459:
993:"It would seem to me that [cognitive linguistics] is the sort of linguistics that uses findings from cognitive psychology and neurobiology and the like to explore how the human brain produces and interprets language. In other words, cognitive linguistics is a cognitive science, whereas Cognitive Linguistics is not. Most of generative linguistics, to my mind, is not truly cognitive either."
1035:. According to the critical view, these ideas were not motivated by brain research but by a struggle for power in linguistics. Members of such frameworks are also said to have used other researchers' findings to present them as their own work. While this criticism is accepted for most part, it is claimed that some of the research has nonetheless produced useful insights.
598:). The second is generative grammar, while the third approach is proposed by scholars whose work falls outside the scope of the other two. They argue that cognitive linguistics should not be taken as the name of a specific selective framework, but as a whole field of scientific research that is assessed by its evidential rather than theoretical value.
611:
Generative grammar functions as a source of hypotheses about language computation in the mind and brain. It is argued to be the study of 'the cognitive neuroscience of language'. Generative grammar studies behavioural instincts and the biological nature of cognitive-linguistic algorithms, providing a
878:
which include perception, attention, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing. Such rules are derived from observing the conventionalized pairings of meaning to understand sub-context in the evolution of language patterns. The cognitive approach to identifying sub-context by observing what
873:
has been defined as a set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and words in a natural language. From the perspective of
Cognitive Linguistics, grammar is seen as the rules of arrangement of language which best serve communication of the experience of the human organism
615:
This in practice means that sentence analysis by linguists is taken as a way to uncover cognitive structures. It is argued that a random genetic mutation in humans has caused syntactic structures to appear in the mind. Therefore, the fact that people have language does not rely on its communicative
984:
The specific meaning of cognitive linguistics, the proper address of the name, and the scientific status of the enterprise have been called into question. Criticism includes an overreliance on introspective data, a lack of experimental testing of hypotheses and little integration of findings from
695:
Cognitive
Linguistics defines itself in opposition to generative grammar, arguing that language functions in the brain according to general cognitive principles. Lakoff's and Langacker's ideas are applied across sciences. In addition to linguistics and translation theory, Cognitive Linguistics is
964:
programs. The accuracy of a sentiment analysis system is, in principle, how well it agrees with human judgments. Because evaluation of sentiment analysis is becoming more and more specialty based, each implementation needs a separate training model and specialized human verification raising
732:
are not just figures of speech, but modes of thought. Lakoff hypothesises that principles of abstract reasoning may have evolved from visual thinking and mechanisms for representing spatial relations that are present in lower animals. Conceptualisation is regarded as being based on the
807:
as lower-level constructions. It is argued that humans do not only share the same body type, allowing a common ground for embodied representations; but constructions provide common ground for uniform expressions within a speech community. Like biological organisms, constructions have
762:"In our visual systems, we have detectors for motion and detectors for objects/locations. We do not have detectors for time (whatever that could mean). Thus, it makes good biological sense that time should be understood in terms of things and motion." —George Lakoff
1023:, thus suggesting a very high degree of specialization of language in the brain. To offer an alternative to his view, Lakoff, in turn, postulated the opposite by claiming that language acquisition is not specialized at all because language does not constitute a
839:
There is also a third approach to cognitive linguistics, which neither directly supports the modular (Generative
Grammar) nor the anti-modular (Cognitive Linguistics) view of the mind. Proponents of the third view argue that, according to brain research,
646:
view of the mind, considering language as an autonomous mind module. Thus, language is separated from mathematical logic to the extent that inference cannot explain language acquisition. The generative conception of human cognition is also influential in
663:
One of the approaches to cognitive linguistics is called
Cognitive Linguistics, with capital initials, but it is also often spelled cognitive linguistics with all lowercase letters. This movement saw its beginning in early 1980s when
848:, along with perception, attention, memory, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing, rather than being subordinate to them. Emphasis is laid on a cognitive semantics that studies the contextual–conceptual nature of meaning.
739:
of knowledge, building on physical experience of vision and motion. For example, the 'metaphor' of emotion builds on downward motion while the metaphor of reason builds on upward motion, as in saying “The discussion
879:
comes before and after each linguistic construct provides a grounding of meaning in terms of sensorimotoric embodied experience. When taken together, these two perspectives form the basis of defining approaches in
887:
which posits that, for a computer, a word is merely a symbol, which is a symbol for another symbol and so on in an unending chain without grounding in human experience. The broad set of tools and methods of
590:
in a so-called "Lakoff–Langacker agreement". It is suggested that they picked the name "cognitive linguistics" for their new framework to undermine the reputation of generative grammar as a cognitive science.
1783:
Feyaerts, Kurt; Boeve, Lieven (2018). "Religious metaphors at the crossroads between apophatical theology and
Cognitive Linguistics: an interdisciplinary study". In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.).
916:
of the text. The perspective of cognitive linguistics offers NLP a direction to identify and quantify the contextual nuances, the why and how in text – in linguistics terms, the implied pragmatic meaning or
976:. This method is a rules based approach which involves assigning meaning to a word, phrase, sentence or piece of text based on the information presented before and after the piece of text being analyzed.
594:
Consequently, there are three competing approaches that today consider themselves as true representatives of cognitive linguistics. One is the
Lakoffian–Langackerian brand with capitalised initials (
1003:
There has been criticism regarding the brain-related claims of both
Chomsky's generative grammar, and Lakoff's Cognitive Linguistics. These are said to advocate too extreme views on the axis of
2364:, Fredrik Olsson, Fredrik Espinoza, and Ola Hamfors. "Usefulness of sentiment analysis." In European Conference on Information Retrieval, pp. 426-435. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
896:
or NLP. Cognitive linguistics adds a new set of capabilities to NLP. These cognitive NLP methods enable software to analyze sub-context in terms of internal embodied experience.
908:(NLP) is to enable a computer to "understand" the contents of text and documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them. The perspective of traditional
518:
and linguistics. Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real, and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand
940:-style methods to automate tabulation of corpora & parse models for multiple contexts in shorter periods of time. All three methods are used to power NLP techniques like
912:
offers NLP three approaches or methods to identify and quantify the literal contents, the who, what, where and when in text – in linguistic terms, the semantic meaning or
627:" are so rare that it is unlikely that children will have heard them. Since they can nonetheless produce them, it was further argued that the structure is not learned but
924:
The three NLP approaches to understanding literal semantics in text based on traditional linguistics are symbolic NLP, statistical NLP, and neural NLP. The first method,
972:
A developmental trajectory of NLP to understand contextual pragmatics in text involving emulating intelligent behavior and apparent comprehension of natural language is
1632:
Harrison, Chloe; Nuttall, Louise; Stockwell, Peter; Yuan, Wenjuan (2014). "Introduction". In
Harrison, Chloe; Nuttall, Louise; Stockwell, Peter; Yuan, Wenjuan (eds.).
525:
There has been scientific and terminological controversy around the label "cognitive linguistics"; there is no consensus on what specifically is meant with the term.
1307:
1339:
Hauser, Mark D.; Yang, Charles; Berwick, Robert C.; Tattersall, Ian; Ryan, Michael J.; Watumull, Jeffrey; Chomsky, Noam; Lewontin, Richard C. (2014).
932:(1990s–2010s), builds upon the first method with a layer of human curated & machine-assisted corpora for multiple contexts. The third approach
752:
which include perception, attention, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing. Same is said of various other cognitive phenomena such as the
1698:
Cerulo, Karen A. (2019). "Embodied cognition: sociologgy's role in bridging mind, brain, and body". In
Brekhus, Wayne H.; Ignatow, Gabe (eds.).
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issues. However, the accuracy is considered generally acceptable for use in evaluating emotional context at a statistical or group level.
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from an innate cognitive language component. Generative grammarians then took as their task to find out all about innate structures through
376:
1967:
Luodonpää-Manni, Milla; Penttilä, Esa; Viimaranta, Johanna (2017). "Introduction". In
Luodonpää-Manni, Milla; Viimaranta, Johanna (eds.).
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view, there is no grammar in the traditional sense of the word. What is commonly perceived as grammar is an inventory of constructions; a
1968:
1878:
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1659:"Conceptual metaphor in physics education: roots of analogy, visual metaphors, and a primary physics course for student teachers"
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1011:. The empirical evidence points to language being partially specialized and interacting with other systems. However, to counter
336:
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is specialized although not autonomous from other types of information processing. Language is thought of as one of the human
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to the rational plane." It is argued that language does not form an independent cognitive function but fully relies on other
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Chomsky considered linguistics as a subfield of cognitive science in the 1970s but called his model transformational or
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182:
2238:"Semantic measures: Using natural language processing to measure, differentiate, and describe psychological constructs"
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Arbib, Michael A. (2008). "Holophrasis and the protolanguage spectrum". In Arbib, Michael A.; Bickerton, Derek (eds.).
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Gibbs, R. W.; Colston, H. (1995). "The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations".
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Schwarz-Friesel, Monika (2012). "On the status of external evidence in the theories of cognitive linguistics".
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MacWhinney, Brian (2015). "Introduction – language emergence". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.).
928:(1950s – early 1990s) is based on first principles and rules of traditional linguistics. The second method,
869:. As mentioned earlier Cognitive Linguistics, approaches grammar with a nontraditional view. Traditionally
2380:." In Proceedings of Theseus/Image CLEF workshop on visual information retrieval evaluation, pp. 8-11. 2009.
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Ellis, Nick C. (2011). "The emergence of language as a Complex Adaptive System". In Simpson, James (ed.).
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1756:"How language processing constrains (computational) natural language processing: a cognitive perspective"
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are higher-level constructions which contain words as middle-level constructions, and these may contain
685:
157:
2030:
2029:
Kirby, Simon (2013). "Transitions: The Evolution of Linguistic Replicators". In Binder; Smith (eds.).
823:; or a population of constructions. Constructions are studied in all fields of language research from
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in order to obtain statistically relevant listing of the who, what, where & when in text through
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795:, as the basic units of grammar, are conventionalised form–meaning pairings which are comparable to
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represents a modal schema which is manifested in language as a visual or sensorimotoric 'metaphor'.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (2013). "The real complexities of psycholinguistic research on metaphor".
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Lakoff, George (1990). "Invariance hypothesis: is abstract reasoning based on image-schemas?".
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Marantz, Alec (2005). "Generative linguistics within the cognitive neuroscience of language".
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989:. Some researchers go as far as to consider calling the field 'cognitive' at all a misnomer.
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Affect, appeal, and sentiment as factors influencing interaction with multimedia information
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Goldberg, Yoav (2016). "A Primer on Neural Network Models for Natural Language Processing".
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and his subsequent anti-behaviourist activity helped bring about a shift of focus from
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Philosophy in the flesh : the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought
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Language evolution and robotics: issues on symbol grounding and language acquisition
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Clark, Eve (2015). "Common ground". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.).
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as units of linguistic evolution. These are considered multi-layered. For example,
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is argued to be mainly automatic and unconscious. Cognitive linguists study the
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2010:
Dahl, Ă–sten (2001). "Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions".
1945:
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following from various authors. The union entails two different approaches to
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780:. For example, in the expression "It is quarter to eleven", the preposition
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Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation
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936:(2010 onwards), builds upon the earlier methods by leveraging advances in
1547:
Languages and machines: an Introduction to the Theory of Computer Science
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programs. The same methods have been applied with NLP techniques like a
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10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199924)35:1<1::AID-JHBS1>3.0.CO;2-4
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1970:
Empirical Approaches to Cognitive Linguistics: Aalyzing Real-Life Data
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23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation
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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
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796:
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27:
Discipline combining linguistics, psychology and cognitive science
1080:
Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition
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Language and Ideology, Vol.1: Theoretical Cognitive Approaches
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to obtain statistical measures of emotional context through
2286:." Artificial cognition systems. IGI Global, 2007. 176–209.
2012:
RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation
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Goodfellow, Ian; Bengio, Yoshua; Courville, Aaron (2016).
1894:
1892:
1890:
692:: that of the conceptual metaphor, and the construction.
1669:(GIREP-ICPE-EPEC 2017 Conference 3–7 July 2017): 012059.
2038:. The Frontiers Collection. Springer. pp. 121–138.
1904:"MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor"
1169:"Understanding the 'cognitive revolution' in psychology"
1602:
1600:
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1471:
Prefors, Amy; Tenenbaum, Joshua; Regier, Terry (2006).
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occurs inside an autonomous module, which he calls the
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in general and is seen as a road into the human mind.
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of its own but occurs in the sensory domains such as
1417:"Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments"
857:
Cognitive perspective on natural language processing
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of knowledge by seeking expressions which relate to
1308:"Generative Grammar and modern cognitive science"
1234:"Does cognitive linguistics live up to its name?"
1173:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
865:direction for quantifying states-of-mind through
619:For a famous example, it was argued by linguist
991:
635:in order to form a picture of the hypothesised
612:computational–representational theory of mind.
1473:"Poverty of the stimulus? A rational approach"
728:According to American linguist George Lakoff,
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659:Cognitive Linguistics (linguistics framework)
480:
8:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1704:. Oxford University Press. pp. 81–100.
1523:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2298:Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
1106:Peeters, Bert (1998). "Cognitive musings".
2392:"Cognitive Linguistics' seven deadly sins"
1701:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology
1415:Pullum, Geoffrey; Scholz, Barbara (2002).
1390:Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam (2015).
861:Cognitive linguistics offers a scientific
574:. Having been engaged with Chomsky in the
533:The roots of cognitive linguistics are in
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29:
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2153:Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics
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1657:Corni, F; Fuchs, H U; Dumont, E (2019).
625:Is the man who is hungry ordering dinner
559:in psychology under the new concepts of
506:, combining knowledge and research from
1550:. Addison-Wesley Longman. p. 569.
1070:
41:
1869:Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1999).
1844:Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1980).
1786:Religion, Language, and the Human Mind
1733:. University of Chicago Press Press.
1663:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
7:
1710:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.013.5
1607:Croft, William; Cruse, Alan (2004).
1577:Croft, William; Cruse, Alan (2004).
883:with strategies to work through the
377:Conservative and innovative language
1392:Why Only Us: Language and Evolution
1341:"The mystery of language evolution"
1240:. John Benjamins. pp. 83–106.
788:Cognitive and construction grammar
502:is an interdisciplinary branch of
25:
1788:. Oxford University Press Press.
1636:. John Benjamins. pp. 1–16.
910:Traditional Chomskyan Linguistics
835:Integrative cognitive linguistics
2211:Schwarz-Friesel, Monika (2008).
812:which are studied by linguists.
457:
1848:. University of Chicago Press.
1684:10.1088/1742-6596/1286/1/012059
1634:Cognitive Grammar in Literature
815:According to the cognitive and
582:united in the early 1980s with
2188:The Emergence of Protolanguage
2125:Handbook of Language Emergence
2100:Handbook of Language Emergence
1973:. Cambridge University Press.
1611:. Cambridge University Press.
1581:. Cambridge University Press.
1120:10.1080/00437956.1998.11673884
1060:Usage-based models of language
744:to the emotional level, but I
642:Generative grammar promotes a
1:
2438:10.1016/j.langsci.2013.03.001
1154:10.1016/j.langsci.2012.04.007
1731:Metaphor and Musical Thought
1315:Journal of Cognitive Science
1285:10.1515/tlir.2005.22.2-4.429
1204:Harris, Randy Allen (1995).
680:, with subsequent models of
623:that sentences of the type "
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
2044:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6
1544:Sudkamp, Thomas A. (1997).
1082:. Routledge. pp. 3–8.
906:natural language processing
894:natural language processing
867:natural language processing
537:'s 1959 critical review of
437:Second-language acquisition
2473:
1900:Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
1167:Greenwood, John D (1999).
1015:, Chomsky postulated that
768:In Cognitive Linguistics,
724:Conceptual metaphor theory
115:Syntax–semantics interface
1946:10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347
1729:Spitzer, Michael (2004).
1521:Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals
1236:. In Dirven, René (ed.).
890:computational linguistics
881:computational linguistics
588:neo-Darwinian linguistics
547:. Chomsky's rejection of
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
2127:. Wiley. pp. 1–31.
2102:. Wiley. pp. 1–31.
1823:10.1515/cogl.1990.1.1.39
1754:Mondal, Prakash (2009).
1358:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00401
1078:Robinson, Peter (2008).
950:named-entity recognition
885:symbol grounding problem
852:Computational approaches
2390:DÄ…browska, Ewa (2016).
2073:Zehentner, Eva (2019).
2032:The Language Phenomenon
1345:Frontiers in Psychology
1306:Boeckx, Cedric (2005).
967:Inter-rater reliability
821:complex adaptive system
672:theory was united with
586:and other advocates of
1232:Peeters, Bert (2001).
1001:
549:behavioural psychology
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
2457:Cognitive linguistics
2411:10.1515/cog-2016-0059
2399:Cognitive Linguistics
2242:Psychological Methods
2077:. De Gruyter Mouton.
1934:Cognitive Linguistics
1811:Cognitive Linguistics
1609:Cognitive Linguistics
1579:Cognitive Linguistics
1436:10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.9
1424:The Linguistic Review
1263:The Linguistic Review
596:Cognitive Linguistics
500:Cognitive linguistics
158:Conversation analysis
18:Cognitive Linguistics
2190:. pp. 666–679.
2155:. pp. 666–679.
1846:Metaphors We Live By
1519:Smith, Neil (2002).
1206:The Linguistics Wars
1017:language acquisition
825:language acquisition
682:construction grammar
649:cognitive psychology
561:cognitive psychology
512:cognitive psychology
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
1675:2019JPhCS1286a2059C
938:deep neural network
846:cognitive abilities
842:language processing
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
2254:10.1037/met0000191
1055:Theory of language
1045:Embodied cognition
1025:cognitive capacity
962:sentiment analysis
958:bag-of-words model
829:corpus linguistics
690:cultural evolution
607:Generative grammar
572:generative grammar
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
2426:Language Sciences
2320:10.1613/jair.4992
2222:978-3-8252-1636-8
2197:978-90-272-8782-3
2172:978-0-203-83565-4
2134:978-1-118-34613-6
2109:978-1-118-34613-6
2084:978-3-11-063385-6
2053:978-3-642-36085-5
1980:978-1-4438-7325-3
1855:978-0-226-46801-3
1795:978-0-19-063664-7
1643:978-90-272-7056-6
1618:978-0-511-80386-4
1588:978-0-511-80386-4
1557:978-0-201-82136-9
1401:978-0-262-03424-1
1247:978-90-272-9954-3
1215:978-0-19-983906-3
1142:Language Sciences
1089:978-0-805-85352-0
1050:Psycholinguistics
987:cognitive science
892:are available as
746:raised it back up
678:cognitive grammar
565:cognitive science
508:cognitive science
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228:Psycholinguistics
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2057:. Retrieved
2031:
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1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1969:
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1911:
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1817:(1): 39–74.
1814:
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1448:the original
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1318:
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1176:
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1145:
1141:
1111:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1002:
998:Bert Peeters
992:
983:
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926:symbolic NLP
923:
904:The goal of
903:
874:through its
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295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
2304:: 345–420.
2215:. Francke.
1914:(1): 93–119
1179:(1): 1–22.
1033:kinesthesis
1013:behaviorism
980:Controversy
954:Topic model
810:life cycles
504:linguistics
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
2311:1807.10854
2059:2020-03-04
1991:2020-06-30
1918:2020-07-15
1908:Miscelánea
1769:2020-05-31
1715:2020-05-31
1563:2020-06-01
1505:2020-02-28
1457:2020-02-28
1325:2020-06-01
1190:2020-02-22
1066:References
1009:processing
934:neural NLP
919:pragmatics
774:embodiment
736:embodiment
710:musicology
686:linguistic
616:purposes.
602:Approaches
553:empiricism
529:Background
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
2432:: 45–52.
2157:CiteSeerX
2018:: 91–134.
1954:144424435
1831:144380802
1765:: 365–374
1492:1069-7977
1444:143735248
1271:CiteSeerX
921:of text.
914:semantics
805:morphemes
730:metaphors
706:sociology
702:education
557:mentalism
520:cognition
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
2451:Category
2270:49642731
2262:29963879
1902:(2002).
1377:24847300
1039:See also
996:—
942:stemming
770:thinking
718:theology
670:metaphor
629:acquired
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
2328:8273530
1671:Bibcode
1368:4019876
1351:: 401.
1321:: 45–54
1293:8727463
1005:modular
900:Methods
871:grammar
644:modular
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
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1086:
1029:vision
801:idioms
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
2395:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
2306:arXiv
2266:S2CID
2036:(PDF)
1950:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1759:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1440:S2CID
1420:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1289:S2CID
797:memes
63:Index
2258:PMID
2217:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1667:1286
1638:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1488:ISSN
1396:ISBN
1373:PMID
1242:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1108:Word
1084:ISBN
1031:and
952:and
944:and
742:fell
716:and
688:and
651:and
563:and
245:and
238:Text
2434:doi
2407:doi
2376:. "
2316:doi
2250:doi
2040:doi
1942:doi
1819:doi
1706:doi
1679:doi
1432:doi
1363:PMC
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1281:doi
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1150:doi
1116:doi
827:to
676:'s
668:'s
639:.
555:to
541:'s
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2322:.
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2302:57
2300:.
2264:.
2256:.
2246:24
2244:.
2240:.
2165:.
2143:^
2046:.
2016:14
2014:.
2000:^
1948:.
1936:.
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