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that can be corrected with the addition of the proper amendment such as coarse sand for weight in interior plants like
Draceana. Nutritive amendments should also be considered. Calcium and magnesium will be lacking in coir potting mixes, so a naturally good source of these nutrients is dolomitic lime which contains both. pH is of utmost importance as coir pith tends to have a high pH after some months of use, resulting in plant stunting and multiple deficiencies. Coir also has the disadvantage of being extremely sensitive to the
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cocochips become suitable substrates for cultivating fungi. Coir is naturally rich in potassium, which can lead to magnesium and calcium deficiencies in soilless horticultural media. Coir fiber is rarely used as a potting material, except for orchids, and does not need buffering, as it has a very low
434:
A coir industry in the UK was recorded before the second half of the 19th century. During 1840, Captain Widely, in co-operation with
Captain Logan and Thomas Treloar, founded the known carpet firms of Treloar and Sons in Ludgate Hill, England, for the manufacture of coir into various fabrics suitable
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Coconut fiber (coir) is used as a construction material because the natural fibers are eco-friendly. Additionally, coconut fiber (CF) is resistant to thermal conductivity, is very tough, ductile, durable, renewable and inexpensive. It was observed in an experimental study that by partially replacing
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The mattress fibres are sifted to remove dirt and other rubbish, dried in the sun and packed into bales. Some mattress fibre is allowed to retain more moisture so it retains its elasticity for twisted fibre production. The coir fibre is elastic enough to twist without breaking and it holds a curl as
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produces 36% of the total brown fibre output. Over 50% of the coir fibre produced annually throughout the world is consumed in the countries of origin, mainly India. Together, India and Sri Lanka produced 59% of the coir produced in 2020. Sri Lanka remains the world's largest exporter of coir fibre
897:
in the plants. Poorly sourced coco fibre can have excess salts in it and needs washing (check electrical conductivity of run-off water, flush if high). It holds water well and holds around 1,000 times more air than soil. Adding slow release fertilizers or organic fertilizers are highly advised when
550:
and desiccated coconut. The fibrous layer of the fruit is then separated from the hard shell (manually) by driving the fruit down onto a spike to split it (dehusking). A well-seasoned husker can manually separate 2,000 coconuts per day. Machines are now available which crush the whole fruit to give
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Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. Fibres are typically 10 to 30 centimetres (4 to 12 in) long. The two varieties of coir are brown and white. Brown coir harvested from fully ripened coconuts is thick, strong and has
853:
Coir fibre pith or coir dust can hold large quantities of water, just like a sponge. It is used as a replacement for traditional peat in soil mixtures, or, as a soil-less substrate for plant cultivation. It has been called "coco peat" because it is to fresh coco fibre somewhat like what peat is to
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Coir does provide a suitable substrate for horticultural use as a soilless potting medium. The material's high lignin content is longer-lasting, holds more water, and does not shrink off the sides of the pot when dry allowing for easier rewetting. This light media has advantages and disadvantages
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Because coir pith is high in sodium and potassium, it is treated before use as a growth medium for plants or fungi by soaking in a calcium buffering solution; most coir sold for growing purposes is said to be pre-treated. Once any remaining salts have been leached out of the coir pith, it and the
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The longer bristle fibre is washed in clean water and then dried before being tied into bundles or hanks. It may then be cleaned and 'hackled' by steel combs to straighten the fibres and remove any shorter fibre pieces. Coir bristle fibre can also be bleached and dyed to obtain hanks of different
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Due to its superior absorption capabilities when compared to products made of clay, silica and diatomaceous earth-based absorbents, dry coconut coir pith is gaining popularity as an oil and fluid absorbent. Many other absorbents have to be mined, whereas coconut coir pith is a waste product in
842:
and pasteurised with boiling water. After the coir/vermiculite mix has cooled to room temperature, it is placed in a larger container, usually a plastic box. Previously prepared spawn jars, usually grown using substrates such as rye grains or wild bird seed, are then added. This spawn is the
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developed a biological process for the extraction of coir fibre from coconut husk without polluting the environment. The technology uses enzymes to separate the fibres by converting and solubilizing plant compounds to curb the pollution of waters caused by retting of husks.
767:. Pads of curled brown coir fibre, made by needle-felting (a machine technique that mats the fibres together), are shaped and cut to fill mattresses and for use in erosion control on river banks and hillsides. A major proportion of brown coir pads are sprayed with rubber
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from peatlands, usage of alternative substrates has been on the rise; the byproduct coir is one commonly used substitute. Many sources of coir however are heavily contaminated with pathogenic fungi, and the choice of the source is important. Coir is also useful to deter
869:. Due to low levels of nutrients in its composition, coco peat is usually not the sole component in the medium used to grow plants. When plants are grown exclusively in coco peat, it is important to add nutrients according to the specific plants' needs. Coco peat from
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Coir waste from coir fibre industries is washed, heat-treated, screened and graded before being processed into coco peat products of various granularity and denseness, which are then used for horticultural and agricultural applications and as industrial absorbent.
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greenhouse fungus. The addition of beneficial microbes to the coir media have been successful in tropical green house conditions and interior spaces as well. The fungi engage in growth and reproduction under moist atmospheres producing fruiting bodies (mushrooms).
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Usually shipped in the form of compressed bales, briquettes, slabs or discs, the end user usually expands and aerates the compressed coco peat by the addition of water. A single kilogramme of dry coco peat will expand to 15 litres of moist coco peat.
264:
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since about 1989 with a marked increase since 2004. By 2009 a total of 25 new weed species have been found in imported coco peat. The regulations relating to importing coco peat into New
Zealand have been amended to improve the biosecurity measures.
328:, which is the powdery and spongy material resulting from the processing of the coir fibre. Coir fibre is locally named 'coprah' in some countries, adding to confusion. Pith is chemically similar to coir, but contains much shorter fibers. The name
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The fibrous husks are soaked in pits or in nets in a slow-moving body of water to swell and soften the fibres. The long bristle fibres are separated from the shorter mattress fibres underneath the skin of the nut, a process known as wet-milling.
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through a process called defibering. The coir fibre thus extracted is then combed using steel combs to make the fibre clean and to remove short fibres. Bristle coir fibre is used as bristles in brushes for domestic and industrial applications.
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Green coconuts, harvested after about six to 12 months on the palm, contain pliable white fibres. Brown fibre is instead obtained by harvesting fully mature coconuts when the nutritious layer surrounding the seed is ready to be processed into
475:, so are stronger but less flexible. White coir fibres harvested from coconuts before they are ripe are white or light brown in color and are smoother and finer, but also weaker. They are generally spun to make yarn used in mats or rope.
318:, harvested from unripe coconuts, is used for making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets. It has the advantage of not sinking, so can be used in long lengths in deep water without the added weight dragging down boats and buoys.
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The coir fibre is relatively waterproof, and is one of the few natural fibres resistant to damage by saltwater. Fresh water is used to process brown coir, while seawater and fresh water are both used in the production of white coir.
642:. The segments of the husk are then beaten with iron rods to separate out the long fibres which are subsequently dried and cleaned. Cleaned fibre is ready for spinning into yarn using a simple one-handed system or a spinning wheel.
2201:
Hyder, Naveen; Sims, James J.; Wegulo, Stephen N.. In Vitro
Suppression of Soilborne Plant Pathogens by Coir. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 448 Plant Science Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583. 2008-11-19.
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Some coco peat is not fully decomposed when it arrives and will use up available nitrogen as it does so (known as drawdown), competing with the plant if there is not enough. This is called nitrogen robbery; it can cause
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to remove potential pathogens and weeds along with beneficial life. This may be done to remove contaminants in fresh material or to reuse old coir. Both heat (boiling or baking) and chemical means can be used.
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manufacture. Mats of woven coir fibre are made from the finer grades of bristle and white fibre using hand or mechanical looms. White coir also is used to make fishing nets due to its strong resistance to
650:
310:, and used in products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes, and mattresses. Coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Other uses of
1804:
2332:
KT Rammohan. 1999. 'Technological Change in Kerala
Industry: Lessons from Coir Yarn Spinning. Thiruvananthapuram: CDS Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development.
916:. Coco peat generally has an acidity in the range of pH - 5.5 to 6.5, which is slightly too acidic for some plants, but many popular plants can tolerate this pH range.
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which bonds the fibres together (rubberised coir) to be used as upholstery padding for the automobile industry in Europe. The material is also used for packaging.
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high abrasion resistance. It is typically used in mats, brushes and sacking. Mature brown coir fibres contain more lignin and less cellulose than fibres such as
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2117:"Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai treatment in comparison with fungicides for the management of stem canker of cocoa caused by Phytophthora palmivora"
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Coco fibre can be re-used up to three times with little loss of yield. Coco fibre from diseased plants should not be re-used unless sterilization is thorough.
100:
Arti/horticultural use is scattered in lead plus sections "Buffering" and "Agricultural and horticultural uses". Ordering in these sections is hard to follow.
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799:, coir is used as an organic and decorative component in soil and potting mixes. Due to the increasing concern regarding the sustainability of producing
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Trichoderma coir pith cake (TCPC) has been prepared and successfully used for control of plant diseases. The dry product TCPC has a long shelf life.
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Chandra
Mohanan, R.; Peter, Prabha K.; Sharadraj, K. M. (2013). "Production technology of coir pith cake formulation of Trichoderma harzianum".
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centuries ago also used coir for their ship ropes. Arab writers of the 11th century AD referred to the extensive use of coir for ship ropes and
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KT Rammohan and R Sundaresan. 2003. 'Socially
Embedding the Commodity Chain: An Exercise in Relation to Coir Yarn Spinning in Southern India'.
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Total world coir fibre production is 1,276,624 tonnes (1,256,462 long tons; 1,407,237 short tons). India, mainly in the coastal region of
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Horridge, Adrian (2006). "The
Austronesian Conquest of the Sea - Upwind". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).
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though permanently waved. Twisting is done by simply making a rope of the hank of fibre and twisting it using a machine or by hand.
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is a naturally occurring fungus in coco peat; it works in symbiosis with plant roots to protect them from pathogenic fungi such as
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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 2019). "Sewn Boats of
Southeast Asia: the stitched-plank and lashed-lug tradition".
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may refer either to coir or the pith or a mixture, as both have good water-retaining properties as a substitute for
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Chandra
Mohanan, R. (30 November 2013). "Trichoderma Coir Pith Cake - A New Product For Plant Disease Management".
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Coconut coir pith is also used as a bedding in litter boxes, animal farms and pet houses to absorb animal waste.
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885:. This extra potassium can interfere with magnesium availability. Adding extra magnesium through the addition of
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1347:"Chemical treatments of coir pith: Morphology, chemical composition, thermal and water retention behavior"
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1494:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"
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The immature husks are suspended in a river or water-filled pit for up to ten months. During this time,
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2015:"Effect on the Compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement with coconut fibre"
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1383:"How coir is made - material, making, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, History"
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words respectively for cord or rope (traditionally, a kind of rope is made from the coconut fibre).
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from delicate plantings, and as a growing medium in intensive glasshouse (greenhouse) horticulture.
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How coir is made - material, making, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, History
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2153:"Nasobronchial Allergy and Pulmonary Function Abnormalities Among Coir Workers of Alappuzha"
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.
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Photchanachai, S.; Tantharapornrerk, N.; Pola, W.; Muangkote, S.; Bayogan, E.R.V. (2018).
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As a substitute for peat, because it is free of bacteria and most fungal spores, and is
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break down the plant tissues surrounding the fibres to loosen them — a process known as
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contains several macro- and micro-plant nutrients, including substantial quantities of
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2275:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022
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2014:
1805:"New UN initiative aims to save lives and cut climate change by protecting peatlands"
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1013:, as well as the latex and other materials used frequently in the treatment of coir.
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2273:"Coir production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
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459:. They are pale when immature, but later become hardened and yellowed as a layer of
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On the other hand, coir can also contain beneficial life-forms. Coconut coir from
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KT Rammohan. 2008. 'Coir in India: History of Technology' in Helaine Selin (ed).
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The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing)
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The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (With Cultivation & Processing)
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Coir fibres are found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a
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2225:"Coconut coir media sterilization method for growing Chinese kale microgreens"
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314:(made from ripe coconut) are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.
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has been found to contain large numbers of colonies of the beneficial fungus
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2% of cement with CF, the compressive strength of the concrete is increased.
455:. The individual fibre cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of
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Vol. 1. pp. 596–600. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag.
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the loose fibres. These machines can process up to 2,000 coconuts per hour.
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and will colonize the coir/vermiculite mix, eventually fruiting mushrooms.
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of countries into which it is imported. Coco peat has been imported into
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1277:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 654.
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639:
589: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and cordage have been made from coconut fibre since ancient times. The
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1993:"PH Coast Guard battles Bataan oil spill mess with coconut husk boom"
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1049:, which acts as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi.
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abundance in countries where coconut is a major agriculture product.
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Coir can be used as a terrarium substrate for reptiles or arachnids.
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1967:"Donate hair, coconut husks to contain oil spill, DILG urges public"
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State, produces 60% of the total world supply of white coir fibre.
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1408:"coir | Origin and meaning of coir by Online Etymology Dictionary"
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
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National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
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is the longest variety of coir fibre. It is manufactured from
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Mixed with sand, compost and fertilizer to make good quality
2179:. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. 17 March 2009. Archived from
763:, floor tiles and sacking. A small amount is also made into
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2364:
1536:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
1027:
Coco fibre can harbor organisms that pose a threat to the
747:. All parts of the canoe are connected by thin coir ropes.
357:
made from plaited coconut fibre on a traditional house in
2864:
423:
navigators who sailed the seas to Malaya, China, and the
909:
without the environmental damage caused by peat mining.
104:
1832:. Niir Project Consultancy Services. 27 October 2014.
1572:
Lew, Christopher. "Tracing the origin of the coconut (
823:. The soaking hose provides water and some nutrients.
283:
923:, which thrive on the cellulose. Coco peat has high
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165:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
838:to grow mushrooms. The coir is usually mixed with
1717:"Introduction to tribology of polymer composites"
1589:
1587:
1307:"Coco Coir - 7 Things Every Gardener Should Know"
708:Cordage, packaging, bedding, flooring, and others
2213:. Accessed: 2009-08-17. (Archived by WebCite at)
2204:http://www.agrococo.com/Pathogen_Suppression.pdf
960:Bataan appealed for hay, hair and coconut coir
831:growing systems as an inert substrate medium.
396:, used coconut fibre extensively for ropes and
2833:You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?
2115:Peter, Prabha K.; Chandra Mohanan, R. (2013).
1758:"'Clean' technology for coir fibre extraction"
819:A small herb garden employing coir mixed with
107:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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2380:
1721:Tribology of Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
1459:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
8:
1921:
1919:
1598:. Coir Board, Govt. of India. Archived from
447:Various forms in which coir fibre can appear
30:For the Irish conservative lobby group, see
1781:Hunt, Robert; Ricciardi, Zac (2011-02-10).
1580:. University of California, Davis: 143–157.
671:(CEC) capacity, hence not retaining salts.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1501:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
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1374:
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854:peat moss, although it is not true peat.
605:Learn how and when to remove this message
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
404:plank boats in their voyages in both the
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1254:
2613:List of dishes made using coconut milk
2031:
2020:
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1809:United Nations Sustainable Development
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1345:Narendar, R.; Priya Dasan, K. (2014).
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1898:. TFH Publications Inc. p. 93.
1236:International Year of Natural Fibres
587:adding citations to reliable sources
515:adding citations to reliable sources
163:adding citations to reliable sources
2766:Asian and Pacific Coconut Community
2094:Indian Society for Plantation Crops
901:Common uses of coco fibre include:
787:Agricultural and horticultural uses
751:Red coir is used in floor mats and
3742:Controlled-environment agriculture
1932:. Landlinks Press. pp. 192–.
1723:, Elsevier, pp. 59–83, 2008,
1492:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011).
774:The major use of white coir is in
25:
1991:Argosino, Faith (July 29, 2024).
1946:from the original on 10 July 2017
1538:. ANU E Press. pp. 143–160.
1363:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.028
52:This article has multiple issues.
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2465:
2165:from the original on 2012-09-15.
1912:from the original on 2017-07-10.
1793:from the original on 2013-02-04.
1628:from the original on 2017-12-12.
1168:
1150:
1132:
1114:
1096:
563:
491:
276:
139:
82:
41:
2361:Video shows the whole procedure
2237:10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1210.7
1965:Chavez, Chito (July 30, 2024).
1860:. Fancy Publications. 2008: 66.
1695:from the original on 2016-02-17
1389:from the original on 2006-07-14
1215:and coir fibre based products.
574:needs additional citations for
502:needs additional citations for
321:Coir must not be confused with
150:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2351:New International Encyclopedia
1351:Composites Part B: Engineering
463:is deposited on their walls.
1:
2131:University of the West Indies
1656:Materials and the Environment
259:A close-up view of coir fibre
3706:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
2786:Philippine Coconut Authority
2259:"How to Sterilize Coco Coir"
1766:. 2009-04-30. Archived from
1513:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142
1332:"Coir Pith | Coirboard"
1242:Coconut production in Kerala
2085:Journal of Plantation Crops
3905:
3737:Aquaculture of sea sponges
2653:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
1783:"Reusing Media: Coco Coir"
1622:"Thomas Treloar 1818-1876"
1020:
343:
29:
3795:
3458:
3390:
2842:
2771:Coconut Development Board
2463:
2061:Coconut Development Board
1192:
1184:
1166:
1148:
1130:
1112:
1094:
1085:
1082:
954:2024 Manila Bay oil spill
919:As substrate for growing
898:growing with coco fibre.
302:extracted from the outer
267:Segregation of coir fibre
2329:31: 5. pp. 903–923.
2013:Mayank (November 2019).
1892:Jacobi, Michael (2011).
1729:10.1533/9781845695057.59
1578:Prized Writing 2018-2019
1433:"the definition of coir"
944:Oil and fluid absorption
889:can correct this issue.
669:cation-exchange capacity
645:In 2009, researchers at
3747:Historical hydroculture
3605:Expanded clay aggregate
3552:Nutrient film technique
3463:Historical hydroculture
2707:Pestalotiopsis palmarum
2693:Marasmiellus cocophilus
2646:Botryosphaeria cocogena
2359:How to make a coir rope
1929:Sustainable Agriculture
1665:10.1016/c2010-0-66554-0
1471:10.1111/1095-9270.12367
1274:Encyclopædia Britannica
976:'s cleanup operations.
964:(husk) to process into
865:Coco peat is used as a
834:Coir is also used as a
400:in building houses and
98:. The reason given is:
2776:Franklin Baker Company
2728:Phytophthora palmivora
2679:Corticium penicillatum
2608:List of coconut dishes
2177:"Coco peat/Coir fibre"
2052:Indian Coconut Journal
2030:Cite journal requires
1873:Cite journal requires
1078:Coir production, 2020
974:Philippine Coast Guard
824:
748:
728:
448:
361:
268:
260:
3567:Sub-irrigated planter
2735:Pseudoepicoccum cocos
2721:Phyllosticta palmetto
2714:Phaeochoropsis mucosa
2672:Cephaleuros virescens
1787:Urban Garden Magazine
1689:"Future Fibres: Coir"
1545:10.22459/a.09.2006.07
1021:Further information:
988:Construction material
827:Coir is used in some
818:
734:
715:
446:
435:for floor coverings.
394:domesticated coconuts
353:
266:
258:
3732:Aquaculture of coral
3681:Irrigation sprinkler
2122:Tropical Agriculture
1926:Mason, John (2003).
907:sustainably produced
583:improve this article
511:improve this article
390:Austronesian peoples
159:improve this article
3557:Organic hydroponics
2700:Periconiella cocoes
2639:Bipolaris incurvata
1602:on 25 February 2012
1226:Coir Board of India
1079:
1046:Aspergillus terreus
895:nitrogen deficiency
887:magnesium sulphates
105:editing the article
3600:Diatomaceous earth
3527:Deep water culture
2749:Stigmina palmivora
2686:Cytospora palmarum
2327:World Development.
2229:Acta Horticulturae
2209:2011-07-07 at the
1811:. 17 November 2016
1412:www.etymonline.com
1293:2006-07-14 at the
1077:
825:
749:
729:
655:Thiruvananthapuram
449:
368:comes from கயிறு (
362:
269:
261:
3879:Insulation fibers
3851:
3850:
3767:Plant propagation
3676:Hydroponic dosers
3418:
3417:
3386:
3385:
3162:
3161:
2862:
2861:
2827:World Coconut Day
2802:August Engelhardt
2742:Ramularia necator
2321:978-1-4020-4559-2
1939:978-0-643-06876-6
1204:
1203:
1064:Coco peat may be
1017:Biosecurity risks
615:
614:
607:
543:
542:
535:
253:
252:
245:
235:
234:
227:
209:
133:
132:
125:
95:layout guidelines
75:
16:(Redirected from
3896:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3803:
3802:
3782:Vertical farming
3720:Related concepts
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3408:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3173:
2909:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2851:
2850:
2817:Coconut Religion
2665:Capnodium footii
2557:Sprouted coconut
2502:Cream of coconut
2469:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2355:
2347:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2284:
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2173:
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2018:
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1956:
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1685:
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1607:
1591:
1582:
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1569:
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1559:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1498:
1489:
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1482:
1454:
1448:
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1445:
1443:
1429:
1423:
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1418:
1404:
1398:
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1394:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1322:
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1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1259:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1023:Invasive species
867:soil conditioner
803:(peat moss) and
610:
603:
599:
596:
590:
567:
559:
538:
531:
527:
524:
518:
495:
487:
294:), also called
293:
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67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3884:Malayalam terms
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3791:
3762:Plant nutrition
3715:
3659:
3576:
3505:
3467:
3454:
3449:
3419:
3414:
3382:
3275:
3242:
3194:
3185:Artificial silk
3158:
3140:
3027:
2898:
2893:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2838:
2790:
2754:
2617:
2596:
2470:
2461:
2398:
2393:
2342:
2339:
2308:
2306:Further reading
2303:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:. 22 July 2019.
2257:
2256:
2252:
2231:(1210): 51–58.
2222:
2221:
2217:
2211:Wayback Machine
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
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2146:
2129:(4). Trinidad:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2029:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1971:Manila Bulletin
1964:
1963:
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1949:
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1300:
1295:Wayback Machine
1286:
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1169:
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1133:
1131:
1115:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1075:
1073:Major producers
1025:
1019:
1007:
999:
990:
982:
946:
941:
789:
737:outrigger canoe
710:
705:
686:
664:
636:micro-organisms
632:
611:
600:
594:
591:
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568:
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539:
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249:
238:
237:
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231:
220:
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211:
168:
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156:
144:
129:
118:
112:
109:
103:Please help by
102:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3889:Non-food crops
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3787:Water aeration
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
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3729:
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3693:
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3657:
3652:
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3637:
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3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
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3586:
3584:
3578:
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3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Aquatic garden
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
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3456:
3455:
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3425:
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3402:
3391:
3388:
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3384:
3383:
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3365:
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3355:
3354:
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3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3200:Semi-synthetic
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
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2963:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
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2906:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Coconut Palace
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Tempe bongkrèk
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2338:
2337:External links
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2286:
2264:
2250:
2215:
2194:
2183:on 3 June 2010
2168:
2144:
2107:
2074:
2041:
2032:|journal=
2005:
1983:
1957:
1938:
1915:
1904:
1884:
1875:|journal=
1845:
1839:978-9381039625
1838:
1821:
1796:
1773:
1770:on 2012-11-08.
1749:
1737:
1705:
1680:
1673:
1631:
1613:
1583:
1574:Cocos nucifera
1561:
1554:
1526:
1507:(2): 169–189.
1484:
1465:(2): 400–415.
1449:
1437:Dictionary.com
1424:
1399:
1368:
1337:
1323:
1298:
1280:
1265:, ed. (1911).
1263:Chisholm, Hugh
1253:
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980:Animal bedding
978:
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3711:Water chiller
3709:
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3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Organopónicos
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Kratky method
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Bottle garden
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
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3009:
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2996:
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2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Coconut pearl
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
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2769:
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2764:
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2761:
2759:Organizations
2757:
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2676:
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2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:Cadang-cadang
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
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2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
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2558:
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2553:
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2548:
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2543:
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2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Milk beverage
2530:
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2523:
2520:
2518:
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2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
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2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2024:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1905:9780793844784
1901:
1897:
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1797:
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1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1740:
1738:9781845693930
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1674:9780123859716
1670:
1666:
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1597:
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1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:9781920942854
1551:
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1388:
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1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1311:DIY Gardening
1308:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1258:
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1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
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1218:
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1213:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1195:
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1187:
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1177:
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1125:
1123:
1111:
1107:
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1072:
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1062:
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1059:
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1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1002:
996:
994:
987:
985:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
943:
938:
936:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
903:
902:
899:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
846:
841:
837:
832:
830:
822:
817:
813:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
742:
738:
733:
727:
723:
719:
714:
707:
702:
700:
697:
696:coconut husks
694:
690:
683:
681:
678:
677:Leucocoprinus
672:
670:
661:
659:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
629:
627:
623:
619:
609:
606:
598:
588:
584:
578:
577:
572:This section
570:
566:
561:
560:
554:
552:
549:
537:
534:
526:
516:
512:
506:
505:
500:This section
498:
494:
489:
488:
482:
480:
476:
474:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
445:
438:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
410:Indian Oceans
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
356:
352:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
326:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:natural fibre
297:
296:coconut fibre
291:
273:
265:
257:
247:
244:
229:
226:
218:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176: –
175:
171:
170:Find sources:
164:
160:
154:
153:
148:This article
146:
142:
137:
136:
127:
124:
116:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
27:Natural fiber
19:
3874:Horticulture
3869:Fiber plants
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3752:Hydroponicum
3696:Spray nozzle
3625:Mineral wool
3537:Ebb and flow
3452:Hydroculture
3346:Polyethylene
2940:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2537:Nata de coco
2491:
2349:
2345:"Coir"
2326:
2312:
2294:
2289:
2279:10 September
2277:. Retrieved
2267:
2253:
2228:
2218:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2171:
2158:. Japi.org.
2147:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2023:cite journal
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1928:
1894:
1887:
1866:cite journal
1857:
1848:
1829:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1786:
1776:
1768:the original
1761:
1752:
1742:, retrieved
1720:
1697:. Retrieved
1683:
1655:
1624:. RootsWeb.
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1596:"About Coir"
1577:
1573:
1535:
1529:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1340:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1283:
1272:
1268:"Coir"
1257:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1008:
1000:
991:
983:
951:
947:
934:
914:potting soil
900:
891:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
833:
826:
797:horticulture
790:
773:
750:
716:Making coir
689:Bristle coir
688:
687:
684:Bristle coir
673:
665:
644:
633:
624:
620:
616:
601:
595:January 2022
592:
581:Please help
576:verification
573:
544:
529:
523:January 2022
520:
509:Please help
504:verification
501:
477:
465:
450:
433:
425:Persian Gulf
414:
392:, who first
373:
369:
365:
363:
329:
322:
320:
315:
311:
295:
271:
270:
239:
221:
215:January 2022
212:
202:
195:
188:
181:
169:
157:Please help
152:verification
149:
119:
110:
99:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3842:Wikiversity
3772:Rhizosphere
3727:Algaculture
3686:Leaf sensor
3664:Accessories
3650:Vermiculite
3547:Microponics
3494:Hydroponics
3489:Aquascaping
3177:Regenerated
3121:Spider silk
2442:Philippines
2133:: 200–204.
2096:: 214–218.
1357:: 770–779.
1185:All others
1052:Trichoderma
1033:New Zealand
1029:biosecurity
1009:Coir is an
871:Philippines
843:mushroom's
840:vermiculite
793:agriculture
630:White fibre
555:Brown fibre
3858:Categories
3757:Paludarium
3671:Grow light
3655:Wood fibre
3640:Rice hulls
3615:Growstones
3582:Substrates
3484:Aquaponics
3479:Aeroponics
3326:Modacrylic
3321:Microfiber
3238:Triacetate
3190:Milk fiber
3056:Camel hair
2988:Lotus silk
2404:Production
2187:30 October
1895:Tarantulas
1854:"Reptiles"
1815:2020-07-18
1744:2022-01-09
1699:2016-01-24
1393:2006-06-24
1316:20 October
1249:References
1066:sterilized
997:Biocontrol
939:Other uses
829:hydroponic
761:mattresses
483:Processing
402:lashed-lug
344:See also:
316:White coir
312:brown coir
185:newspapers
113:March 2022
57:improve it
3830:Wikibooks
3620:Lava rock
3595:Coco peat
3542:Fogponics
3341:Polyester
3213:Diacetate
3168:Synthetic
3071:Chiengora
2822:Hainuwele
2632:Sago worm
2552:Skim milk
2447:Sri Lanka
2422:Indonesia
2245:139554022
2139:0041-3216
2102:0304-5242
2069:0970-0579
1763:The Hindu
1479:202363901
1212:Sri Lanka
1199:1,276,624
1140:Sri Lanka
970:absorbent
966:oil booms
925:cellulose
921:mushrooms
883:potassium
875:Sri Lanka
836:substrate
781:saltwater
662:Buffering
626:colours.
457:cellulose
439:Structure
382:Malayalam
364:The name
330:coco peat
63:talk page
18:Coco peat
3864:Coconuts
3806:Category
3777:Root rot
3590:Charcoal
3572:Top drip
3510:Subtypes
3400:Category
3309:Technora
3271:Metallic
3154:Asbestos
3096:Pashmina
3061:Cashmere
2853:Category
2623:Diseases
2522:Macapuno
2475:Products
2452:Thailand
2207:Archived
2160:Archived
1998:July 29,
1976:July 30,
1944:Archived
1910:Archived
1791:Archived
1693:Archived
1659:. 2013.
1626:Archived
1606:17 March
1521:55763047
1442:20 April
1417:20 April
1387:Archived
1291:Archived
1219:See also
1158:Thailand
1144:161,791
1126:390,541
1108:586,686
1086:Weight (
1083:Country
1011:allergen
972:for the
931:content.
845:mycelium
801:sphagnum
753:doormats
741:Sonsorol
408:and the
372:), കയർ (
3818:Commons
3691:Net-pot
3630:Perlite
3499:passive
3410:Commons
3368:Vinylon
3363:Vectran
3358:Spandex
3289:Acrylic
3281:Polymer
3248:Mineral
3228:Piñatex
3218:Lyocell
3208:Acetate
3146:Mineral
3076:Guanaco
2926:Bagasse
2904:Natural
2795:Culture
2781:KERAFED
2577:Vinegar
2512:Jewelry
2457:Vietnam
2396:Coconut
2354:. 1905.
1594:Staff.
1188:33,960
1180:39,548
1162:64,098
1122:Vietnam
1058:Pythium
952:In the
821:perlite
757:brushes
640:retting
453:coconut
429:rigging
406:Pacific
376:), the
340:History
308:coconut
298:, is a
199:scholar
3701:Timers
3635:Pumice
3610:Gravel
3373:Vinyon
3351:UHMWPE
3336:Olefin
3304:Kevlar
3299:Twaron
3294:Aramid
3266:Basalt
3261:Carbon
3131:Vicuña
3116:Tendon
3106:Rabbit
3101:Qiviut
3091:Mohair
3066:Catgut
3051:Byssus
3046:Angora
3041:Alpaca
3033:Animal
3013:Rattan
3003:Raffia
2946:Cotton
2931:Bamboo
2896:Fibers
2601:Dishes
2591:Arrack
2572:Timber
2547:Powder
2487:Cadjan
2482:Butter
2432:Mexico
2427:Kerala
2412:Brazil
2319:
2243:
2137:
2100:
2067:
1950:14 May
1936:
1902:
1836:
1789:(14).
1735:
1671:
1576:L.)".
1552:
1519:
1477:
1208:Kerala
1173:
1155:
1137:
1119:
1101:
1088:tonnes
1041:Mexico
1005:Safety
956:, the
929:lignin
810:snails
722:Kerala
693:retted
473:cotton
461:lignin
417:Indian
415:Later
398:sennit
370:kayiru
355:Sennit
346:Sennit
201:
194:
187:
180:
174:"Coir"
172:
3472:Types
3378:Zylon
3331:Nylon
3314:Nomex
3256:Glass
3233:Rayon
3223:Modal
3086:Llama
3018:Sisal
3008:Ramie
2983:Kenaf
2978:Kapok
2961:Linen
2951:Fique
2936:Bashō
2921:Abacá
2913:Plant
2582:Water
2562:Sugar
2517:Latík
2497:Copra
2417:India
2241:S2CID
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2092:(2).
2059:(7).
1517:S2CID
1497:(PDF)
1475:S2CID
1194:World
1176:Ghana
1104:India
879:India
769:latex
765:twine
745:Palau
739:from
726:India
548:copra
386:Ropes
378:Tamil
374:kayar
323:coir
206:JSTOR
192:books
3645:Sand
3126:Wool
3111:Silk
3081:Hair
3023:Wood
2998:Pine
2993:Piña
2973:Jute
2968:Hemp
2956:Flax
2941:Coir
2587:Wine
2527:Milk
2492:Coir
2437:Niue
2317:ISBN
2281:2022
2202:URL:
2189:2010
2135:ISSN
2098:ISSN
2065:ISSN
2036:help
2000:2024
1978:2024
1952:2015
1934:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1879:help
1834:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1608:2013
1550:ISBN
1444:2018
1419:2018
1318:2023
1238:2009
1231:Rope
962:pith
958:DILG
927:and
877:and
805:peat
795:and
776:rope
718:rope
703:Uses
647:CSIR
471:and
469:flax
421:Arab
419:and
380:and
366:coir
359:Fiji
334:peat
325:pith
304:husk
287:ɔɪər
272:Coir
178:news
32:Cóir
3136:Yak
2542:Oil
2507:Jam
2233:doi
1725:doi
1661:doi
1540:doi
1509:doi
1467:doi
1359:doi
968:as
791:In
735:An
720:in
653:in
649:'s
585:by
513:by
306:of
161:by
3860::
2348:.
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