such as
866:(1024 – 1109, abbot since 1049) started the construction of the third and final church at Cluny, which was to become the largest church building in Europe and remained so until the 16th century, when in Rome the
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522:, who had put forward his new ideas at the first great meeting of the abbots of the order held at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in 817. Berno had adopted Benedict's interpretation of the Rule previously at
1692:
1628:
534:. The Cluniac establishment found itself closely identified with the Papacy. In the early 12th century, the order lost momentum under poor government. It was subsequently revitalized under Abbot
1732:
928:
The Cluny library was one of the richest and most important in France and Europe. It was a storehouse of numerous very valuable manuscripts. During the religious conflicts of 1562, the
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to govern all the Carolingian monasteries. He acknowledged that the Black Monks no longer supported themselves by physical labor. Cluny's agreement to offer perpetual prayer (
628:
The customs of Cluny represented a shift from the earlier ideal of a Benedictine monastery as an agriculturally self-sufficient unit. This was similar to the contemporary
920:(1122–1156). The Spanish wealth donated to Cluny publicized the rise of the Spanish Christians, and drew central Spain for the first time into the larger European orbit.
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1313:
Hopkins, Daniel J., editor (1997). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. (Third Edition). Springfield (The Simpsons), MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Publishers. p. 262.
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deputies of the Abbot of Cluny and answered to him. The Cluniac houses, being directly under the supervision of the Abbot of Cluny, the head of the Order, were styled
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1646:
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An orderly succession of able and educated abbots, drawn from the highest aristocratic circles, led Cluny, and the first six abbots of Cluny were all canonized:
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which was raised to the status of an abbey in 1245 answerable only to the Pope. Cluny's influence spread into the British Isles in the 11th century, first at
438:, which has been a public museum since 1843. Apart from the name, and the building itself, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.
621:
decreed that the privileges of Cluny be extended to subordinate houses, there was further incentive for Benedictine communities to join the Cluniac Order.
280:
1722:
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sacked the abbey, destroying or dispersing many of the manuscripts. Of those that were left, some were burned in 1790 by a rioting mob during the
526:. Cluny was not known for the severity of its discipline or its asceticism, but the abbots of Cluny supported the revival of the papacy and the
1727:
1717:
1215:
Over the next 250 years, the abbey never regained its power or position within European Christianity. Seen as an example of the excesses of the
1020:
1163:
Odilo continued to reform other monasteries, but as Abbot of Cluny, he also exercised tighter control of the order's far-flung priories.
992:
941:
1603:
1383:
Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2009). "Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the church in Burgundy, 980–1198". Cornell Univ Press.
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The French Government worked to relocate such treasures, including those that ended up in private hands. They are now held by the
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In response to these issues, Cluny raised loans against its assets but this saddled the religious order with debt. Throughout the
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that the Order ever received from king or layman, and it was never surpassed. Henry I of England's annual grant from 1131 of 100
1707:
231:
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385:
57:
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remembered in Cluny's endless prayers; this inspired the endowments in land and benefices that made other arts possible.
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created a climate unfavourable to the existence of monasteries autocratically ruled by a head residing in Burgundy. The
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273:
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72:
53:
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were generating the next wave of ecclesiastical reform. Outside monastic structures, the rise of English and French
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within the Catholic Church. By the start of the 14th century, the pope was frequently naming the abbots of Cluny.
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Cluny's highly centralized hierarchy was a training ground for Catholic prelates: four monks of Cluny became
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86:
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1237:
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1188:, conflicts with its priories increased. This waning influence was shadowed by the increasing power of the
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of the more feudal parts, in which each member did physical labor as well as offering prayer. In 817 St
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1034:, Shropshire. It is thought that there were only three Cluniac nunneries in England, one of them being
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conduct of 11th-century kings, and their spiritual outlook, appeared to undergo a change. In England,
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All but one of the English and Scottish Cluniac houses which were larger than cells were known as
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388:, with three churches built in succession from the 4th to the early 12th centuries. The earliest
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was later canonized. In Germany, the penetration of Cluniac ideals was effected in concert with
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Cluny was seen to have revitalized the Norman church, reorganized the royal French monastery at
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The Abbey of Cluny differed in three ways from other Benedictine houses and confederations:
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The History of Romanesque Cluny Clarified by Excavations and Comparisons, by K.J. Conant
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re-established it in 1077, and confirmed it in 1090.) Ferdinand fixed the sum at 1,000
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at Mass. Artifacts exemplifying the wealth of Cluny Abbey are today on display at the
650:, literally "perpetual praise") meant that it had increased a specialization in roles.
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in 1392) and no longer regarded as alien priories, weakening the Cluniac structure.
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The reforms introduced at Cluny were in some measure traceable to the influence of
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Although it was the largest church in Christendom until the completion of Rome's
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427:, the abbey was sacked and mostly destroyed, with only a small part surviving.
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1249:. Ruined bases of columns convey the size of the former church and monastery.
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raids of 953, led the tendency for Burgundian churches to be stone-vaulted.
490:, to free the new monastery from such secular entanglements and initiate the
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1177:
813:, symbolising their subordination to Cluny. The exception was the priory at
1588:
The history of Romanesque Cluny as clarified by excavations and comparisons
640:, the "second Benedict", developed monastic constitutions at the urging of
17:
1516:
Conant, Kenneth John. (1970) "Mediaeval Academy Excavations at Cluny, X."
1208:, the king of France, gained the power to appoint the abbot of Cluny from
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in England. There were no official English Cluniac priories until that of
833:
1497:
Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the church in Burgundy, 980–1198
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1486:, VIII. "Liturgical Intercession at Cluny For the King-Emperors of Leon"
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1221:, the monastic buildings and most of the church were destroyed in the
1085:. The new pious outlook of lay leaders enabled the enforcement of the
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Modern excavations of the Abbey began in 1927 under the direction of
889:, ruler of a united León-Castile, some time between 1053 and 1065. (
900:, an amount which Alfonso VI doubled in 1090. This was the biggest
471:, founded the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny on a modest scale, as the
1595:(Universität Münster: Institut für Frühmittelalterforschung) Cluny
1345:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (1908). 15 Feb. 2015.
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the wards upwards and outwards or overall a sword in pale argent".
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From Martyr to Monument: The Abbey of Cluny as Cultural Patrimony
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1566:
The World of Medieval Monasticism: Its History and Forms of Life
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29:
419:, whereby Cluny became acknowledged as the leader of western
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was called to act as architect for the new church in 1088.
415:. The abbey was notable for its stricter adherence to the
1597:. (in English) Scholarly portal to many aspects of Cluny.
1399:
Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past
1688:
Religious buildings and structures completed in the 910s
949:
holds some sixty or so charters originating from Cluny.
936:. Others still were stored away in the Cluny town hall.
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Abbey commissioned candelabras of solid silver and gold
586:, and continued (although not continuously) until 1950.
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of the Congregation of Cluny. The deed of gift included
1026:
1077. The best-preserved Cluniac houses in England are
1509:
Conant, Kenneth J. (1975) "Cluny Studies, 1968–1975."
1693:
Christian monasteries established in the 10th century
1295:
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
850:Cluny II, ca. 955–981, begun after the destructive
482:In donating his hunting preserve in the forests of
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
601:prohibition on holding land by feudal service; and
1457:Kenneth John Conant, "Cluny Studies, 1968–1975."
881:The building campaign was financed by the annual
1586:ICOMOS, Monumentum, Vol. 7, 1971, K. J. Conant,
1484:Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600–1300
445:Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey: "Gules two keys in
1733:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux
845:Model of Cluny III-white sections still survive
632:of the more Romanized parts of Europe and the
1359:"The early history of the monastery of Cluny"
1232:A view of the surviving remnants of the abbey
680:O God, by whose grace thy servants, the Holy
434:maintained a townhouse in Paris known as the
8:
1255:École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers
1019:in Sussex, founded by the Anglo-Norman earl
132:
1573:Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the 10th Century
727:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1678:Buildings and structures in Saône-et-Loire
1478:. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.
131:
1629:Large archive of photographs of the abbey
1504:France in the World: A New Global History
1372:France in the World: A New Global History
1258:(ENSAM), an elite school of engineering.
791:Learn how and when to remove this message
392:was the world's largest church until the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1698:Establishments in the Carolingian Empire
1613:Cluny abbey on the site Bourgogne Romane
1502:Boucheron, Patrick, et al., eds. (2019)
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1167:Decline and destruction of the buildings
1089:movement to curb aristocratic violence.
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832:
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1420:"Hézelon de Liège, architecte de Cluny"
1353:
1351:
1306:
1252:Since 1901 it has been a center of the
582:, American architectural historian of
1651:High-resolution 360° Panorama of the
1559:In Search of Cluny: God's Lost Empire
1528:The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform
1495:Bouchard, Constance Brittain. (2009)
332:
7:
725:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1601:Christopher Golden, "Cluniac Order"
868:Paleochristian St. Peter's Basilica
162:
1647:Paradoxplace – Cluny Page – Photos
1537:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1361:. Oxford University Press. (1920).
25:
1723:Romanesque architecture in France
1673:Benedictine monasteries in France
1618:Societas Christiana Encyclopedia:
1370:Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds.
384:The abbey was constructed in the
1181:reduced Cluny's total revenues.
993:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
942:Bibliothèque nationale de France
697:
161:
154:
138:
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1713:History of Catholic monasticism
1535:Monastic Life at Cluny 910–1157
498:Cluny and the Gregorian reforms
45:needs additional citations for
27:Abbey in Saône-et-Loire, France
1571:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (1982).
1003:of the Congregation of Cluny.
570:, revolutionary hatred of the
386:Romanesque architectural style
373:, France. It was dedicated to
1:
1718:Cluniac monasteries in France
1624:Charter of the Abbey of Cluny
1547:Marquardt, Janet T. (2007).
465:William I, Duke of Aquitaine
396:construction began in Rome.
247:William I, Duke of Aquitaine
1474:Bainton, Roland H. (1962).
1395:"The Early Abbots of Cluny"
1278:Basilica of Paray-le-Monial
1247:Medieval Academy of America
1241:the American archaeologist
999:The abbey at Cluny was the
959:Herman I, Margrave of Baden
805:Cluniac priories in Britain
1749:
1728:Churches in Saône-et-Loire
964:Philip I, Duke of Burgundy
802:
514:Cluny III, reconstruction.
430:Starting around 1334, the
411:of Cluny, subject only to
399:Cluny was founded by Duke
1426:(in French). 125–1: 81–82
1343:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1289:Le jongleur de Notre-Dame
1176:in the 12th and then the
974:
689:Cluniac houses in Britain
608:as its main form of work.
598:organisational structure;
149:
137:
1703:Sites of papal elections
1540:Lawrence, C. H. (2015).
1482:Bishko, Charles Julian.
1337:Alston, George Cyprian.
1245:with the backing of the
1653:Cluny Abbey | Art Atlas
1564:Melville, Gert (2016).
1418:Salet, Francis (1967).
1339:"Congregation of Cluny"
1708:Burial places of popes
1492:in historical context.
1357:Smith, Lucy Margaret.
1233:
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401:William I of Aquitaine
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170:Location within France
1513:50.3 (1975): 383–390.
1461:50.3 (1975): 383–390.
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1053:allegiance to Cluny.
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423:. In 1790 during the
403:in 910. He nominated
179:Monastery information
1620:The Cluniac movement
1542:Medieval Monasticism
1533:Evans, Joan (1968).
1238:St. Peter's Basilica
1200:in 1516 overseen by
1198:Concordat of Bologna
1074:Edward the Confessor
1065:papal election, 1119
870:was replaced by the
721:improve this section
559:, were naturalized (
506:A plan of the Abbey.
417:Rule of St. Benedict
394:St. Peter's Basilica
359:Abbatia Cluniacensis
296:46.43417°N 4.65917°E
54:improve this article
1476:The Medieval Church
1424:Bulletin Monumental
1063:was elected at the
1045:Until the reign of
918:Peter the Venerable
887:Ferdinand I of León
862:In 1088, the abbot
580:Kenneth John Conant
566:By the time of the
536:Peter the Venerable
292: /
144:Cluny Abbey in 2004
134:
1683:910 establishments
1634:2007-09-14 at the
1606:2008-10-06 at the
1568:(Liturgical Press)
1520:45.1 (1970): 1–35.
1506:(2019) pp 120–125.
1374:(2019) pp 120–125.
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1028:Castle Acre Priory
1021:William de Warenne
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837:Model of Cluny III
638:Benedict of Aniane
619:Pope Benedict VIII
584:Harvard University
520:Benedict of Aniane
516:
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451:
1658:Google Earth view
1524:Cowdrey, H. E. J.
1446:L'abbaye de Cluny
1393:Kiefer, James E.
1268:Bible de Souvigny
1243:Kenneth J. Conant
1223:French Revolution
1061:Pope Callixtus II
975:Cluny's influence
934:French Revolution
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568:French Revolution
469:Count of Auvergne
467:"the Pious", and
425:French Revolution
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1011:and inspired St
991:, 12th century (
987:of Cluny III by
969:Pope Gelasius II
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914:Pons of Melgueil
876:Hézelon de Liège
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740:"Cluny Abbey"
737:
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706:This section
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43:This article
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1488:: Bernard's
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1430:13 December
1174:Cistercians
1159:(died 1109)
1152:(died 1049)
1099:Gregory VII
1083:Pope Leo IX
1040:Northampton
1001:motherhouse
544:nationalism
540:Cistercians
524:Baume Abbey
473:motherhouse
421:monasticism
363:Benedictine
326:Cluny Abbey
299: /
274:Coordinates
216:Saint Peter
196:Established
190:Benedictine
133:Cluny Abbey
18:Cluny order
1667:Categories
1444:Gerhards,
1404:2017-10-07
1210:Pope Leo X
1178:Mendicants
1145:(died 994)
1138:(died 965)
1131:(died 942)
1124:(died 927)
1107:Paschal II
891:Alfonso VI
751:newspapers
671:in Paris.
557:Nottingham
459:Foundation
284:46°26′03″N
243:Founder(s)
220:Saint Paul
80:newspapers
1544:. 4th ed.
1206:Francis I
1078:Henry III
1067:at Cluny.
930:Huguenots
858:Cluny III
852:Hungarian
708:does not
665:vestments
663:and silk
477:vineyards
287:4°39′33″E
1632:Archived
1604:Archived
1557:(2006).
1526:(1970).
1518:Speculum
1511:Speculum
1459:Speculum
1262:See also
1103:Urban II
1047:Henry VI
811:priories
656:chalices
615:priories
484:Burgundy
463:In 910,
390:basilica
268:, France
258:Location
1111:Urban V
1013:Dunstan
953:Burials
924:Library
902:annuity
815:Paisley
765:scholar
729:removed
714:sources
606:liturgy
528:reforms
454:History
447:saltire
330:French:
312:Website
227:Diocese
94:scholar
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910:silver
895:golden
883:census
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351:Clugny
339:French
238:People
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1643:(pdf)
1590:(PDF)
1301:Notes
1150:Odilo
1095:popes
1017:Lewes
906:marks
898:aurei
819:Lewes
772:JSTOR
758:books
634:manor
630:villa
488:abbot
409:abbot
405:Berno
367:Cluny
355:Latin
347:Cluni
262:Cluny
232:Autun
185:Order
101:JSTOR
87:books
1432:2023
1315:ISBN
1190:Pope
1155:St.
1148:St.
1141:St.
1134:St.
1127:St.
1120:St.
1109:and
983:The
825:Arts
744:news
712:any
710:cite
379:Paul
377:and
253:Site
218:and
207:1790
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