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to 550 meters deep on Crown and private land, with the goal of better understanding the coal deposit and obtaining samples. This renewed attempt at coal development in the Rocky
Mountains comes amid ongoing controversy and environmental concerns, with the project facing potential barriers due to increased public awareness and opposition to coal mining in the region. At least three groups, including ranchers and Corb Lund, have requested that the AER postpone hearings on coal exploration in the Rocky Mountains while the province's top court considers the legitimacy of Northback Holdings' applications. The requests stem from concerns that proceeding with hearings would be a waste of time and resources if the Court of Appeal rules against the regulator's decision to exempt Northback from the coal mining ban. The
711:, has been described as the largest thermal-coal-for-export project in Canada, and perhaps the largest in North America . According to JWN Energy, the Vista Coal Project has a "surface area of 9,984 hectares" with a potential to provide more than 350 full-time jobs. The Government of Alberta 2020 website lists the $ CDN 650-million dollar Vista Coal Project completed in 2019âthe "construction of a thermal coal mine and a coal processing plant and drying facility" primarily for export to Asia".
68:
more common as
Alberta phases out coal by the end of 2023. For the first time in decades, Alberta's electricity grid went without any input from the two remaining coal plants (Genesee 1 and 2) for several brief periods in early 2024, signaling the beginning of the end for coal power in the province. All of Alberta's coal-fired power plants will have closed or been converted to natural gas by the end of 2023, seven years ahead of the original 2030 phase-out schedule set in 2015.
301:. Manning acted swiftly to avert the crisis. Rewriting the province's labour laws in March to allow the government to shut down the strike. Greatly weakened by charges of communism, and Manning's unwillingness to fold caused the unions to attempt to persuade legislators instead of protesting using strikes, or violence. Manning's steadfast defiance in the face of union threats halted the rise of militant unionism in Alberta. As it did in other areas like Quebec and the
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had received regulatory approval in 2014, construction did not get underway, because the global prices for thermal coal had dropped significantly. In March 2015, Coalspur Mining Ltd spokesman said that the company had struggled to "raise the $ 445 million in equity needed to build Vista". Coal analysts said in 2015, that with Chris Cline's "better-capitalized ownership" was a "positive development for Vista." The Vista Coal
Project, began operations in 2019.
1210:(EPA) reproached British Columbia for allowing Tech Industries to "exceed guidelines" for selenium. Recent research had revealed selenium contaminants in a river in the United States. In 1998, the Elk Valley Selenium Task Force (EVSTF), and then the Selenium Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) was established in 1998, to respond to concerns about selenium concentration in the Elk River and its tributaryâthe
1230:. When the concentration of selenium reaches a toxic threshold it can cause "reproductive failure", potentially resulting in a "total population collapse". By 2020, waterways downstream of B.C.'s open pit coal mines reported "levels up to four times B.C.'s maximum for drinking water" while near the mines, the levels were "50 times" the recommended level for "aquatic health".
841:, "between 2015 and 2019, Albertaâs bituminous mining companies collectively paid royalties ranging from $ 5.1 million to $ 11.3 million." According to Alberta's provincial government website, the provincial government collected "$ 15.7 million in royalties from coal" in 2017. This did not "include freehold production of coal".
1218:âin Southeast British Columbia. Their reports found that there had been an increase in selenium concentration since the 1990s, when "large-scale, open pit surface" mines became the "dominant" coal extraction technique, leading to the production of coal mining waste rock that seeped into the watershed downstream. By 2014, the
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The province of
Alberta leases land for to a lease holder for the exclusive right mine coal for a minimum period of 15 yearsâleases are renewable. Since 2006, there have been "17 public offering of crown coal rights made". Surface mining on the eastern slopes had been protected by a decades old coal
809:
In late
September 2023, Northback Holdings Corporation, formerly known as Benga Mining Limited, submitted three new applications to the AER for coal exploration and mining at Grassy Mountain, despite having a similar project rejected in 2021. The company is seeking permission to drill 46 boreholes up
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in 1982, when then owner
Manalta Coal had submitted their application, and the approval had remained valid, it was stalled for many years. In 2011, the global price of thermal coal had reached a high of US$ 141 per tonne. But by 2015, it had decreased to US$ 66. While Bighorn Mining's Vista Coal Mine
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rescinded the 1976 Coal Policy and lifted the restrictions on coal mining exploration and development on 3 of the 4 categories of land based on environmental sensitivity. The UCP's new policy would only protect
Category 1 land from coal mining exploration and development. Included in Category 2 which
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In early
December 2020 Alberta Energy said that bids were closing on "nearly 2,000 hectares on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains" that had been made available for coal leases in May. New 2020 leases combined with existing leases represents "an almost unbroken swath for nearly 60 kilometres
67:
article, coal in
Alberta had become a sunset industry as the province underwent a rapid transition from coal-fired power to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. In January 2023, solar power exceeded coal-fired power on the electricity grid for over 2 hours, a milestone that will become
47:
Coal formations in what is now the province of
Alberta, originated approximately 140 and 65 million years ago. The collision between the two immense plates had pushed up the Rocky Mountains while depressing the North American continent's interior. New layers of growth crushed and buried layers of
751:
In July a draft framework for federal assessment of thermal coal projects says that downstream emissions should be considered as a factor in the assessment of a mining project's environmental impact. Previously, Canadian law and policies considered downstream emissions to be irrelevant, but this
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content and acceptable ash levels. In 2005, most of the coal from the WCSB was exported to Japan, Korea and other countries due to a lack of heavy industry in the region. Canada consumes only a limited amount of the WCSB bituminous coal. The lower rank coals are used mainly for electricity
478:' senior scientists said that a remote lake in southern Alberta's mountainous areaâWindow Mountain Lakeâcontained mountaintop removal coal mines dust that contaminated the previously pristine lake "to the point where its waters as contaminated as lakes downwind from the oil sands."
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in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It would have a 25-year lifespan and its annual production capacity is estimated at 4.5 million tonnes of coal. Until July 2020, the area was protected as Category 2 land under the 1973 Coal Policy. Hearings begin in October 2020.
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In 2016, there was a dramatic increase in the price of metallurgical coal to over US$ 300/tonne. This was the first time the price of coal had reached this peak since 2011. Investors showed renewed interest in the bituminous metallurgical coal mining in Alberta.
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as the company's largest shareholder and president. They hired a coal mine engineer and coal miners from Nova Scotia and developed a number of mines near present-day Lethbridge. By 1885, the rapidly growing community of Coalbanks was officially renamed
786:âbegan the approval process for the joint federalâprovincial environmental review to construct and operate the Grassy Mountain Coal Project. The proposed 2,800-hectare mountain top removal open-pit metallurgical coal mine is located near the
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The royalty rate for coal produced from Crown-owned bituminous (mountain/foothills) coal leases, as defined under Alberta's Mines and Minerals Act's Coal Royalty Regulationâ"based on a revenue minus costs royalty regime"âis one per cent of
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under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 placed a "limit of 420 tonnes of CO2 for each gigawatt-hour of electricity produced from coal per year" with a compliance deadline of 2030. The 2018 performance standard set out in the
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In December 2020, Edmonton-based Capital Power announced its shift to coal-free electricity would be sooner than anticipated. It will complete its conversion of "Genesee 1 and 2 power plants near Warburg, from coal to fossil gas by 2023".
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poisoning. They cite the case of the Elk River in British Columbia where watersheds downstream of coal mines have been poisoned by the highly toxic selenium released in the process of open pit coal-mining. In 2020, the United States
374:, there was an increase in bituminous coal mining activity following a decrease for several years. In 2018, mining operations have restarted, new greenfield operations began, and new mining projects were proposed. According to the
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watershed had reached a tipping point in terms of toxic selenium concentrations. The EVSTF and the STAC found that the concentrations of dissolved selenium emissions had a "deleterious" effect on fish populations, such as the
1201:, and local ranchersâincluding John Smith and Laura Laing, who also began a "Save Our Mountains" campaignâare concerned about the June 2020 rescinding of the 1976 Coal Policy, in part because of the threat to watersheds by
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peat, shale, and sandstone, compressing them into coal beds. The oldest coal deposits were pushed closer to the surface about 80 to 55 million years ago, forming part of the Rocky Mountains's foothills and Front Ranges.
834:. Australia, which is the leading exporter of metallurgical coal in the world, the royalty rate in Queensland is progressive, increasing as the price of coal increases. If coal is $ 100 or less, the royalty rate is 7%.
213:
Nicholas Sheran, an entrepreneur from New York City, opened a mine there on the west bank of Oldman River in 1874âmaking it the first commercial coal mine in Alberta. Sheran operated the mine until his death in 1882.
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process, and at present there is no other alternative, metallurgical coal and steel are coupled in the demand chain. Alberta's metallurgical coal is exported to Asian countriesâparticularly Japanâfor steelmaking.
756:, the federal Minister of Environment and Climate Change, announced that the proposed major expansion of Vista coal mine would be subject to a federal environmental assessment, in response to concerns by the
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55:'s Coal and Mineral Development Unit's "2018 Year in Review". In the fiscal year 2019-2020 coal represented $ 11.8 million or 0.2% of Alberta's total non-renewable resource revenue of $ 5.9 billion.
3037:
Review of Environment Canada's Teck Coal Environmental Assessment and Evaluation of Selenium Toxicology Tests on Westslope Cutthroat Trout on the Elk and Fording Rivers in Southeast British Columbia
1273:
TransAlta announced that the Highvale mine would be closing in 2023, which is much earlier than the 2030 provincial deadline. The Highvale mine, which has been in operation since 1970, was the
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in 1897 and 1898. Coal was shipped by the CPR to Calgary, British Columbia, Winnipeg, and the northwestern United States. Other towns that formed at that time included Coaldale, Coalhurst, and
1887:
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1168:(AER) has been the "single regulator of energy development" since 2014. Alberta Energy also "issues and administers coal leases on Crown lands and collects royalties from producing mines."
225:, a surveyor and geologist, investigated and mapped potential coal and petroleum coal in western Canada, including Alberta. Dawson and was an influential advisor on the route of the
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In Alberta, the Crown owns 81% of the mineral rights. The rest are owned by individuals, companies or the federal government on behalf of First Nations. The provincial
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443:, which is used for steelmaking, not in electricity generation. Metallurgical coal, which is also referred to as coking coal, is a higher ranking coal used to produce
760:
legal team that the provincial regulators had not consulted with them. Coalspur filed a lawsuit against the department of the environment, the Louis Bull Tribe, the
240:, one of the fathers of the Canadian Confederation, and his son Elliott Torrance Galtâwho was then the Assistant Indian Commissioner in southern Albertaâformed the
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and on potential industries such as ranching, agriculture, lumber, and mining, including petroleum and coalâwhose development he encouraged. His 1884 publication
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restricted open-pit mines in most of Alberta's Rocky Mountains and Foothills through the Coal Development Policy. The last open pit coal mine in Alberta's
1299:
726:(KCE)âacquired Coalspur Mines Ltd. "for 2¢ per share". This represented less than 2% of the Coalspur Mines's value in 2020, when it began trading on the
1300:"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
51:
In 2018, Alberta's coal production totalled approximately 20 million tonnes and accounted for $ 10 million in royalties for the province, according to
256:
The rich coal deposit developed by Galt and North Western Coal and Navigation Company, was one of the factors that resulted in the construction of the
241:
2212:
2076:
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Mackay, B.R. 1949. Coal areas of Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Atlas to accompany estimate of coal reserves for the Royal Commission on Coal.
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806:, an Australian mining magnate, who is also the wealthiest person in Australia. The three companies are interested in mining Grassy Mountain coal.
814:, which initiated the appeal, argues that the regulator wrongly exempted Northback, and if successful, the appeal would render the hearings moot.
475:
378:
two major factors contributed to the increase in coal mining activityâan increase in global coal prices and recent improvements in thermal coal.
319:
Coal mining flourished into the 20th century but by the 1970s the market for oil decreased. In 1979, Canmore Mines Ltd discontinued operations.
1134:"The percentages are the portion of the production from Crown coal rights. Alberta Energy does not collect royalty on freehold coal production."
3114:
1385:
Prior, G. J.; Hathaway, B.; Glombick, P.M.; Pana, D.I.; Banks, C.J.; Hay, D.C.; Schneider, C.L.; Grobe, M.; Elgr, R. & Weiss, J.A. (2013).
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policy that the UCP administration under Premier Kenney had rescinded in May, 2020. In May 2020, 8 leases were made to a single company.
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In the fiscal year 2019-2020 coal represented $ 11.8 million or 0.2% of Alberta's total non-renewable resource revenue of $ 5.9 billion.
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in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins.
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77:
29:
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Coalspur planned on expanding Vista mines to increase production by about 50%, representing an increase to 18,683 tonnes per day.
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changed with the new framework which suggests that Canadian climate obligation extend beyond Canada's border. In July 2020,
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Coal royalty rates in Alberta are comparable to those in British Columbia but "significantly lower" than coal royalties in
84:
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2050:
1386:
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773:
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352:
88:
estimated that the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) contained 90% of Canada's usable coal resources, rank from
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3001:
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388:
218:
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1178:
Regulations Amending the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal-fired Generation of Electricity Regulations
400:, global investorsâmainly from Australiaâare interested in the region and are following the review process closely.
139:
In 2005, Alberta Energy reported that approximately 36% of the total estimated 71,000 megatonnes of usable coal was
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2492:
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TransAlta Corp. said it will end operations at its Highvale thermal coal mine west of Edmonton by the end of 2021.
600:
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The Canadian federal government sets national standards on emissions that affect the coal industry. The 2015
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of coal. Lignite, which is the most harmful coal to human health, is almost exclusively used as a fuel for
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121:
2635:"Alberta's Vista coal mine expansion will now face a federal review. Here's why Ottawa reversed course"
782:(Benga)ânow Northback Holdings Corporationâa wholly owned subsidiary of the Australian mining company,
715:
322:
In 2015, because of a "glut of both thermal and metallurgical coal", the global price of coal was low.
2385:"Alberta Power Producer Announces 2023 Coal Phaseout as Province Pushes Rocky Mountain Mining Leases"
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222:
799:
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36:. The Coalspur Formation, which has large quantities of high-quality coal, runs from south of the
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753:
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The mine was shut down in May 2020 as global demand for coal decreased during Covid-19 pandemic.
440:
245:
25:
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2246:"Pristine alpine lake in Alberta contaminated by dust from mountaintop coal mines, study shows"
718:âwere the developers for the project. In February 2015, the American billionaire coal investor
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Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba
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97:
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44:. The Coalspur coal zone is about 120 metres (390 ft) to 200 metres (660 ft) thick.
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1277:. TransAlta is "switching to natural gas at all of its operated coal-fired plants in Canada".
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2530:"PDAC 2015: Canadian coal exports poised to jump after takeover of long-suffering Coalspur"
1614:
1456:
1298:
Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994).
1173:
Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal-Fired Generation of Electricity Regulations
336:
Coal mines closed in the Crowsnest Pass, Canmore, Nordegg, and Grande Cache, among others.
3002:"Southern Alberta ranchers weigh in on coal mining after Corb Lund, Paul Brandt speak out"
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761:
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In 2019, Bighorn Mining, an affiliate of Coalspur, began shipping coal to export markets.
704:
523:
413:
294:
143:, including a high proportion of medium to low volatile coals. Bituminous coal is used as
133:
129:
2686:"Australian billionaire woos Canadians, hoping to build big coal mine in Rocky Mountains"
1164:âAlberta Energyâoversees mining regulations which includes environmental protection. The
2744:"Head of Alta. commission on Rocky Mountain coal mining concerned over new applications"
673:
The mine, which provided over 200 well-paying jobs in Hanna, was set to close by 2030.
2799:"Groups want Alberta coal hearings adjourned while Appeal Court considers applications"
1925:
1589:"For the first time in decades, Alberta's electricity grid has gone without coal power"
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2493:"Alberta coal miner launches legal challenge against federal environmental assessment"
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announced the elimination of all coal-fired power stations in the province by 2030.
827:(MMR) before mine payout and 1% of MMR plus 13% of net revenue after mine payout."
617:
199:
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113:
37:
1728:
Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada
231:
Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada
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generation, where the existence of shallow coal seams with little overburden make
2773:"Coal mining company applies for new drilling permit in Grassy Mountain deposit"
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448:
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290:
144:
2412:"COVID-triggered closure of troubled Grande Cache mine leaves workers in limbo"
2077:"Alberta offers Rocky Mountain coal leases after rescinding protection policy"
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The 51-year old mine ceased operations in June 2020. See also Coal in Alberta
417:
283:
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93:
2438:"Alberta set to retire coal power by 2023, ahead of 2030 provincial deadline"
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2007:
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in Alberta's southwest corner". Not all leases result in productive mines.
2051:"Lignite coal - health effects and recommendations from the health sector"
2948:
1983:
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109:
339:
By 2020, coal-fired power stations in operation in Alberta included the
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in 1882, to exploit coal resources in what is now southern Alberta with
1615:"Coals of Canada : distribution and compositional characteristics"
421:
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are lands that are "moderately to highly environmentally sensitive" is
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33:
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Benga Mining, Northback, and Riversdale Resources are subsidiaries of
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1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
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Thermal coal Electricity: Keephills and Sundance generating stations
308:
In 1976, the Progressive Conservative government under then Premier
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underlies 1,400,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of
2715:"Meet the Australian Companies Behind the Grassy Mountain Project"
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2484:
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253:. By 1889, Galt mines were producing 75,173 tonnes (82,864 tons).
1959:"Ranchers fear loss of grazing lands due to coal mining projects"
1354:
Fletcher, Robson; Drew, Anderson; Omstead, Jordan (7 July 2020).
2863:"Alberta awards 11 coal leases in SW Alberta for $ 36 a hectare"
2605:
1387:"Bedrock Geology of Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Map 600"
298:
2026:"Coal explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
707:, and approximately 40 kilometres from the eastern boundary of
293:' strike broke out in January 1948, threatening the provincial
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1486:
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2976:"Canadian Government Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Legislation"
2581:
Public Engagement Proposal for a Strategy, Plan and Program
2337:
Coal and Mineral Development in Alberta 2019 Year in Review
1888:
Coal and Mineral Development in Alberta 2016 Year in Review
1849:
Coal and Mineral Development in Alberta 2015 Year in Review
3069:"U.S. raises concern over river pollution from B.C. mines"
2587:, Coalspur Mines Limited Vista Coal Project, February 2012
1416:. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy. Vol. 4. Calgary:
428:. Lignite, which is also referred to as brown coalâis the
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2056:. Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL). December 2018.
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was "designed to phase out conventional coal by 2030."
703:
Coalspur Mining Ltd's Vista Coal Project, just east of
286:
became one of Western Canada's largest coal producers.
1516:
1514:
1356:"Bringing coal back: Alberta's new bet on an old fuel"
839:
Coal and Mineral Development in Alberta Year in Review
3062:
3060:
2463:"Hanna, Alberta, could be hit hard by coal phase-out"
2104:"The Coal Facts: thermal coal vs. metallurgical coal"
233:
on Canada's physiography, was the first of its kind.
3046:(Report). Expert Report. p. 148. Archived from
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2893:"Can Benga Deliver On Its Coal Royalties Promises?"
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1193:Critics, which include well-known country singers
1461:Alberta Views â The Magazine for Engaged Citizens
206:wrote about a seam of high-quality coal near the
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279:in 1886 and the first coal mine opened in 1887.
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1493:"Alberta coal mining activity rebounds in 2018"
1457:"The Plans to Strip-Mine Coal in the Mountains"
260:'s (CPR) main line from Lethbridge through the
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2968:
2552:
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2166:"Coke Production for Blast Furnace Ironmaking"
1749:"The Spirit of Entrepreneurialism: Galt Mines"
1563:"2023: The year Alberta says goodbye to coal"
1561:Jeyakumar, Binnu; Noel, Will (9 March 2023).
8:
1780:. Tourism Canmore Kananaskis. Archived from
1324:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16:Coal in Alberta, natural resource and mining
2192:Competition in the Midwestern Coal Industry
1988:, Edmonton, Alberta: Government of Alberta
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
670:Electricity: Sheerness generating stations
2491:Cruickshank, Ainslie (2 September 2020).
2371:"Westmoreland to reopen Coal Valley mine"
455:Thermal coal is the solid fuel burned in
439:In Alberta, most of the coal produced is
381:By 2019, the Grande Cache mine reopened.
297:, as most electricity was generated from
242:North Western Coal and Navigation Company
1418:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
971:
843:
596:Capital Power LP / Westmoreland Coal Co.
490:
420:or hard coals. Low ranked coals include
2771:Scheel, Elise von (21 September 2023).
1290:
1266:
476:Alberta Environment and Protected Areas
160:easy, and low sulfur levels reduce the
2126:"Coking-Steel Production Alternatives"
1804:"Contraction and Expansion: 1930â1950"
1317:
714:Cline Group LLCâthe parent company of
1700:"We Built This City with Coal Mining"
1666:Alberta Department of Energy (2005).
1619:International Journal of Coal Geology
1613:Cameron, A. R.; Smith, G. G. (1991).
492:Active coal mines in Alberta in 2019
471:caused by coal-fired power stations.
408:Mining operations in Alberta produce
85:International Journal of Coal Geology
7:
2410:Snowdon, Wallis (20 December 2020).
2083:. Edmonton, Alberta. 5 December 2020
3035:Lemly, Dennis (25 September 2014).
1275:largest surface coal mine in Canada
735:Energy Resources Conservation Board
645:Transalta Corp / SunHills Mining LP
3100:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2114:from the original on 13 June 2013.
1625:(1â4). Elsevier, Amsterdam: 9â20.
1587:Fletcher, Robson (14 March 2024).
1530:. Edmonton, Alberta. p. 241.
1255:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
467:. Concerns have been raised about
78:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
72:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
3000:Croteau, Jill (15 January 2021).
2528:Morgan, Geoffrey (2 March 2015).
2342:(Report). June 2020. p. 24.
2250:Canadian Press via Globe and Mail
2194:, Harvard University Press, 1964
1897:(Report). June 2017. p. 20.
534:Export: metallurgical/steelmaking
447:. Because it is essential to the
275:granted a coal mining charter to
32:in the foothills of southwestern
2980:Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP
2921:"Defining Regulatory Excellence"
2861:Siever, Kim (18 December 2020).
2797:Weber, Bob (10 September 2024).
2742:Weber, Bob (25 September 2023).
2436:Healing, Dan (4 December 2020).
120:and the southwest corner of the
30:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
1208:Environmental Protection Agency
812:Municipal District of Ranchland
575:Dodd's Coal Mining Company Ltd.
434:steam-electric power generation
195:or "place of the black rocks."
183:, called the area now known as
2898:Alberta Wilderness Association
2829:"Coal royalties and reporting"
2720:Alberta Wilderness Association
2244:Weber, Bob (3 November 2022).
1957:Whelan, Piper (28 July 2020).
1810:. Alberta Culture and Tourism.
1726:Dawson, George Mercer (1884).
1698:Ruttan, Graham (29 May 2018).
1524:Energy Annual Report 2019-2020
973:Subbituminous Coal Production
1:
3115:Coal mining regions in Canada
2633:Ligeti, Aric (30 July 2020).
1491:Bentein, Jim (1 April 2019).
1189:Selenium poisoning watersheds
416:and the highest rank of coal
198:In 1793, a British surveyor,
147:feedstock because of its low
2102:Paula Baker (10 June 2013).
1854:(Report). 2016. p. 16.
1631:10.1016/0166-5162(91)90013-9
774:Grassy Mountain Coal Project
768:Grassy Mountain Coal Project
412:. High-ranked coals include
410:lower and higher ranked coal
1730:. Dawson and A.R.C. Selwyn.
1250:Coal mining in Saskatchewan
1156:Regulatory systems for coal
978:Year October 1-September 30
850:Year October 1-September 30
845:Bituminous Coal Production
601:Genesee generating stations
219:Geological Survey of Canada
210:that he had used for heat.
3136:
3067:Weber, Bob (11 May 2020).
1705:Galt Museum & Archives
1499:. Markets & Investment
1412:Glass, D. J., ed. (1997).
771:
737:(ERCB)'s had approved the
480:
329:In 2016, then NDP Premier
75:
483:Carbon-Thompson coalfield
474:An October 2022 study by
457:coal-fired power stations
2926:Alberta Energy Regulator
1166:Alberta Energy Regulator
517:Cheviot (Cardinal River)
387:On 1 June 2020, Premier
258:Canadian Pacific Railway
227:Canadian Pacific Railway
124:. This massive wedge of
42:North Saskatchewan River
2690:CBC via Thomson Reuters
2560:. Government of Alberta
2152:"How Steel Is Produced"
2012:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1521:Government of Alberta.
1216:Fording River coal mine
800:Hancock Prospecting Pty
394:Mount Livingstone Range
2202:, page 56, pages 85-86
1184:Environmental concerns
764:, and others in 2020.
728:Toronto Stock Exchange
465:electricity generation
461:thermal power stations
282:During the world war,
266:Black Diamond, Alberta
2833:Government of Alberta
1753:Government of Alberta
832:Queensland, Australia
690:Export: metallurgical
667:Westmoreland Coal Co.
656:Sheerness/ Montgomery
625:Export: metallurgical
553:Westmoreland Coal Co.
487:Daly-Weaver coalfield
481:Further information:
404:Coal mines in Alberta
122:Northwest Territories
2558:"Vista Coal Project"
2213:"G20 coal subsidies"
1755:. History of Alberta
780:Benga Mining Limited
762:Stoney Nakoda Nation
724:KC Euroholdings Sarl
709:Jasper National Park
622:CST Canada Coal Ltd.
223:George Mercer Dawson
204:Hudson's Bay Company
187:on the banks of the
162:environmental impact
63:Acoording to a 2023
3053:on 15 January 2021.
2835:. Edmonton, Alberta
2132:on 15 December 2018
1784:on 23 February 2013
1778:"Canmore's History"
974:
846:
687:Bighorn Mining Ltd.
493:
426:sub-bituminous coal
177:âBlackfoot and the
132:in the west to the
3120:Geology of Alberta
2901:. 15 November 2020
2867:The Alberta Worker
2723:. 30 November 2020
2172:on 8 February 2017
1963:Canadian Cattlemen
1926:"Phasing out coal"
1808:history.alberta.ca
1240:Coalspur Formation
1162:Ministry of Energy
972:
844:
825:mine mouth revenue
792:Blairmore, Alberta
754:Jonathan Wilkinson
739:Vista Coal Project
699:Vista Coal Project
491:
441:metallurgical coal
246:William Lethbridge
202:, working for the
26:Coalspur Formation
3110:Energy in Alberta
2469:. 14 January 2017
2391:. 8 December 2020
2373:. 10 August 2021.
2349:978-1-4601-4777-1
1904:978-1-4601-3203-6
1861:978-1-4601-2683-7
1567:Pembina Institute
1537:978-1-4601-4822-8
1131:
1130:
970:
969:
837:According to the
722:âwho established
716:Kameron Colleries
696:
695:
642:, Parkland County
578:Small-scale sales
314:Livingstone Range
128:extends from the
98:sedimentary basin
65:Pembina Institute
3127:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3032:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2606:"Bighorn Mining"
2602:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2333:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2275:"Cardinal River"
2271:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2218:. Archived from
2217:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2168:. Archived from
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2128:. Archived from
2122:
2116:
2115:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1892:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1845:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1663:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1432:
1431:
1420:. p. 1423.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1351:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1295:
1278:
1271:
975:
847:
790:, just north of
758:Louis Bull Tribe
556:Export: thermal
494:
316:closed in 1983.
126:sedimentary rock
118:British Columbia
24:is found in the
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3044:Teck Industries
3039:
3034:
3033:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2692:. 13 March 2020
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2225:on 26 June 2019
2222:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1674:on 24 June 2006
1665:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1393:on 26 June 2016
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1333:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1236:
1228:cutthroat trout
1191:
1186:
1158:
1148:north from the
1141:
820:
776:
770:
705:Hinton, Alberta
701:
489:
414:bituminous coal
406:
396:. According to
295:Electrical grid
170:
134:Canadian Shield
130:Rocky Mountains
116:, northeastern
108:, southwestern
80:
74:
61:
22:Coal in Alberta
17:
12:
11:
5:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Coal in Canada
3102:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3056:
3018:
2992:
2964:
2953:Alberta Energy
2940:
2912:
2879:
2846:
2815:
2789:
2760:
2734:
2703:
2677:
2651:
2618:
2597:
2571:
2546:
2534:Financial Post
2509:
2480:
2454:
2428:
2402:
2389:Energy Central
2376:
2362:
2348:
2291:
2263:
2236:
2204:
2183:
2157:
2143:
2117:
2094:
2059:
2042:
2017:
2006:Kopp, Otto C.
1998:
1975:
1942:
1917:
1903:
1874:
1860:
1813:
1795:
1766:
1733:
1718:
1685:
1651:
1605:
1579:
1550:
1536:
1510:
1474:
1433:
1426:
1404:
1377:
1368:
1331:
1306:on 1 July 2016
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Coal in Canada
1242:
1235:
1232:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1157:
1154:
1150:Crowsnest Pass
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
935:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
913:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
891:
890:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
853:Production (t)
851:
819:
816:
788:Crowsnest Pass
772:Main article:
769:
766:
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
615:
612:
608:
607:
603:
597:
594:
589:
586:
582:
581:
579:
576:
573:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
531:Teck Coal Ltd.
529:Teck Resources
526:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:Owner/Operator
504:
501:
498:
405:
402:
368:Alberta Energy
310:Peter Lougheed
273:Queen Victoria
262:Crowsnest Pass
238:Alexander Galt
217:In the 1880s,
208:Red Deer River
193:Sik-ooh-kotoki
169:
166:
164:of their use.
102:Western Canada
94:semianthracite
76:Main article:
73:
70:
60:
57:
53:Alberta Energy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3132:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2929:. 2 July 2020
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:Albert Energy
1889:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1463:. 1 July 2019
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:0-920230-23-7
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
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1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Fording River
1209:
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1188:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:
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1057:$ 9,314,753
1056:
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1043:$ 7,209,349
1042:
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932:
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587:
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567:Subbituminous
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3072:
3048:the original
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2952:
2949:"About coal"
2943:
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2808:10 September
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2661:Benga Mining
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2190:Reed Moyer,
2186:
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2120:
2107:
2097:
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2035:26 September
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
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2011:
2001:
1990:, retrieved
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1966:. Retrieved
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1929:
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1894:
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1807:
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1782:the original
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
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1709:. Retrieved
1703:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1668:"About Coal"
1642:. Retrieved
1622:
1618:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
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1293:
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1172:
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1146:
1142:
1127:$ 3,218,416
1113:$ 5,508,152
1099:$ 7,331,674
1085:$ 8,061,524
1071:$ 9,324,471
1029:$ 7,463,258
1015:$ 8,124,111
1001:$ 5,604,637
966:$ 6,394,399
922:$ 4,139,311
911:$ 5,826,830
900:$ 5,775,640
889:$ 8,892,626
838:
836:
829:
821:
808:
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777:
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618:Grande Cache
611:Grande Cache
473:
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389:Jason Kenney
386:
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365:
341:Battle River
338:
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235:
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216:
212:
200:Peter Fidler
197:
192:
189:Oldman River
178:
174:
171:
154:strip-mining
138:
114:Saskatchewan
83:
81:
62:
50:
46:
38:Wapiti River
21:
20:
18:
3006:Global News
2985:22 December
2958:22 December
2933:22 December
2905:19 December
2872:19 December
2839:19 December
2667:, July 2016
2644:19 December
2639:The Narwhal
2502:19 December
2497:The Narwhal
2473:22 December
2447:20 December
2442:Global News
2421:22 December
2395:22 December
2355:19 December
2284:20 December
2229:22 December
2136:22 December
2108:Global News
2087:22 December
2030:www.eia.gov
1992:22 December
1910:19 December
1867:19 December
1759:19 December
1711:19 December
1543:22 December
1199:Paul Brandt
1139:Coal leases
720:Chris Cline
542:Coal Valley
449:steelmaking
430:lowest rank
370:'s 2018 '
349:H.R. Milner
291:coal miners
158:reclamation
112:, southern
96:. The vast
3094:Categories
3078:15 January
3011:15 January
2727:9 December
2696:9 December
2671:12 October
2256:3 November
2200:0674154002
2081:CTV via CP
1985:Coal types
1968:12 October
1935:24 January
1930:alberta.ca
1497:JWN Energy
1285:References
1121:12,647,038
1107:16,452,990
1093:22,303,049
1079:21,422,954
1065:23,613,875
1051:24,230,326
1037:22,288,559
1023:22,483,777
1009:24,938,975
995:23,583,193
981:Production
784:Riversdale
681:Bituminous
614:Bituminous
559:Reopened
545:Bituminous
520:Bituminous
418:anthracite
363:stations.
284:Drumheller
251:Lethbridge
185:Lethbridge
141:bituminous
104:including
2753:5 October
2252:. Alberta
2008:"Lignite"
1678:3 October
1644:3 October
1639:0166-5162
1225:westslope
1220:Elk River
1214:with its
1195:Corb Lund
963:5,164,316
952:3,181,867
941:3,474,228
930:4,060,223
919:4,066,285
908:6,915,435
897:6,653,820
886:6,805,148
875:6,898,123
864:7,808,400
818:Royalties
802:owned by
778:In 2014,
500:Coal rank
357:Sheerness
353:Keephills
303:rust belt
271:In 1886,
2803:CBC News
2777:CBC News
2748:CBC News
2112:Archived
1788:12 March
1598:26 April
1593:CBC News
1572:26 April
1320:cite web
1234:See also
1203:selenium
987:Royalty
856:Royalty
633:Highvale
512:Active?
509:Main use
503:Location
361:Sundance
110:Manitoba
59:Overview
2611:19 July
2591:19 July
2564:19 July
2539:19 July
2176:5 March
1503:19 July
1467:19 July
1397:20 June
1361:17 July
1310:20 June
730:(TSX).
640:Wabamun
592:Warburg
585:Genesee
422:lignite
345:Genesee
289:When a
277:Canmore
175:Siksika
168:History
106:Alberta
90:lignite
40:to the
34:Alberta
28:in the
2346:
2198:
1901:
1858:
1637:
1534:
1424:
984:Crown*
684:Hinton
524:Hinton
376:Review
372:Review
359:, and
179:Kainai
149:sulfur
145:coking
3051:(PDF)
3040:(PDF)
2665:(PDF)
2585:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2216:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
1891:(PDF)
1852:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1261:Notes
678:Vista
663:Hanna
571:Ryley
564:Dodds
549:Edson
424:and
3080:2021
3013:2021
2987:2020
2960:2020
2935:2020
2907:2020
2874:2020
2841:2020
2810:2024
2784:2024
2755:2023
2729:2020
2698:2020
2673:2020
2646:2020
2613:2020
2593:2020
2566:2020
2541:2020
2504:2020
2475:2020
2449:2020
2423:2020
2397:2020
2357:2020
2344:ISBN
2286:2020
2279:Teck
2258:2022
2231:2020
2196:ISBN
2178:2017
2138:2020
2089:2020
2037:2020
1994:2020
1970:2020
1937:2020
1912:2020
1899:ISBN
1869:2020
1856:ISBN
1790:2013
1761:2020
1713:2020
1680:2006
1646:2006
1635:ISSN
1600:2024
1574:2024
1545:2020
1532:ISBN
1505:2020
1469:2020
1422:ISBN
1399:2016
1363:2020
1326:link
1312:2016
1197:and
1118:2019
1104:2018
1090:2017
1076:2016
1062:2015
1048:2014
1034:2013
1020:2012
1006:2011
992:2010
960:2019
949:2018
938:2017
927:2016
916:2015
905:2014
894:2013
883:2012
872:2011
861:2010
497:Mine
485:and
445:coke
299:coal
236:Sir
172:The
156:and
82:The
3073:CBC
2467:CBC
2416:CBC
1627:doi
1124:46%
1110:61%
1096:60%
1082:68%
1068:72%
1054:70%
1040:59%
1026:60%
1012:59%
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