142:
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are pairs of words in the same language which are derived from a single etymon, which may have similar but distinct meanings and uses. Often, one is a loanword and the other is the native form, or they have developed in different dialects and then found themselves together in a modern standard
1003:
is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to the vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example
889:, or semantic equivalents, are words in two different languages that have similar or practically identical meanings. They may be cognate, but usually they are not. For example, the German equivalent of the English word
921:, or ancestor word, is the ultimate source word from which one or more cognates derive. In other words, it is the source of related words in different languages. For example, the etymon of both Welsh
1162:
180:
can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the
1031:
are used in the analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier.
1182:, to be born." Other definitions of the English word include "elated by blood; having a common ancestor" and "elated or analogous in nature, character, or function".
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are words inherited across a language barrier, coming from a particular etymon in an ancestor language. For example, Russian
807:
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109:
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False cognates are pairs of words that appear to have a common origin, but which in fact do not. For example, Latin
81:
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556:'night'. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of such cognate sets, though few of them are as neat as this.
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860:(meaning "ox"). Although they are part of a single etymological stemma, they are not cognates.
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both mean 'to have' and are phonetically similar. However, the words evolved from different
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is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed).
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are words borrowed from one language into another; for example, English
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Cognates need not have the same meaning, as they may have undergone
693:
548:). These all mean 'night' and derive from the Proto-Indo-European
465:
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Diagram showing relationships between etymologically related words
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795:
look similar and have a similar meaning, but are not cognates:
845:
Cognates are distinguished from other kinds of relationships.
38:
650:
Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English
1163:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
986:, a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a
195:, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
897:, which is also cognate, but the French equivalent is
772:'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English
610:
as the languages developed independently. For example
549:
165:that have been inherited in direct descent from an
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1214:Univ. of Pennsylvania: Linguistics 001 (Fall 2011)
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812:
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8:
777:
743:
733:
563:
911:Etymon (ancestor word) and descendant words
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727:
213:
1207:"A quick introduction to language change"
1123:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
140:
1106:
596:'peace' are cognates, derived from the
1234:
1216:. ¶ 29. pp. 11–12. Archived from
953:are both descendants of Proto-Slavic *
758:'to grasp', and has the Latin cognate
27:Words inherited by different languages
1016:are all derivatives of the root word
228:An example of cognates from the same
7:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1193:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
978:Similar to the distinction between
637:'to die' all descend from the same
564:
867:language. For example, Old French
25:
768:, on the other hand, is from PIE
1055:
1041:
191:Cognates are distinguished from
43:
54:needs additional citations for
683:. An extreme case is Armenian
1:
856:is borrowed from Old French
762:'to seize, grasp, capture'.
676:) all descend directly from
220:, meaning "blood relative".
1178:, born, past participle of
1288:
719:
550:
29:
575:
1241:: CS1 maint: location (
1076:Indo-European vocabulary
871:is cognate with English
712:in Armenian is regular.
32:Cognate (disambiguation)
1272:Comparative linguistics
831:is the archaic Spanish
799:is from Proto-Germanic
1267:Historical linguistics
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171:common parent language
151:historical linguistics
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1129:. pp. 104, 418.
929:is the Proto-Celtic *
901:, which is unrelated.
697:, which descend from
184:to establish whether
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18:Cognate (linguistics)
1127:Blackwell Publishing
965:Root and derivatives
827:. A true cognate of
584:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
740:Proto-Indo-European
704:; the sound change
699:Proto-Indo-European
678:Proto-Indo-European
1166:, 4th ed.: "Latin
1071:Homology (biology)
1063:Linguistics portal
785:Likewise, English
182:comparative method
147:
1136:978-1-4443-5675-5
752:, comes from PIE
205:The English term
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16:(Redirected from
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1125:(6th ed.).
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159:lexical cognates
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1086:False etymology
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1049:Language portal
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1253:External links
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1117:, ed. (2011).
1115:Crystal, David
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1091:Folk etymology
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817:is from Latin
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720:Main article:
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716:False cognates
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691:) and English
639:Proto-Germanic
522:nuet/nit/nueit
394:Serbo-Croatian
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188:are cognate.
169:ancestor in a
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722:False cognate
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119:December 2023
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74:Find sources:
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52:This article
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19:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
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1205:Ringe, Don.
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841:Distinctions
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789:and Spanish
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628:'to die' or
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438:Modern Greek
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167:etymological
161:are sets of
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61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
1096:Word family
949:and Polish
942:Descendants
776:and German
732:and German
460:, gen. sg.
1261:Categories
1102:References
1029:derivative
1023:The terms
1000:derivative
992:derivative
988:descendant
925:and Irish
647:'to die'.
498:Portuguese
410:Lithuanian
378:Belarusian
342:Macedonian
232:root are:
89:newspapers
1158:"cognate"
1145:899159900
1119:"cognate"
1014:unhappily
957:(meaning
850:Loanwords
821:< PIE
805:< PIE
644:*sterbaną
603:'peace'.
526:Aragonese
362:Ukrainian
350:Bulgarian
328:), ночь,
310:Icelandic
286:Norwegian
274:Colognian
266:Afrikaans
193:loanwords
78:"Cognate"
1237:cite web
1174:, co- +
1168:cognātus
1035:See also
931:kaballos
864:Doublets
802:*mikilaz
755:*kh₂pyé-
667:Armenian
589:and the
578:
546:Romanian
502:Galician
490:Asturian
454:Albanian
446:Sanskrit
420:), νύξ,
344:), нощ,
336:), ноќ,
216:cognatus
176:Because
155:cognates
1227:15 June
1010:happily
1006:unhappy
837:'big'.
681:*ph₂tḗr
634:sterben
625:sterven
612:English
601:*šalām-
591:Amharic
552:*nókʷts
538:Occitan
518:Catalan
510:Italian
482:Spanish
402:Latvian
386:Slovene
334:Russian
302:Faroese
282:Swedish
258:Frisian
238:English
207:cognate
186:lexemes
103:scholar
1176:gnātus
1143:
1133:
1012:, and
990:and a
980:etymon
927:capall
923:ceffyl
918:etymon
819:multum
770:*gʰabʰ
765:Habēre
760:capere
729:habēre
702:*dwóh₁
665:, and
658:French
653:father
641:verb,
630:German
616:starve
587:shlama
582:, the
580:shalom
573:Hebrew
571:, the
561:Arabic
542:noapte
540:) and
486:nueche
474:French
462:noctis
434:nychta
406:naktis
326:Polish
322:Slovak
294:Danish
246:German
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1221:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1180:nāscī
1018:happy
951:morze
947:мо́ре
935:horse
899:vache
824:*mel-
814:mucho
808:*meǵ-
792:mucho
779:geben
745:haben
735:haben
708:>
685:երկու
621:Dutch
594:selam
569:salām
534:nuèit
530:nuèch
506:notte
494:noite
478:noche
466:Latin
442:nakt-
430:νύχτα
398:nakts
346:nosht
318:Czech
270:Naach
254:Dutch
250:nacht
242:Nacht
234:night
211:Latin
163:words
110:JSTOR
96:books
1243:link
1229:2014
1141:OCLC
1131:ISBN
1027:and
1025:root
984:root
982:and
972:root
955:moře
937:).
881:beef
879:and
869:boef
858:boef
854:beef
834:maño
829:much
811:and
797:much
787:much
774:give
750:have
689:erku
674:hayr
670:հայր
662:père
619:and
576:שלום
565:سلام
559:The
500:and
470:nuit
450:natë
370:noch
358:nich
330:noch
306:nótt
298:nátt
278:natt
201:Name
82:news
1172:co-
994:.
961:).
959:sea
915:An
895:Kuh
893:is
891:cow
877:cow
873:cow
710:erk
706:*dw
694:two
528:),
520:),
514:nit
512:),
504:),
492:),
484:),
476:),
468:),
458:nox
456:),
448:),
440:),
428:),
422:nyx
414:nos
412:),
404:),
396:),
390:noć
388:),
382:noč
380:),
374:noč
366:ноч
364:),
354:ніч
352:),
338:noć
314:noc
312:),
304:),
296:),
290:nat
288:),
276:),
268:),
262:nag
260:),
248:),
240:),
157:or
149:In
65:by
1263::
1239:}}
1235:{{
1212:.
1170::
1160:,
1139:.
1121:.
1020:.
1008:,
997:A
969:A
782:.
656:,
532:/
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324:,
320:,
284:,
256:,
173:.
153:,
1245:)
1231:.
1147:.
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93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
20:)
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