33:
448:. The same principles hold true for the specification of the dorso-ventral axis – higher concentration of nuclear Dorsal protein on the ventral side of the egg specify the ventral fate, whereas absence thereof allows dorsal fates. After the nuclei are positioned in a monolayer underneath the egg membrane, the membrane begins to slowly invaginate, thus separating the nuclei into cellular compartments; during this period, the egg is called a cellular blastoderm. The
46:
439:
and Nanos. Bicoid protein is expressed in a gradient that extends from the anterior end of the early embryo, whereas Nanos protein is concentrated at the posterior end. At first, the nuclei of the early embryo rapidly and synchronously divide in the "syncytial" blastoderm and then migrate through the
440:
cytoplasm and position themselves in a monolayer around the periphery, leaving only a small number of nuclei in the center of the egg, which will become yolk nuclei. The position of the nuclei along the embryonic axes determines the relative exposure of different amounts of Bicoid, Nanos, and other
444:. Those nuclei with more Bicoid will activate genes that promote differentiation of cells into head and thorax structures. Nuclei exposed to more Nanos will activate genes responsible for differentiation of posterior regions, such as the abdomen and
468:
control genes can lead to bacteria forming "filament-like" cells with multiple chromosomes but without cellular division. These mechanisms or mistakes may lead to a similar structure to a coenocyte, though bacteria do not possess nuclei.
367:) becomes a coenocyte. Different species produce coenocytes with different numbers of nuclei before the PEC eventually begins to subdivide, with some growing to contain thousands of nuclei.
383:. A coenocyte functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally, i.e. through gap junctions. Fungal mycelia in which
690:
Lurling, M.; Beekman, W. (September 1999). "Grazer-induced defenses in scenedesmus (Chlorococcales; Chlorophyceae): coenobium and spine formation".
472:
This fact has been used in certain synthetic biology applications, for example, to create cell-derived fibers for an organically grown concrete.
1013:
964:
525:
417:(DNA replication) and sister chromatids get pulled apart and re-assembled into nuclei containing full sets of homologous chromosomes, but
481:
692:
759:
308:
In contrast to the
Cladophorales where nuclei are organized in regularly spaced cytoplasmic domains, the cytoplasm of
648:
379:(such as Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota and Neocalligomastigomycota) may contain multiple nuclei in a coenocytic
428:
is important for "syncytial" specification of cell differentiation. The egg cell cytoplasm contains localized
566:
401:
364:
342:
150:), and most coenobia are composed of a distinct number of cells, often as a multiple of two (4, 8, etc.).
717:
433:
312:
exhibits streaming, enabling transportation of organelles, transcripts and nutrients across the plant.
832:
Higham, M. T.; Bisalputra, T. (October 1970). "A further note on the surface structure of coenobium".
32:
909:
609:
545:
38:
900:
Honda, Hisao (December 1973). "Pattern formation of the coenobial algae
Pediastrum biwae Negoro".
497:
991:
960:
954:
935:
882:
814:
765:
755:
709:
625:
600:
376:
203:
is a form of a coenocyte (i.e. a plasmodium in the general sense) as well as the plasmodia of
153:
Research suggests that coenobium formation may be a defense against grazing in some species.
925:
917:
872:
841:
804:
796:
747:
701:
617:
561:
453:
65:
288:, the entire thallus is a single multinucleate cell, which can be many meters across (e.g.
667:
541:
913:
613:
1008:
809:
784:
662:
513:
316:
233:
104:
751:
1002:
921:
598:
Daubenmire, R. F. (1936). "The Use of the Terms
Coenocyte and Syncytium in Biology".
436:
410:
298:
249:
237:
204:
120:
101:
324:
309:
285:
281:
270:
212:
186:
182:
135:
108:
705:
248:
Coenocytic cells are present in diverse and unrelated groups of algae, including
800:
721:
621:
418:
405:, lay eggs that initially develop as "syncytial" blastoderms, i.e. early on the
320:
265:
223:
197:
112:
738:
Mine, I.; Menzel, D.; Okuda, K. (2008). "Morphogenesis in giant-celled algae".
465:
445:
441:
328:
278:
166:
131:
127:
713:
508:
502:
571:
493:
449:
356:
257:
116:
50:
45:
818:
769:
629:
319:
also contain several common freshwater species that are coenocytic, namely
939:
886:
17:
576:
421:
does not occur. Thus, the nuclei multiply in a common cytoplasmic space.
380:
290:
227:
200:
193:
119:, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the
930:
414:
302:
216:
178:
171:
877:
860:
785:"Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant Kingdom"
700:(5). United Kingdom, Lawrence: Allen Press Publishing Services: 368.
533:
406:
388:
360:
294:). However, in some cases, crosswalls may occur during reproduction.
124:
845:
384:
208:
44:
31:
861:"Ultrastructure and Differentiation of Hydrodictyon reticulatum"
529:
429:
74:
301:
is characterized by siphonocladous organization, i.e., the
236:
are giant cells with numerous nuclei, and is common on the
89:
80:
645:
742:. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology.
424:
The early embryo "syncytium" of invertebrates such as
86:
83:
77:
71:
29:
Type of cell structure in several groups of organisms
92:
68:
532:, which in scientific English usually sounds like
552:," which might seem irregular at first glance.
464:Certain mutations and the activation of certain
363:begins to grow when one fertilized cell (the
8:
859:Marchant, J.; Pickett-Heaps, J. D. (1970).
789:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
733:
731:
138:. A coenocytic colony is referred to as a
929:
876:
808:
544:; this explains how there is a degree of
456:– are the first cells to separate fully.
399:Many insects, such as the model organism
391:are known as "aseptate" or "coenocytic".
432:molecules such as those that encode the
590:
548:in "how one gets a "see-no" sound from
305:are composed of many coenocytic cells.
123:inside the mass. The word syncytium in
181:have cells that contain two nuclei: a
7:
482:international scientific vocabulary
143:
130:is used to refer to the coenocytic
25:
64:
783:Umen, J. G. (16 October 2014).
536:and usually shifts a preceding
268:(e.g., the internodal cells of
107:which can result from multiple
902:Journal of Theoretical Biology
668:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
1014:Fungal morphology and anatomy
752:10.1016/S1937-6448(07)66002-X
706:10.2216/i0031-8884-38-5-368.1
922:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90241-5
230:(Dinoflagellata) parasites.
801:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170
622:10.1126/science.84.2189.533
524:) = "box, i.e. cell"). The
111:without their accompanying
54:, showing a coenocytic body
1030:
956:Flowering Plant Embryology
834:Canadian Journal of Botany
649:Cambridge University Press
335:Myxogastrids (slime molds)
740:Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol
395:Metazoans: invertebrates
643:Willmer, P. G. (1990).
567:Plasmodium (life cycle)
512:, are based on ancient
484:, English got the word
402:Drosophila melanogaster
343:Plasmodium (life cycle)
959:. Wiley. p. 153.
953:Lersten, N.R. (2008).
520:) = "common" + κύτος (
365:primary endosperm cell
297:The green algal order
157:Physiological examples
55:
42:
460:Pathological examples
434:transcription factors
413:. The nuclei undergo
48:
35:
39:Sphaeroforma arctica
914:1973JThBi..42..461H
614:1936Sci....84..533D
409:exhibit incomplete
175:, have two nuclei.
115:, in contrast to a
865:Aust. J. Biol. Sci
56:
43:
992:"無節藻の生物学と多核細胞研究会"
966:978-0-470-75267-8
878:10.1071/BI9701173
840:(10): 1839–1841.
671:. Merriam-Webster
377:filamentous fungi
277:In the siphonous
109:nuclear divisions
16:(Redirected from
1021:
995:
978:
977:
975:
973:
950:
944:
943:
933:
897:
891:
890:
880:
871:(6): 1173–1186.
856:
850:
849:
829:
823:
822:
812:
780:
774:
773:
735:
726:
725:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
659:
653:
652:
640:
634:
633:
608:(2189): 533–34.
595:
562:Colony (biology)
145:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
21:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1018:
999:
998:
990:
987:
982:
981:
971:
969:
967:
952:
951:
947:
899:
898:
894:
858:
857:
853:
846:10.1139/b70-269
831:
830:
826:
795:(11): a016170.
782:
781:
777:
762:
737:
736:
729:
689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
661:
660:
656:
642:
641:
637:
597:
596:
592:
587:
558:
498:combining forms
496:, in which its
478:
462:
452:– the germline
397:
373:
353:
337:
246:
164:
159:
67:
63:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
986:
985:External links
983:
980:
979:
965:
945:
908:(3): 461–481.
892:
851:
824:
775:
760:
727:
682:
654:
635:
589:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
569:
564:
557:
554:
526:stressed vowel
477:
474:
461:
458:
396:
393:
372:
369:
352:
349:
348:
347:
336:
333:
317:Sphaeropleales
245:
242:
238:abyssal plains
234:Xenophyophorea
205:microsporidian
163:
160:
158:
155:
121:cell membranes
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
993:
989:
988:
984:
968:
962:
958:
957:
949:
946:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
893:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
820:
816:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
776:
771:
767:
763:
761:9780123743725
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
686:
683:
670:
669:
664:
658:
655:
650:
647:. Cambridge:
646:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
594:
591:
584:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:As with much
475:
473:
470:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:cell division
408:
404:
403:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
344:
339:
338:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
299:Cladophorales
295:
293:
292:
287:
283:
280:
275:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Xanthophyceae
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
220:
219:) parasites.
218:
214:
213:myxosporidian
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
173:
168:
161:
156:
154:
151:
149:
141:
137:
136:invertebrates
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:multinucleate
97:
61:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:Coenocyte of
34:
27:
19:
970:. Retrieved
955:
948:
905:
901:
895:
868:
864:
854:
837:
833:
827:
792:
788:
778:
743:
739:
697:
691:
685:
673:. Retrieved
666:
657:
644:
638:
605:
599:
593:
549:
537:
521:
517:
507:
501:
489:
485:
479:
471:
463:
425:
423:
400:
398:
374:
354:
340:
325:Hydrodictyon
314:
310:Bryopsidales
307:
296:
289:
286:Dasycladales
282:Bryopsidales
276:
269:
261:
253:
247:
232:
221:
198:apicomplexan
191:
187:micronucleus
183:macronucleus
177:
170:
165:
152:
147:
139:
59:
57:
49:
37:
26:
931:2433/220120
663:"coenobium"
419:cytokinesis
321:Scenedesmus
279:green algae
266:green algae
262:Griffithsia
167:Diplomonads
113:cytokinesis
1003:Categories
693:Phycologia
585:References
546:regularity
516:: κοινός (
466:cell-cycle
450:pole cells
446:germ cells
442:morphogens
426:Drosophila
329:Pediastrum
132:blastoderm
128:embryology
18:Coenocytic
746:: 37–83.
722:198599556
714:0031-8884
572:Syncytium
494:Neo-Latin
486:coenocyte
476:Etymology
357:endosperm
284:and some
258:red algae
254:Vaucheria
228:syndinean
201:parasites
140:coenobium
117:syncytium
60:coenocyte
51:Botrydium
972:14 March
819:25324214
770:18544492
718:ProQuest
630:17806555
577:Dikaryon
556:See also
490:cœnocyte
381:mycelium
291:Caulerpa
224:trophont
194:schizont
179:Ciliates
162:Protists
148:coenobia
940:4766748
910:Bibcode
887:5496220
810:4413236
675:6 April
610:Bibcode
601:Science
492:) from
415:S-phase
407:embryos
260:(e.g.,
252:(e.g.,
217:Metazoa
172:Giardia
169:, like
100:) is a
963:
938:
885:
817:
807:
768:
758:
720:
712:
628:
550:coeno-
540:to be
534:long e
518:koinós
503:coeno-
454:anlage
437:Bicoid
385:hyphae
361:plants
351:Plants
327:, and
303:thalli
264:) and
211:) and
185:and a
125:animal
1009:Cells
522:kýtos
514:Greek
509:-cyte
389:septa
387:lack
375:Some
371:Fungi
271:Chara
244:Algae
209:Fungi
974:2016
961:ISBN
936:PMID
883:PMID
815:PMID
766:PMID
756:ISBN
710:ISSN
677:2019
626:PMID
542:soft
430:mRNA
355:The
341:See
315:The
222:The
192:The
105:cell
926:hdl
918:doi
873:doi
842:doi
805:PMC
797:doi
748:doi
744:266
702:doi
618:doi
528:is
359:in
274:).
256:),
226:of
196:of
144:pl.
134:of
1005::
934:.
924:.
916:.
906:42
904:.
881:.
869:23
867:.
863:.
838:48
836:.
813:.
803:.
791:.
787:.
764:.
754:.
730:^
716:.
708:.
698:38
696:.
665:.
624:.
616:.
606:84
604:.
506:+
500:,
331:.
323:,
240:.
189:.
146::
90:aɪ
75:iː
58:A
994:.
976:.
942:.
928::
920::
912::
889:.
875::
848:.
844::
821:.
799::
793:6
772:.
750::
724:.
704::
679:.
651:.
632:.
620::
612::
538:c
530:œ
488:(
345:.
215:(
207:(
142:(
96:/
93:t
87:s
84:ˌ
81:ə
78:n
72:s
69:ˈ
66:/
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
