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skin rashes, fever, diarrhoea and eye infections. Because the glyphosate is sprayed from the air, there is a much higher chance of human error when spraying suspected illegal coca plantations. In many cases the wrong fields are sprayed, resulting in not only a total loss of the farmer's crop, but the loss of that field altogether as nothing will grow, where the herbicide has been sprayed. Though official documentation of the health effects of glyphosate spraying in
Colombia are virtually non-existent, neighbouring Ecuador has conducted studies to determine the cause of mysterious illnesses amongst people living along the border of Colombia and has since demanded that no aerial sprayings occur within 10 km of the border because of the damages caused to people, animals and environment in that area.
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found that "because the chemical is sprayed in
Colombia from planes on inhabited areas, there have been consistent health complaints . Burning eyes, dizziness and respiratory problems being most frequently reported." In some areas, 80 percent of the children of the indigenous community fell sick with
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Plots denuded of coca plants are abandoned and cause serious problems with erosion during seasonal rains. Because of the continuous high demand for coca, once a plot is destroyed, planters simply move further into the forest, clearing new lands for coca production. This vicious cycle of unsustainable
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Another estimate has
Colombia's coca cultivation area growing from 40,100 in 1990 to 163,300 in 2000, but dropping to 78,000 in 2007 as a result of government eradication programs. Overall, any decrease due to eradication has been tempered by an increase in productivity, as estimated coca production
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growing from 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres) in the mid-1980s, to 80,000 hectares (200,000 acres) in 1998, to 99,000 in 2007. The US Department of State estimated in its 2015 International
Narcotics Control Strategy Report that the area devoted to coca cultivation remained relatively stable in 2013,
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For more than 30 years
Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and
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dominated coca-leaf production in the 1980s and early 1990s, manual-eradication campaigns there, the successful rupture of the air bridge that previously facilitated the illegal transport of
Bolivian and Peruvian coca leaf to Colombia, and a fungus that wiped out a large percentage of Peru's coca
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sprayed by airplanes and helicopters. In 2014, Colombia aerially eradicated 55,532 ha and manually eradicated 11,702 ha of coca in 2014, falling short of its goal of 14,000 ha. As obstacles to manual eradication the US Department of State listed local level protests blocking access roads to coca
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The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries’ authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and
168:’s primary interdiction force, the Anti-Narcotics Directorate's (DIRAN) Jungla commando force, and between 45,000 and 60,000 police officers during the three-month presidential campaign and voting period had been unavailable for manual coca eradication
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The aerial spraying of glyphosate herbicide is one of the most controversial methods of coca eradication. It has taken place because of
Colombia's willingness to cooperate with the US in the militarized eradication of coca after signing
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Aerial spraying has been repeatedly condemned by human rights and environmental activists, because of its effect on human populations and local soil and water systems. In
December 2000, Dutch journalist
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where aerial spraying is prohibited, and along the
Pacific coast, and it was decreasing in the center of the country. As of September 2015, 2014 production and cultivation estimates were not available.
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fields, and security concerns on the
Ecuador-Colombia border and in the Catatumbo region near the Venezuela-Colombia border. Also, because of Colombia's national elections, 669 members of the
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With only 14 percent of the global coca-leaf market in 1991, by 2004 Colombia was responsible for 80 percent of the world's cocaine production. One estimate has Colombia's coca cultivation
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in 2000. Colombia is the only country in the world that permits aerial-spraying of drug producing crops. In many cases the spraying is carried out by American contractors, such as
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As of 2006, coca production in Colombia employed an estimated 67,000 households. According to U.S. government reports, children are employed in the production of coca in Colombia.
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security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.
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In response, Colombia's drug cartels purchased land in Colombia to expand local production, pushing coca cultivation into areas of southern Colombia controlled by the
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report into the cultivation of illicit crops in Colombia showed that the number of hectares under coca cultivation leapt from 96,000 in 2015 to 146,000 in 2016.
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Bustos, Alejandro (June 18, 2001). "U.S. 'outsourcing' war on drugs; Private militia firms hired to assist Colombian army eradicate jungle operations".
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increasing only three percent from 78,000 hectares (190,000 acres) in 2012 to 85,000 hectares (210,000 acres) in 2013, with an increase primarily in
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94:(FARC). Colombia replaced Bolivia and Peru as the primary producer of coca leaf between 1996 and 1997, but fell back behind Peru again in 2012.
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Colombia rejects threats of the United States of America after the threat to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.
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Hugh O’Shaughnessy and Sue Branford, Chemical Warfare in Colombia: The Costs of Coca Fumigation (London: Latin America Bureau, 2005.)
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419:"2015 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control Country Report: Colombia"
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cultivation-eradication has caused the environment in coca producing zones to suffer substantial decline.
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The Colombian government has programs to eradicate coca by mechanical means (burning or cutting) or with
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Before the 1990s, harvesting coca leaves had been a relatively small-scale business in Colombia. Though
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38:'s overall GDP and 3% of Colombia's GDP related to the agricultural sector. The great majority of
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Arlene B. Tickner. "Internal armed conflict and peace negotiations." In Hudson, Rex A. (ed.).
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Ann C. Mason. "Drug trafficking and the origins of paramilitarism". In Hudson, Rex A. (ed.).
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crops made it more difficult for the cartels to obtain coca from these countries.
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Roberto Steiner and Hernan Vallejo. "Illegal drugs". In Hudson, Rex A. (ed.).
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281:"Colombia grows quarter less coca crop, according to UNODC 2012 survey"
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herbicide have negative effects on Colombia's environment and people.
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grew from 463 metric tons in 2001 to 610 metric tons in 2006. A 2017
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Ann C. Mason. "Internal Armed Conflict". In Hudson, Rex A. (ed.).
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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445:"Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos ilĂcitos 2016"
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Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
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and the chemical pollution caused by aerial spraying of
496:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"
466:"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Colombia"
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513:
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531:"Role of U.S. Companies in Colombia is Questioned"
200:distribution organizations in their own countries.
595:"Cocaine destroying rainforest parks in Colombia"
403:Peru Overtakes Colombia as Top Cocaine Producer
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145:Coca eradication underway in Colombia
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472:. 30 September 2016. Archived from
570:"Comunicado del Gobierno Nacional"
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229:is damaged through the constant
205:Colombia’s National Government
193:Colombia’s National Government
667:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
217:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
18:Cocaine production in Colombia
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529:Forero, Juan (May 18, 2001).
425:. U.S. State Department. 2015
32:coca production in Colombia
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405:. NBC News (31 July 2012)
391:Federal Research Division
383:Colombia: A Country Study
369:Federal Research Division
361:Colombia: A Country Study
342:Federal Research Division
334:Colombia: A Country Study
315:Federal Research Division
307:Colombia: A Country Study
166:Colombian national police
137:Coca eradication programs
27:Colombian Coca Production
652:Agriculture in Colombia
555:– via LexisNexis.
540:– via Lexisnexis.
221:Drug barons of Colombia
553:The Hamilton Spectator
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597:. mongabay.com. 2005
393:(2010). page 328-29.
344:(2010). page 330-333
317:(2010). page 188-190
34:amounted to 0.2% of
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388:Library of Congress
366:Library of Congress
339:Library of Congress
312:Library of Congress
227:Colombian landscape
615:Driven Mad by Itch
574:presidencia.gov.co
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500:www.dol.gov
235:cultivation
646:Categories
601:2009-03-21
580:2017-09-14
480:1 February
266:References
247:glyphosate
161:glyphosate
159:, such as
157:herbicides
103:Coca plant
110:hectarage
64:Antioquia
30:In 2012,
203:—
191:—
56:Guaviare
44:Putumayo
36:Colombia
657:Cocaine
470:dol.gov
237:and by
178:DynCorp
119:Ecuador
84:Bolivia
74:History
68:Vichada
48:Caquetá
66:, and
60:Nariño
452:UNODC
448:(PDF)
128:UNODC
662:Coca
538:2015
482:2015
431:2015
225:The
219:and
82:and
80:Peru
52:Meta
40:coca
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