776:
fluctuating acute change in mental status with associated changes in cognition, attention, and level of consciousness. The onset of delirium can vary from minutes to hours and sometimes days. However, the course of the delirium typically lasts from a few hours to weeks, depending on the underlying cause. Delirium can also be accompanied by a shift in attention, mood swings, violent or unordinary behaviors, and hallucinations. Additionally, changes in cognition can makes situational awareness and processing new information very difficult for patients. Delirium is most common in hospitalized patients, appearing in 18-35% of patients requiring hospital admission. It is also a diagnosis which can be acquired during hospital stays, typically by elderly patients or those with risk factors of delirium. While it is a common diagnosis, delirium can increase the risk of a longer hospital stay and the risk of complications throughout the hospital stay.
788:(MCI), can be thought of as a middle ground between normal aging and major neurocognitive disorder. Unlike delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders tend to develop slowly and are characterized by a progressive memory loss which may or may not progress to major neurocognitive disorder. Studies have shown that between 5-17% of patients with mild cognitive disorder will progress to major neurocognitive disorder each year. The likelihood of developing mild neurocognitive disorder increases with age, affecting 10-20% of adults ages 65 and older. Men also seem to be at a higher risk of developing mild neurocognitive disorder. In addition to memory loss and cognitive impairment, other symptoms include
972:, antipsychotics, and other medications that help slow the progression of memory loss/behavioral symptoms are available and may help to treat the diseases. Ongoing psychotherapy and psychosocial support for patients and families are usually necessary for clear understanding and proper management of the disorder and to maintain a better quality of life for everyone involved; although older patients with major neurocognitive disorders usually require assistance with their daily activities leading to placement in long-term care homes. Speech therapy has been shown to help with language impairment, therefore improving long-term development and academic outcome.
821:(RASS), etc. The CAM has been shown to be the most commonly used tool to assess for delirium. Additionally, a meta-analysis looking at the accuracy and usefulness of the various testing methods reported that the MMSE was the most commonly used tool to evaluate major neurocognitive disorder, while the MoCA appeared to be the most useful when screening for minor neurocognitive disorder. More recent systematic reviews have demonstrated the need for further, well designed research on the Mini-Cog and MoCA for evaluating cognitive decline and the development of clinical guidelines on their use in various settings.
764:
and other psychiatric conditions that involve a cognitive component (i.e. increased lapses in memory noted by patients with depression) is that cognitive decline is the "defining characteristic" of the disorder. Additionally, the term "neurocognitive" was added because these disorders most often have alterations/disfunction in neural physiology (i.e. amyloid plaque build-up in
Alzheimer disease). The subsections include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorder, and major neurocognitive disorder.
812:, major neurocognitive disorder is characterized by significant cognitive decline and interference with independence, while mild neurocognitive disorder is characterized by moderate cognitive decline and does not interfere with independence. To be diagnosed, it must not be due to delirium or other mental disorder. They are also usually accompanied by another cognitive dysfunction. For non-reversible causes of dementia such as age, the slow decline of memory and cognition is lifelong.
47:
591:
979:
content, low in saturated fats and sugars, along with regular exercise can increase the level of brain plasticity. Other studies have shown that mental exercise such a newly developed "computerized brain training programs" can also help build and maintain targeted specific areas of the brain. These
1971:
Ullrich, Dieter; Ullrich, Katja; Marten, Magret (September 2014). "A longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy for children with significant language impairment in
Germany: Longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy".
775:
is a type of neurocognitive disorder that develops rapidly over a short period of time. Delirium may be described using many other terms, including: encephalopathy, altered mental status, altered level of consciousness, acute mental status change, and brain failure. It is described in the DSM-5 as a
763:
to the broader "Neurocognitive
Disorders." Neurocognitive disorders are described as those with "a significant impairment of cognition or memory that represents a marked deterioration from a previous level of function". The main principle distinguishing neurocognitive disorders from mood disorders
820:
There are multiple testing methods used to assess a patient's cognition and level of consciousness, including the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Montreal
Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, and Cognitive Assessment Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale
740:
Causes vary between the different types of disorders but most include damage to the memory portions of the brain. Treatments depend on how the disorder is caused. Medication and therapies are the most common treatments; however, for some types of disorders such as certain types of
947:
The overarching principle of delirium treatment is finding and treating the underlying cause. If the patient is truly experiencing delirium, their symptoms should begin improving/resolving with proper treatment of their illness, intoxication, etc. Medication such as
732:
can also have an effect on cognitive and memory functions, they are not classified under neurocognitive disorders because loss of cognitive function is not the primary (causal) symptom. Additionally, developmental disorders such as
834:
There are many causes of delirium, and many times there are multiple factors that can be contributing to delirium, particularly in the hospital setting. Common potential causes of delirium include new or worsening infections (i.e.
1692:
Fage, Bruce A; Chan, Calvin CH; Gill, Sudeep S; Noel-Storr, Anna H; Herrmann, Nathan; Smailagic, Nadja; Nikolaou, Vasilis; Seitz, Dallas P (2021-07-14). Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.).
692:
accounts for the majority of cases of neurocognitive disorders, there are various medical conditions that affect mental functions such as memory, thinking, and the ability to reason, including
984:
and can improve fluid intelligence, the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time encountered, and in young people, it can still be effective in later life.
1137:
669:). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology. The
755:
1643:
Davis, Daniel HJ; Creavin, Samuel T; Yip, Jennifer LY; Noel-Storr, Anna H; Brayne, Carol; Cullum, Sarah (2021-07-13). Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.).
1804:
621:
1014:
1461:"Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
331:
934:
is also caused by damage to the hippocampus, but the memories that were encoded or in the process of being encoded in long-term memory are erased
717:
558:
1295:
1136:
Sachdev, Perminder S.; Blacker, Deborah; Blazer, Dan G.; Ganguli, Mary; Jeste, Dilip V.; Paulsen, Jane S.; Petersen, Ronald C. (2014-11-01).
1056:
737:
typically have a genetic basis and become apparent at birth or early in life as opposed to the acquired nature of neurocognitive disorders.
1459:
Li, Jie-Qiong; Tan, Lan; Wang, Hui-Fu; Tan, Meng-Shan; Tan, Lin; Xu, Wei; Zhao, Qing-Fei; Wang, Jun; Jiang, Teng; Yu, Jin-Tai (2015).
851:), and medication/drug use (i.e. side effects of new medications, drug interactions, and use/withdrawal from recreational drugs).
614:
538:
533:
361:
759:(DSM-IV) included a section entitled "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," which was revised in
892:
563:
130:
859:
Neurocognitive disorders can have numerous causes: genetics, brain trauma, stroke, and heart issues. The main causes are
2062:
993:
808:
Mild and major neurocognitive disorders are differentiated based on the severity of their symptoms. Also still known as
573:
486:
880:
693:
607:
1789:
860:
77:
785:
701:
528:
519:
441:
261:
142:
1873:"The VITAAL Stepping Exergame Prototype for Older Adults With Major Neurocognitive Disorder: A Usability Study"
152:
120:
1871:
Swinnen N, de Bruin ED, Dumoulin C, Thalmann M, Guimarães V, De Jong J, Vandenbulcke M, Vancampfort D (2021).
872:
836:
697:
662:
553:
451:
222:
187:
172:
167:
157:
106:
66:
930:
and is caused by damage to the hippocampus part of the brain, which is a major part of the memory process.
907:
875:
because they affect or deteriorate brain functions. Other diseases and conditions that cause NCDs include
868:
864:
720:. Neurocognitive disorders are diagnosed as mild and major based on the severity of their symptoms. While
709:
705:
689:
650:
568:
501:
391:
301:
256:
232:
207:
137:
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Tsoi, Kelvin K. F.; Chan, Joyce Y. C.; Hirai, Hoyee W.; Wong, Samuel Y. S.; Kwok, Timothy C. Y. (2015).
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266:
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416:
411:
346:
286:
247:
177:
2009:"The Combined Effects of Exercise and Foods in Preventing Neurological and Cognitive Disorders"
2038:
1989:
1953:
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1763:
1724:
1674:
1625:
1581:
1539:
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1342:
1291:
1257:
1211:
1157:
1089:
1062:
1052:
884:
876:
848:
657:
including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include
595:
396:
321:
227:
212:
96:
2028:
2020:
1981:
1943:
1935:
1894:
1884:
1843:
1835:
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1573:
1529:
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1423:
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1369:
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401:
356:
341:
336:
217:
192:
197:
922:, and is characterized by damage to major memory encoding parts of the brain such as the
1428:
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1948:
1923:
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1872:
1848:
1823:
1719:
1694:
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969:
953:
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899:(AIDS). They may also include dementia due to substance abuse or exposure to toxins.
896:
888:
725:
713:
506:
466:
386:
381:
1620:
1603:
1494:
1445:
1169:
1839:
1805:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text revision
1710:
1660:
800:, loss of abstract thought, behavioral/personality changes, and impaired judgment.
491:
182:
1775:
1373:
17:
2024:
956:
can help reduce the symptoms for some cases. For alcohol or malnourished cases,
923:
406:
111:
46:
1889:
1577:
1510:"The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review"
1338:
1153:
1066:
915:
903:
306:
202:
38:
1477:
1460:
1418:
1252:
1235:
1206:
1189:
1048:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5®)
960:
supplements are recommended and for extreme cases, life-support can be used.
1985:
1525:
968:
There is no cure for neurocognitive disorder or the diseases that cause it.
957:
456:
2042:
1993:
1957:
1939:
1908:
1857:
1767:
1728:
1678:
1629:
1604:"Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
1585:
1543:
1486:
1437:
1381:
1346:
1261:
1215:
1161:
1093:
1743:
1759:
809:
772:
678:
666:
658:
481:
476:
436:
976:
919:
902:
Neurocognitive disorders may also be caused by brain trauma, including
797:
793:
789:
745:, treatments can suppress the symptoms but there is currently no cure.
742:
1046:
844:
840:
734:
1822:
Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S (April 2015).
1695:"Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting"
1402:"Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article"
760:
670:
847:
and meningitis), environmental factors (i.e. immobilization and
496:
1974:
International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
1645:"Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia"
1406:
American
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias
980:
studies have been very successful for those diagnosed with
1810:
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection
1138:"Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach"
1080:
Simpson JR (2014). "DSM-5 and neurocognitive disorders".
665:, and major neurocognitive disorder (previously known as
1400:
Jongsiriyanyong, Sukanya; Limpawattana, Panita (2018).
926:. Difficulty creating recent term memories is called
756:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
27:
Mental health condition affecting cognitive functions
1922:Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA (October 2019).
1465:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
784:Mild neurocognitive disorders, also referred to as
718:
dementia/neurocognitive issues due to HIV infection
677:, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function,
1286:Ciccarelli, Saundra K.; White, J. Noland (2014).
1229:
1227:
1225:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1321:Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017).
1240:The Journal of the American Medical Association
1194:The Journal of the American Medical Association
673:defines six key domains of cognitive function:
1924:"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review"
1508:Langa, Kenneth M.; Levine, Deborah A. (2014).
1362:The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing
1360:McGohan (2005). "Clinical Updates. Delirium".
1560:Wilber, Scott T.; Ondrejka, Jason E. (2016).
615:
8:
1824:"Exercise programs for people with dementia"
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1118:Problem-Based Behavioral Science of Medicine
895:, and dementia/neurocognitive issues due to
1566:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
622:
608:
29:
2032:
1947:
1898:
1888:
1847:
1718:
1668:
1619:
1533:
1476:
1427:
1417:
1251:
1205:
1045:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1327:Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice
843:), neurological injury/infections (i.e.
1699:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1649:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1015:"Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5"
1005:
37:
1120:. New York: Springer. pp. 367–79.
964:Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorder
855:Mild and major neurocognitive disorder
1597:
1595:
1555:
1553:
1395:
1393:
1391:
975:Studies suggest that diets with high
7:
1562:"Altered Mental Status and Delirium"
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1040:
1038:
1051:. American Psychiatric Publishing.
25:
2007:Gomez-Pinilla, Fernando (2011).
589:
45:
1748:New England Journal of Medicine
1621:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152
1840:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4
1711:10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3
1661:10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3
1:
1374:10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05
893:normal pressure hydrocephalus
804:Major Neurocognitive Disorder
332:Industrial and organizational
780:Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
753:The previous edition of the
487:Human factors and ergonomics
2025:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.023
1744:"Delirium in Older Persons"
1082:J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law
994:List of cognitive disorders
881:frontotemporal degeneration
694:frontotemporal degeneration
2079:
1828:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1742:Inouye, Sharon K. (2006).
1116:Guerrero, Anthony (2008).
861:neurodegenerative diseases
1890:10.3389/fnagi.2021.701319
1578:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012
1568:. Geriatric Emergencies.
1339:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010
1154:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181
918:. This is referred to as
786:mild cognitive impairment
702:dementia with Lewy bodies
681:, complex attention, and
262:Applied behavior analysis
1478:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095
1419:10.1177/1533317518791401
1253:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972
1207:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936
1142:Nature Reviews Neurology
837:urinary tract infections
663:neurocognitive disorders
643:neurocognitive disorders
1986:10.1111/1460-6984.12092
1526:10.1001/jama.2014.13806
908:traumatic brain injurys
651:mental health disorders
452:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
1940:10.1001/jama.2019.4782
1608:JAMA Internal Medicine
706:traumatic brain injury
653:that primarily affect
502:Psychology of religion
442:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
1790:"MayoClinic's Review"
1290:. Pearson Education.
1234:Torpy, Janet (2010).
1188:Torpy, Janet (2008).
912:post-traumatic stress
649:), are a category of
596:Psychology portal
2019:(Suppl 1): S75–S80.
1877:Front Aging Neurosci
1808:. pp. 717–719.
1760:10.1056/nejmra052321
873:Huntington's disease
698:Huntington's disease
2063:Cognitive disorders
2013:Preventive Medicine
928:anterograde amnesia
869:Parkinson's disease
865:Alzheimer's disease
730:psychotic disorders
710:Parkinson's disease
690:Alzheimer's disease
655:cognitive abilities
635:Cognitive disorders
447:Behavioral genetics
362:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
932:Retrograde amnesia
816:Diagnostic Methods
675:executive function
564:Schools of thought
402:Sport and exercise
248:Applied psychology
18:Cognition disorder
1297:978-0-205-97245-6
1058:978-0-89042-557-2
885:Lewy body disease
877:vascular dementia
849:sleep deprivation
839:, pneumonia, and
722:anxiety disorders
641:), also known as
632:
631:
529:Counseling topics
472:Consumer behavior
213:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
2070:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1919:
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1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1042:
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1032:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1013:Rosen, Allyson.
1010:
683:social cognition
624:
617:
610:
594:
593:
592:
559:Research methods
218:Psychophysiology
78:Basic psychology
49:
30:
21:
2078:
2077:
2073:
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2069:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2006:
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2001:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1934:(16): 1589–99.
1921:
1920:
1916:
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1869:
1865:
1834:(4): CD006489.
1821:
1820:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1754:(11): 1157–65.
1741:
1740:
1736:
1705:(7): CD010860.
1691:
1690:
1686:
1655:(7): CD010775.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1601:
1600:
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1559:
1558:
1551:
1520:(23): 2551–61.
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1389:
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1148:(11): 634–643.
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1101:
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1059:
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1043:
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1012:
1011:
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1002:
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970:Antidepressants
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954:benzodiazepines
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857:
832:
827:
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782:
770:
751:
749:Classifications
628:
590:
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579:
578:
554:Psychotherapies
522:
512:
511:
432:
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250:
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198:Neuropsychology
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1980:(5): 558–566.
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1471:(5): 476–484.
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1333:(3): 541–559.
1329:. Geriatrics.
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1057:
1034:
1004:
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950:antipsychotics
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143:Cross-cultural
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2014:
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1941:
1937:
1933:
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1925:
1918:
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1896:
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1833:
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1622:
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549:Psychologists
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153:Developmental
151:
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132:
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122:
118:
115:
113:
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2012:
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1977:
1973:
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1931:
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1876:
1866:
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634:
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223:Quantitative
188:Mathematical
183:Intelligence
173:Experimental
168:Evolutionary
158:Differential
1246:(7): 1972.
924:hippocampus
904:concussions
534:Disciplines
407:Suicidology
302:Educational
257:Anomalistic
233:Theoretical
208:Personality
138:Comparative
121:Cognitivism
112:Behaviorism
1883:: 701319.
1323:"Delirium"
1288:Psychology
1236:"Dementia"
1190:"Delirium"
1067:1027531237
1000:References
916:alcoholism
462:Competence
327:Humanistic
307:Ergonomics
292:Counseling
267:Assessment
203:Perception
163:Ecological
39:Psychology
1027:2 October
958:vitamin B
938:Treatment
688:Although
457:Cognition
372:Political
282:Community
117:Cognitive
67:Subfields
2057:Category
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1958:31638686
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1768:16540616
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1216:19109124
1170:20635070
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1094:24986342
988:See also
943:Delirium
863:such as
830:Delirium
810:dementia
773:Delirium
768:Delirium
679:language
667:dementia
659:delirium
569:Timeline
482:Feelings
477:Emotions
437:Behavior
431:Concepts
392:Religion
377:Positive
367:Pastoral
352:Military
317:Forensic
312:Feminist
297:Critical
287:Consumer
277:Coaching
272:Clinical
148:Cultural
87:Abnormal
2034:3258093
1949:7462122
1900:8600328
1849:9426996
1720:8278980
1670:8407452
1535:4269302
977:Omega 3
920:amnesia
798:agnosia
794:apraxia
790:aphasia
743:amnesia
708:(TBI),
661:, mild
544:Outline
417:Traffic
412:Systems
347:Medical
178:Gestalt
62:History
57:Outline
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1946:
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845:stroke
841:sepsis
825:Causes
735:autism
728:, and
716:, and
574:Topics
397:School
322:Health
228:Social
131:Social
1772:S2CID
1491:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1018:(PDF)
761:DSM-5
671:DSM-5
520:Lists
357:Music
342:Media
337:Legal
193:Moral
2039:PMID
1990:PMID
1954:PMID
1928:JAMA
1905:PMID
1854:PMID
1832:2015
1764:PMID
1725:PMID
1703:2021
1675:PMID
1653:2021
1626:PMID
1582:PMID
1540:PMID
1514:JAMA
1483:PMID
1434:PMID
1378:PMID
1343:PMID
1292:ISBN
1258:PMID
1212:PMID
1158:PMID
1090:PMID
1063:OCLC
1053:ISBN
1029:2017
914:and
906:and
647:NCDs
497:Mind
2029:PMC
2021:doi
1982:doi
1944:PMC
1936:doi
1932:322
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1885:doi
1844:PMC
1836:doi
1756:doi
1752:354
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1707:doi
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1616:doi
1612:175
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1530:PMC
1522:doi
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1424:PMC
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