429:
block. Second, the crew had to connect the firing cable coming out of the pit floor to the carriage of the individual mortar, out in the pit. Third, the circuit switch (usually located on the wall of the pit near the data booth) leading to the individual mortar had to be thrown into the closed (firing) position. Finally, the firing magneto, which was mounted on a special "shoe", often on the wall of the pit near the data booth, had to be cranked up and then released, sending the firing current out to the pit. Depending on the switch settings, the mortars in a given pit could be fired one at a time or all together. Lanyard firing had fewer fail-safe features, and was accomplished by a crewman who stood well behind the breech and pulled smartly on the lanyard to fire the individual mortar.
417:
largest (longest range) was Zone 9. With the so-called "aliquot charge" (shown in the photo at right), up to 9 equal-sized, disk-shaped bags of powder (each about 2 inches (51 mm) thick and containing 6.3 pounds (2.9 kg) of powder) could be attached to a 10th (or "base") bag, by means of cloth binding straps that were sewn to the base bag. Often the base bag was painted red, indicating that the powder assembly was to be loaded into the breech "red end last," so that it bumped up against the closing breech block (or faced the gunner). The red base bag also contained a small charge of black powder as an igniter. When the breech was closed, a detonator was inserted through the breech block and contacted the igniter, ready to set off the full powder charge.
469:
early fire control procedures and equipment were often error-prone. Furthermore, proponents of salvo firing pointed out that it made for easier command and control (particularly under battle conditions), since all mortars in all pits of a battery could be given the same firing data. Early battery designs often contained one central "firing room" from which cables ran out to the various mortar pits, enabling electrical firing of all weapons simultaneously. It is not clear, however, if this method of simultaneous firing for multiple pits (or even for four mortars in one pit) was ever put into practice.
461:, the Army engineer who invented the design, Abbot Quads were rectangular configurations of four rectangular mortar pits with four mortars per pit. Often these early pits had rounded corners and one open side which backed up to a magazine corridor or an open concrete pad, while the front side of the pit was protected by a high earthen bank or berm, making the pit invisible to attackers and almost impossible to hit from the sea. A plan for an Abbot Quad mortar battery is shown at left. The earthen prototype for these was built in the 1870s at
413:
piece. A ring marked in degrees of azimuth ran around the mortar, just outside the inner steel circle or "racer" that carried the carriage, and a soldier read a pointer on the racer to aim the mortar in direction. The tube was raised or lowered (in elevation) by twin geared wheels with long spokes (resembling ship's wheels) that were located on either side of the carriage. The breech could be rapidly depressed to an almost level position for loading and then be quickly elevated for firing. Other carriages included the M1891 and M1908.
590:
off the side of the data booth and is used to post the firing coordinates for mortars #3 and #4 in its pit (evidently the only two mortars there). The "Zone" number posted on the board refers to the size of the powder charge to be loaded for the coming shot. The top photo at right shows a decomposed set of slats (which likely used to have slates attached to them) that could have firing data chalked onto them and then be slid out of the data booth so they could be seen by the mortar crews in the pit.
614:
450:
438:
378:
482:
409:
1915), coast defense mortars were also supplied with so-called "torpedo shells" weighing 800 or 1,000 pounds (360 or 450 kg) (see illustration at right, below). These were thin-walled shells roughly 5 feet (1.5 m) in length that carried explosive charges of about 130 pounds (59 kg) and were meant to detonate upon contact with the deck of a ship, scattering fragments among the crew.
559:
567:
551:
473:
42:
421:
386:
494:
394:
1155:"Historic Inventory: Fort Banks Mortar Battery, Winthrop, Mass.", prepared for the Fort Banks Preservation Association by Thomas J. Vaughan, February, 2001. (Document submitted to the Massachusetts Historical Commission to nominate the Fort Banks mortar batteries in Winthrop, MA for the National Register of Historic Places.)
899:
The half-ton deck-piercing mortar shells could penetrate between 6 and 12 inches (150 and 300 mm) of armor plate, depending upon the maximum height to which they were shot. Since shells fired at close range did not travel high enough to attain deck-piercing momentum, these mortars were generally
589:
These booths were either small, free-standing structures, about 10 feet (3.0 m) square and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall (as shown here in the topmost photos), or were built into one of the walls of the mortar pit itself (lower photo at right). The reconstructed data board in the photo at left hangs
404:
This mortar and other models, the M1886, M1908, and M1912, usually fired deck-piercing (also called armor-piercing) shells. These weighed from 700 to 1,046 pounds (318 to 474 kg) and had heavy, hardened steel caps, designed to pierce a ship's deck armor before the shell exploded. These mortars,
720:(most of which were designed well before the airplane was invented), the open-top emplacement design left the mortars open to air and high-angle artillery attack. All but two of the batteries' mortars were knocked out by the latter, all but one of Battery Geary's by a single hit that penetrated the
537:
The film shows the heavy shells (on shell carts) being wheeled up to the breeches of the mortars and rammed home, the powder bags being tossed into the breeches after them, the crew clearing the immediate area while the chief of the breech raises his arm to indicate "ready to fire," and the mortars
509:
After about 1905, reliance on the Abbot Quad design declined. Some artillery officers argued that salvo firing was inherently wasteful, and that a much better hit ratio could be achieved by aiming each mortar individually against a specified target. They also argued that the smaller, cramped mortar
428:
The mortar could be fired in one of two ways: either electrically or manually (by the pull of a lanyard). And each method had its own type of detonator (electrical or friction). Electrical firing required first that the crew attach a wire to the electrical detonator, which protruded from the breech
521:
was extended, from about 1905 on, individual aiming of mortars could be more accurate. At the same time, designs for new pits often specified only two mortars per pit, and newer forts had side-by-side, open-back mortar pits. Experience showed the time to reload four tightly-packed mortars in a pit
412:
The M1890M1 mortar was most often installed on an M1896 carriage, which weighed 128,000 pounds; the mortar and its carriage weighed a total of 78.5 tons. The carriage was geared to enable it to be turned (in azimuth) by means of a traversing crank with two handles, located on the right side of the
344:
set forth its initial plan for upgrading the coast defenses of the United States, it relied primarily on mortars, not guns, to defend
American harbors. Over the years, provision was made for fortifications that would mount some 476 of these weapons, although not all of these tubes were installed.
642:
by 7 April 1919. All 91 contracted mortars were eventually mounted; one source states that all of these were the M1890. The following footnoted article shows the firing of an M1890 mortar on a railway mounting. Since the mounting permitted all-around fire and thus tracking of a moving target, the
533:
that dates from around 1915 shows a firing drill on the 12-inch mortars of
Battery Howe, part of the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco. Although the battery shown is a linear one, the firing drill is similar to what would have taken place in a square or rectangular pit at Fort Banks. The film clip
505:
When a mortar battery was fully manned, formal guidelines called for a pit containing just two mortars (see photo at right) to be manned by a pit commander, two mortar squads of 17 enlisted men each, and an ammunition squad of 16 enlisted men. One of the last (1942) versions of the manual for the
501:
However, the early Abbot Quad designs featured very small mortar pits. Often, four mortars were mounted in a pit that was only about 40 by 50 feet (12 by 15 m) in size. Four circular areas about 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter would fit into one of these early pits, producing a very crowded
937:
An article by
General Abbot reports on the probability of hits to be achieved by firing 4-pit, 16-mortar salvos of mortars aimed in parallel, and claims the hit rate is about 10% at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Abbot reports that 13 shells from a 16-mortar salvo at 6,000 yards (5,500 m) fell
468:
The idea behind the Abbot Quad was to have all 16 mortars in the four pits fire at once, producing a shotgun-like salvo of plunging shells optimally dispersed to destroy an enemy ship. It was argued that targeting each mortar individually would not produce many more hits than salvo firing, since
416:
In addition to the elevation of its tube, the factor that determined the mortar's range was the size of the powder charge that was loaded into its breech, following the shell. The desired range for the mortar was specified in terms of zones. The smallest zone (shortest range) was Zone 1, and the
408:
The deck-piercing shells were usually the ammunition of choice, because even the heaviest battleships of the 1890-1920 period were relatively lightly armored on the tops of their main decks, so a plunging half-ton shell could inflict crippling damage on one of them. Early on (from about 1890 to
909:
The M1896 carriage had massive recoil springs that extended into a 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) circular pit below the mortar's circular base (which was 14 ft in diameter). At almost all the former mortar batteries in the U.S., however, these mounting pits have now been filled in and capped with
541:
The shock wave from firing just one of these huge mortars, particularly if it was fired within one of the smaller, old-style pits, was often so strong that it destroyed sensitive equipment mounted near the pit, knocked doors off nearby magazines and barracks, and broke windows in nearby
356:
in World War II. All of the fixed mortars (except four) in the United States were scrapped by 1944, as new weapons replaced them, and the railway mortars were scrapped after the war. Today, the only remaining mortars of this type in the 50 states are four at
Battery Laidley, part of
651:
on similar carriages) was retained after World War I for future coast defense use. The Army conducted tests with railway mortars in the 1930s. Some (probably four) of the railway mortars were assigned to
Battery C, 52nd Railway Artillery Battalion, and tested at the
724:. The mortar batteries had mostly armor-piercing ammunition which would penetrate into the ground before exploding, and therefore was less effective than high explosive ammunition against ground forces. Other 12-inch mortars were Battery Koehler on Carabao Island (
633:
in the war by that time. Among the weapons that could be spared from fixed defenses were 150 12-inch mortars, removed from 4-mortar pits. Contracts were let for mounting 91 mortars on railway carriages known as the M1918 Carriage (Railway). A
938:
within a rectangle 150 yards (140 m) by 200 yards (180 m) (A battleship of the era was about 125 yards (114 m) long by 25 yards (23 m) wide.) Abbot himself used the "shotgun" analogy to describe these 16-tube salvos.
365:, but the remains of coast defense mortar emplacements can be seen at many former Coast Artillery forts across the United States and its former territories. Additional 12-inch mortars and other large-caliber weapons remain in the
502:
situation (given that two adjacent M1890 mortars mounted in such a pit would have their muzzles almost touching if they were traversed to face each other). A photo of such an early "crowded pit" is shown at left.
476:
This photo shows a mortar pit of the Abbot Quad period. This illustrates the difficulty of reloading four mortars in this configuration. Three of four mortars and thirty crewmen are visible in the crowded
768:. None of these resulted in detonation of the mortar shell. The leading theories were that either the low rotational velocity of the shell or the small booster charge in the fuzes precluded detonation.
349:
in 1918-1919, but this was too late to see action in World War I. The railway mortars were only deployed in small quantities, and none overseas. The fixed mortars in the
Philippines saw action in the
638:
recuperator and outriggers allowed for all-around fire from the railway mounting, which weighed 88 tons. Forty-five railway mortar carriages were completed by the Morgan
Engineering Company of
1144:
401:
The M1890M1 (Model of 1890, Modification 1) 12-inch mortar was one of the most powerful coast artillery pieces of its era, and was the most common type emplaced to guard U.S. harbors.
848:
919:
A crew member was tasked with using chalk to mark on the azimuth circle each new azimuth that was fired, a step that was supposed to help avoid hoped mistakes in aiming the piece.
522:
was more than twice the time to reload two mortars in a pit. As a result, many 4-mortar pits were "depopulated," and some of their tubes were sent away to equip newer batteries.
2182:
2172:
510:
pits of the early Abbot Quad battery designs were simply too crowded for efficient operations, with mortar crews for different tubes constantly getting in each other's way.
397:
A powder charge for the M1890 mortar, made of up to 10 small powder bags strapped together. A larger powder charge increased the shell velocity, resulting in greater range.
805:
4 mortars M1912 (Watervliet #40, 39, 41, 38) on M1896MIII carriages (Watertown #41, 40, 38, 39) at
Battery Craighill Pits A and B, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines
742:. All forts were surrendered on 6 May 1942 along with Corregidor. Ten mortars remain at Batteries Way and Geary while four mortars remain at Fort Hughes as of 2014.
728:), which was used for ineffectual counter-battery fire against the Japanese Kondo Detachment artillery on the southern shore of Manila Bay, and Battery Craighill on
928:
A built-in interlock protected the mortar from being fired if its elevation was less than 42 degrees, preventing it from being fired at the wall of its emplacement.
1457:
1354:
890:
Nevertheless, a quick search of the web indicates that this weapon was the largest caliber mortar that was widely deployed anywhere in the world at the time.
538:
being fired electrically (from outside the area pictured). The tubes are then depressed, crewmen rush back in to swab out the tubes and the process repeats.
340:
was a weapon of 12-inch (305 mm) caliber emplaced during the 1890s and early 20th century to defend US harbors from seaborne attack. In 1886, when the
1135:
TR 435-422, Coast
Artillery Corps: Service of the Piece, 12-Inch Mortar (Fixed Armament), (U.S.) War Department, Washington, D.C., December 24, 1924, p. 2.
1240:
802:
4 mortars M1908 (Watervliet #2, 22, 13, 12) on M1908 carriages (Unk. mfr., #17, 20, 19, 18) at
Battery Geary Pit B, Fort Mills, Corregidor, Philippines
869:
1886:
582:. Personnel in this small space, with its tapered viewing slits, received the coordinates (azimuth and elevation) that had been calculated via
2177:
1174:
838:
693:
353:
1861:
1830:
1734:
881:
The Board recommended "581 high power guns of heavy calibers and 724 heavy rifled mortars. In a total of 1,305 heavy guns, 55.5% mortars."
1605:
1543:
1348:
1411:
594:
579:
518:
1304:
1225:
736:), which fired at targets generated locally and from Corregidor. Battery Craighill was manned by naval personnel from the gunboat
534:
illustrates how congested one of the old-style pits would have become if used to fire four mortars simultaneously or nearly so.
2009:
872:) and for about 15 years thereafter, which, although often used against land targets, was also called a "coast defense mortar".
622:
1189:
542:
neighborhoods. The thundering crash of four of these mortars being fired simultaneously in a pit must have been overwhelming.
1341:
1282:. United States Army in World War II : The war in the Pacific. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 485.
46:
An M1890 M1 12-inch mortar elevated to firing position. The mortar in the background has been depressed to loading position.
1701:
625:
on 6 April 1917, the US Army considered converting coast artillery weapons to railway mounts for use on the Western Front.
1462:
2115:
1441:
1032:
554:
A data booth serving a mortar pit. The display board posted azimuth, elevation, and powder charge data for the mortars.
457:
The earliest coast defense mortar batteries of the modern era were designed as so-called "Abbot Quads". Named for Gen.
405:
firing the half-ton shells at an elevation of 45 degrees, had a range of 12,019 yards (10,990 m) (about 7 miles).
2024:
2187:
1968:
948:
809:
635:
2197:
2151:
2136:
1467:
653:
799:#31, 40) on M1896MI carriages (Unk. mfr., #104, 210) at Battery Geary Pit A, Fort Mills, Corregidor, Philippines
453:
This later plan for Battery Whitman at Ft. Andrews enlarged the pits and kept only half of the original battery.
1727:
657:
424:
Mortar firing circuit switches and magneto mounting shoe outside data booth, Battery Whitman Pit B, Ft. Andrews
586:
by the battery's Range Unit as the firing coordinates for the mortars in order for them to hit their targets.
1404:
1277:
717:
681:
362:
2120:
1483:
1200:
259:
868:
There was also a 13-inch (330 mm) smooth-bore muzzle-loading mortar, used during the Civil War (see
2192:
1825:
1538:
1518:
843:
230:
2070:
1676:
819:
1 mortar M1911, (Unk. mfr., #8) without carriage (non-standard training dummy) at the visitor center,
648:
593:
Since crews of the mortars could not see their targets, they were especially dependent on the overall
1891:
1553:
1548:
1528:
746:
721:
709:
462:
1764:
1896:
1720:
1615:
961:
737:
1076:
2065:
2055:
2029:
1978:
1942:
1916:
1784:
1779:
1660:
1508:
1503:
1397:
1384:
785:
677:
458:
203:
145:
127:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2085:
1696:
1686:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1358:
1337:
1300:
1221:
1170:
789:
465:
in New York City, and construction of the first operational Abbot Quads commenced circa 1892.
346:
235:
57:
1255:
910:
concrete, leaving only a "new-ish" concrete circle to mark the former position of the mortar.
570:
A data booth at Battery Kellogg, Ft. Banks, Winthrop, MA, built into the wall of mortar pit B
2141:
2080:
2060:
2050:
2019:
2014:
1774:
1681:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1584:
1579:
1533:
1523:
1513:
762:
758:
644:
598:
514:
1983:
1881:
1712:
1574:
1569:
1498:
1493:
1488:
796:
613:
486:
449:
437:
303:
1389:
1070:
1296:
Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippines
820:
729:
713:
639:
583:
350:
341:
2166:
2075:
2034:
1988:
1973:
1963:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1871:
1866:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1436:
602:
558:
377:
17:
2004:
1947:
1820:
1769:
1759:
1028:
965:
750:
673:
669:
626:
481:
442:
286:
110:
566:
1294:
1876:
947:
The examples of pit size given here and below are taken from Battery Kellogg at
833:
813:
777:
733:
712:. These batteries totaled twelve mortars and were used in the fight against the
697:
630:
366:
358:
105:
62:
1379:
672:, a battery of four railway mortars was among the temporary harbor defenses of
725:
705:
701:
661:
530:
420:
385:
276:
175:
1937:
1932:
1744:
1421:
765:
485:
Later designs often mounted only two mortars in a single pit, like these at
550:
493:
472:
41:
1111:
776:
Nineteen 12-inch mortars survive, mostly in the Philippines, with four at
393:
665:
389:
A scaled drawing of the early types of shells fired by the 12-inch mortar
792:#158, 151, 241, 150) at Battery Way, Fort Mills, Corregidor, Philippines
1353:. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.:
808:
4 mortars M1890MI (Watervliet #22, 86, 132, 135) on M1896MI carriages (
220:
182:
1220:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, Ltd. pp. 142–145.
692:
Probably the only US 12-inch mortars to see action were those in the
242:
506:
12-inch mortar gives details on how it was to be crewed and fired.
612:
565:
557:
549:
492:
480:
471:
448:
436:
419:
392:
384:
376:
951:, which was initially designed in 1892 and redesigned about 1905.
497:
A more panoramic postcard view of a two-mortar pit at Fort Wright
754:
162:
157,120 lb (78.56 short tons) (including mounting carriage)
1716:
1393:
1122:
Abbot, Gen. Henry L., "Vertical Fire in Sea-Coast Batteries",
968:
was later named) took issue with the logic of the Abbot Quad.
441:
This was the original "Abbot Quad" plan for Battery Whitman,
1100:
Analysis of Seacoast Mortar Battery Design Types (1890–1925)
1055:
Bolling W. Smith, "Coast Artillery Projectiles, 1892-1915",
574:
The images here show another feature of the mortar pits—the
1256:
Web page on the 52nd Railway Artillery Bn at Fort Hancock
1334:
American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898–1945
849:
List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation
757:
were tried: powder train and mechanical time fuzes for
1299:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 244–266.
960:
A Board of Review on which sat the noted artilleryman
812:#183, 184, 185, 187) at Battery Laidley Pits A and B,
328:
2,400 yd (2,200 m) (minimum 1,046-lb shell)
325:
14,610 yd (13,360 m) (maximum 700-lb shell)
562:
A freestanding data booth at Ft. Andrews, Boston, MA
513:
As fire control methods improved and the network of
2129:
2043:
1997:
1956:
1925:
1854:
1813:
1752:
1669:
1593:
1562:
1476:
1450:
1429:
319:
302:
285:
275:
258:
241:
229:
219:
202:
189:
174:
166:
156:
151:
141:
133:
123:
118:
99:
91:
83:
78:
70:
51:
32:
605:, to locate and pinpoint targets for them to hit.
1169:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 156–157.
1075:. New York: Goodenough & Woglom Co. p.
680:, and emplacements for an additional battery at
381:The 1890M1 mortar, the most common type employed
160:29,120 lb (14.56 short tons) (with breech)
1279:The War in the Pacific: Fall of the Philippines
1241:"Mortar Railway Gun to Aid in Defending Coast"
991:"Sea-Coast Mortar Fire", Report of a Board, in
313:1,050 ft/s (320 m/s) (1,046-lb shell)
1385:Technical Manual for 12-inch Seacoast Materiel
1102:, Version 1.0. Stoughton, MA 27 February 2004.
1014:
1012:
1010:
345:Ninety-one of these weapons were remounted as
1728:
1405:
1355:United States Army Center of Military History
1336:, Osprey Publishing Ltd.; 1st edition, 2003.
1167:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
310:1,500 ft/s (460 m/s) (700-lb shell)
8:
1051:
1049:
780:on Mullet Key near St. Petersburg, Florida.
749:an attempt was made to use these mortars as
2183:World War II artillery of the United States
1069:Hines, Frank T.; Ward, Franklin W. (1910).
987:
985:
788:#173, 174, 170, 172) on M1896MI carriages (
181:141.125 in (3,584.6 mm) bore (10
2173:World War I artillery of the United States
1735:
1721:
1713:
1412:
1398:
1390:
1332:Berhow, Mark A. and McGovern, Terrance C.
29:
870:Siege artillery in the American Civil War
1458:Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP
1190:US Army Railway Artillery in World War I
1126:, Vol. V, No, 3, May–June, 1896, p. 313.
617:12-inch mortar on M1918 railway carriage
981:
861:
1124:Journal of the United States Artillery
993:Journal of the United States Artillery
1089:Berhow, pp. 134-135, 140-145, 152-153
1059:, Vol 9, No. 1, February, 1995. p.16.
839:Seacoast defense in the United States
7:
1862:75 mm field gun M1897 on M2 carriage
1831:75 mm field gun M1897 on M2 carriage
1029:"Fort Wiki Coastal Battery Gun List"
716:invasion. However, as with other US
643:12-inch railway mortar (along with
580:Coast Artillery fire control system
519:Coast Artillery fire control system
252:24 in (610 mm) (M1896MII)
684:were constructed but never armed.
249:23 in (580 mm) (M1896MI)
25:
1145:1942 version of the mortar manual
1057:Coast Defense Study Group Journal
320:Effective firing range
40:
1544:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII
1218:Allied Artillery of World War I
1035:from the original on 2015-01-18
623:American entry into World War I
296:1.3 rounds per minute (maximum)
1072:The Service of Coast Artillery
1:
1463:37 mm Infantry Gun Model 1917
1357:. CMH Pub 5-2. Archived from
1203:America's Munitions 1917–1918
1165:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
900:not effective at close range.
629:were in use by all the major
2178:Mortars of the United States
2147:12-inch coast defense mortar
2091:12-inch coast defense mortar
1855:Field, medium and heavy guns
1692:12-inch coast defense mortar
1641:12-inch coast defense mortar
1477:Field, medium and heavy guns
1442:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss
338:12-inch coast defense mortar
2025:3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3
1902:155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom"
1350:The Fall of the Philippines
1112:Fort Totten at FortWiki.com
293:1 round per minute (normal)
213:1,046 lb (474 kg)
170:161 in (4,100 mm)
2214:
1702:14"/50 caliber railway gun
761:, and a shrapnel fuze for
433:Emplacement design history
1468:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
823:, Staten Island, New York
654:Sandy Hook Proving Ground
489:on Long Island Sound, NY.
210:700 lb (320 kg)
197:
71:Place of origin
39:
753:weapons. Three types of
658:Fort Hancock, New Jersey
269:70° (maximum for firing)
266:45° (minimum for firing)
225:12 in (305 mm)
1606:4.72-inch Armstrong gun
718:pre-1940 fortifications
682:Cape George, Washington
363:St. Petersburg, Florida
34:M1890MI 12-inch mortar
2121:16-inch howitzer M1920
1484:3-inch M1902 field gun
1380:FortWiki gun type list
1347:Morton, Louis (1953).
1276:Morton, Louis (1953).
995:, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1897.
696:in 1942, particularly
618:
571:
563:
555:
498:
490:
478:
454:
446:
425:
398:
390:
382:
287:Rate of fire
2116:16-inch Marks 2 and 3
1989:8 inch howitzer M1/M2
1957:Other vehicle-mounted
1907:8 inch howitzer M1/M2
1887:155 mm howitzer M1918
1697:12-inch gun M1895MIA1
1539:155 mm howitzer M1917
1519:6-inch howitzer M1908
1293:Gordon, John (2011).
1216:Hogg, Ian V. (1998).
844:List of heavy mortars
816:, Mullet Key, Florida
747:defense of Corregidor
616:
569:
561:
553:
496:
484:
475:
452:
440:
423:
396:
388:
380:
2044:Coast artillery guns
1964:75 mm howitzer M2/M3
1616:6-inch Armstrong gun
1594:Coast artillery guns
1554:240 mm trench mortar
1549:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
304:Muzzle velocity
18:Coast defense mortar
1451:Small and pack guns
1266:Berhow, pp. 218-219
1201:Crowell, Benedict,
1018:Berhow, pp. 233-234
1004:Berhow, pp. 204-226
795:2 mortars M1890MI (
784:4 mortars M1890MI (
595:fire control system
2066:155 mm gun M1918MI
1998:Anti-aircraft guns
1979:155 mm gun M1917MI
1974:105 mm howitzer M2
1943:4.2 inch mortar M2
1917:240 mm howitzer M1
1897:155 mm gun M1918MI
1892:155 mm howitzer M1
1877:105 mm howitzer M3
1872:105 mm howitzer M2
1790:105 mm howitzer M4
1765:75 mm gun M2/M3/M6
1661:155 mm gun M1918MI
1563:Anti-aircraft guns
1509:4.7-inch gun M1906
1504:3.2-inch gun M1897
772:Surviving examples
619:
572:
564:
556:
526:Firing the mortars
499:
491:
479:
459:Henry Larcom Abbot
455:
447:
426:
399:
391:
383:
146:Watervliet Arsenal
128:Bureau of Ordnance
119:Production history
95:United States Army
27:American artillery
2188:Coastal artillery
2160:
2159:
2130:Railway artillery
2111:16-inch gun M1919
2106:16-inch gun M1895
2101:14-inch gun M1907
2096:12-inch gun M1895
2086:10-inch gun M1895
2071:7"/45 caliber gun
1867:75 mm howitzer M1
1710:
1709:
1687:10-inch gun M1895
1677:7"/45 caliber gun
1670:Railway artillery
1656:16-inch gun M1919
1651:16-inch gun M1895
1646:14-inch gun M1907
1636:12-inch gun M1895
1631:10-inch gun M1895
1243:Popular Mechanics
1176:978-0-9748167-3-9
1098:Vaughan, Thomas,
745:In the desperate
599:base end stations
515:base end stations
347:railway artillery
334:
333:
58:Coastal artillery
16:(Redirected from
2205:
2198:305 mm artillery
2142:8-inch gun M1888
2081:8-inch gun M1888
2061:6-inch gun M1903
2051:3-inch gun M1903
2020:3-inch gun M1918
2015:3-inch gun M1917
1737:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1682:8-inch gun M1888
1626:8-inch gun M1888
1621:6-inch gun M1897
1611:5-inch gun M1897
1601:3-inch gun M1903
1585:3-inch gun M1918
1580:3-inch gun M1917
1534:155 mm GPF M1918
1529:6-inch gun M1917
1524:6-inch gun M1903
1514:5-inch gun M1897
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1993:
1969:75 mm gun M1897
1952:
1938:81 mm mortar M1
1933:60 mm mortar M2
1921:
1882:4.5 inch gun M1
1850:
1809:
1760:37 mm gun M5/M6
1748:
1747:of World War II
1741:
1711:
1706:
1665:
1589:
1575:75 mm gun M1916
1570:75 mm gun M1897
1558:
1499:75 mm gun M1917
1494:75 mm gun M1916
1489:75 mm gun M1897
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1327:Further reading
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84:In service
79:Service history
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1802:
1800:120 mm gun T53
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1424:of World War I
1420:United States
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1374:External links
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1319:Morton, p. 496
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810:American Hoist
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759:3-inch AA guns
730:Caballo Island
689:
688:Combat service
686:
640:Alliance, Ohio
610:
607:
584:plotting board
578:, part of the
547:
544:
531:This film clip
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1984:155 mm gun M2
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1912:8-inch gun M1
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1795:105 mm gun T5
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1785:90 mm gun T15
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1361:on 2012-01-08
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19:
2193:Railway guns
2146:
2090:
1948:Little David
1780:90 mm gun M3
1770:76 mm gun M1
1691:
1640:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1349:
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1037:. Retrieved
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966:Fort Ruckman
964:(after whom
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751:antiaircraft
744:
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674:Grays Harbor
670:World War II
660:and also at
631:belligerents
627:Railway guns
620:
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546:Fire control
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443:Fort Andrews
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337:
335:
178: length
142:Manufacturer
111:World War II
92:Used by
1205:, pp. 98–99
834:Battery Way
814:Fort DeSoto
778:Fort DeSoto
734:Fort Hughes
698:Battery Way
694:Philippines
649:7-inch guns
647:and twelve
645:8-inch guns
597:, with its
487:Fort Wright
463:Fort Totten
373:The weapons
367:Philippines
359:Fort Desoto
106:World War I
63:Railway gun
2167:Categories
1365:2018-03-18
1342:1841764272
1039:2015-01-17
976:References
949:Fort Banks
786:Watervliet
766:field guns
763:155 mm GPF
726:Fort Frank
710:Corregidor
706:Fort Mills
678:Washington
662:Fort Miles
621:After the
576:data booth
2035:120 mm M1
1836:3 inch M5
1753:Tank guns
1745:artillery
1430:Tank guns
1422:artillery
797:Bethlehem
790:Watertown
668:. During
260:Elevation
87:1895–1945
2056:90 mm M1
2030:90 mm M1
2010:40 mm M1
2005:37 mm M1
1846:105mm T8
1841:90 mm T8
1826:57 mm M1
1821:37 mm M3
1033:Archived
851:SNL E-13
828:See also
739:Mindanao
722:magazine
714:Japanese
666:Delaware
517:for the
354:invasion
351:Japanese
277:Traverse
183:calibers
134:Designed
124:Designer
1926:Mortars
221:Caliber
1340:
1303:
1224:
1173:
477:space.
243:Recoil
231:Breech
176:Barrel
167:Length
856:Notes
755:fuzes
361:near
204:Shell
1338:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1171:ISBN
700:and
601:and
336:The
281:360°
190:Crew
157:Mass
137:1890
100:Wars
52:Type
1077:119
708:on
704:at
656:at
2169::
1048:^
1031:.
1009:^
984:^
676:,
664:,
369:.
193:12
1736:e
1729:t
1722:v
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1368:.
1309:.
1230:.
1179:.
1079:.
1042:.
732:(
445:.
185:)
20:)
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