76:
receives the same allele from its father's side and mother's side. As every individual has a 50% chance of passing on an allele to the next generation, the formula depends on 0.5 raised to the power of however many generations separate the individual from the common ancestor of its parents, on both the father's side and mother's side. This number of generations can be calculated by counting how many individuals lie in the loop defined earlier. Thus, the coefficient of inbreeding (f) of an individual X can be calculated with the following formula:
208:
75:
through one parent and back down to the other parent, without going through any individual twice. The number of loops is always the number of common ancestors the parents have. If an individual is inbred, the coefficient of inbreeding is calculated by summing all the probabilities that an individual
223:
through one parent and back down to the other parent without going through the same individual twice. There are only two such loops in this chart, as there are only 2 common ancestors of C and F. The loops are G - C - A - D - F and G - C - B - D - F, both of which have 5 members.
54:
of the two parents. A higher COI will make the traits of the offspring more predictable, but also increases the risk of health issues. In dog breeding, it is recommended to keep the COI less than 5%; however, in some breeds this may not be possible without
360:
150:
1186:
776:
258:
199:
733:
170:
369:
between the parents. This can be verified in the previous example, as 12.5% is one-half of 25%, the coefficient of relationship between an uncle and a niece.
1370:
1181:
1176:
1026:
884:
705:
Schonewald-Cox, C.M., S.M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas (eds.). 1983. Genetics and
Conservation. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif.
781:
263:
1166:
81:
1112:
684:
726:
1235:
1059:
821:
826:
365:
If the parents of an individual are not inbred themselves, the coefficient of inbreeding of the individual is one-half the
1245:
756:
1490:
1475:
1209:
719:
1299:
801:
576:
366:
20:
1129:
922:
1439:
1240:
1146:
974:
586:
1107:
786:
1375:
1267:
1092:
771:
1420:
1385:
1304:
1013:
907:
902:
806:
1250:
1124:
1097:
1052:
859:
1230:
1087:
1003:
879:
766:
742:
1470:
1314:
1257:
1158:
993:
989:
849:
1415:
219:
of F. To find the coefficient of inbreeding of G, first locate a loop that leads from G to the
1480:
1309:
1082:
984:
979:
917:
844:
836:
811:
230:
1214:
943:
854:
619:
47:
177:
1485:
1405:
1400:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1319:
1102:
1045:
761:
220:
72:
51:
1380:
1008:
998:
912:
791:
591:
155:
68:
1464:
1410:
1203:
1171:
1135:
1119:
948:
938:
894:
559:
1449:
1262:
964:
816:
581:
227:
Because the common ancestors of the parents (A and B) are not inbred themselves,
1390:
1141:
207:
56:
39:
1444:
1395:
35:
215:
In this pedigree chart, G is the progeny of C and F, and C is the biological
969:
1272:
201:
is the coefficient of inbreeding of the common ancestor of X's parents.
563:
43:
711:
614:
Wright, Sewall (1922), "Coefficients of
Inbreeding and Relationship",
378:
Coefficients of inbreeding for repeated generations of sibling mating
355:{\displaystyle f_{G}=\sum 0.5^{5-1}\cdot (1+0)=0.5^{4}+0.5^{4}=12.5\%}
1196:
1068:
71:. A loop is defined as a path that runs from an individual up to the
624:
558: At this point the individuals are considered to be part of an
216:
206:
211:
G is the progeny of C and F, and C is the biological uncle of F.
1041:
715:
260:. Therefore the coefficient of inbreeding of individual G is
67:
An individual is said to be inbred if there is a loop in its
640:
Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics
562:, and each individual can effectively be considered to be
1037:
172:
is the number of individuals in the aforementioned loop,
685:"COI FAQS: Understanding the Coefficient of Inbreeding"
266:
233:
204:
To give an example, consider the following pedigree.
180:
158:
84:
1432:
1363:
1328:
1288:
1281:
1223:
1157:
1075:
957:
931:
893:
868:
835:
749:
145:{\displaystyle f_{X}=\sum 0.5^{n-1}\cdot (1+f_{A})}
354:
252:
193:
164:
144:
50:in an individual are identical by descent from a
1053:
727:
8:
653:Charlesworth, Deborah (2005), "Inbreeding",
609:
607:
1285:
1060:
1046:
1038:
734:
720:
712:
38:an individual is. Specifically, it is the
623:
337:
324:
287:
271:
265:
238:
232:
185:
179:
157:
133:
105:
89:
83:
1371:2019 South Wales paternal sex abuse case
376:
668:Falconer, D.S.; Mackay, T.F.C. (1996),
603:
1027:Index of evolutionary biology articles
670:Introduction to Quantitative Genetics
7:
1167:Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code
373:Table of coefficients of inbreeding
16:Mathematical estimate of inbreeding
618:, vol. 56, pp. 330â338,
349:
14:
687:. The Institute of Canine Biology
827:Constructive neutral evolution
683:Carol Beuchat (June 4, 2015).
386:Coefficient of inbreeding (f)
314:
302:
139:
120:
1:
655:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
1210:Prohibited degree of kinship
777:Fisher's fundamental theorem
34:) is a number measuring how
802:Coefficient of relationship
657:, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
642:, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
577:Coefficient of relationship
367:coefficient of relationship
21:Coefficient of relationship
1509:
1130:Parallel and cross cousins
554:
18:
1440:Genetic sexual attraction
1296:Coefficient of inbreeding
1022:
797:Coefficient of inbreeding
638:Redei, George P. (2004),
28:coefficient of inbreeding
975:Evolutionary game theory
757:HardyâWeinberg principle
587:Hardy-Weinberg principle
19:Not to be confused with
787:Shifting balance theory
616:The American Naturalist
253:{\displaystyle f_{A}=0}
1268:Jewish views on incest
1093:Child incestuous abuse
772:Linkage disequilibrium
356:
254:
212:
195:
166:
146:
1421:Sheffield incest case
1386:Colt clan incest case
1305:Inbreeding depression
1014:Quantitative genetics
923:BaldingâNichols model
908:Population bottleneck
903:Small population size
807:Selection coefficient
672:(4 ed.), Longman
357:
255:
210:
196:
194:{\displaystyle f_{A}}
167:
147:
1182:cousin marriage laws
1177:In the United States
1125:Incest between twins
1098:Consanguine marriage
885:Background selection
872:on genomic variation
870:Effects of selection
822:Population structure
264:
231:
178:
156:
82:
1491:Population genetics
1476:Kinship and descent
1376:Ălvarez incest case
1246:film and television
1088:Avunculate marriage
1004:Population genomics
880:Genetic hitchhiking
767:Identity by descent
743:Population genetics
379:
1315:Westermarck effect
1113:in the Middle East
990:Landscape genetics
377:
352:
250:
213:
191:
162:
142:
1458:
1457:
1359:
1358:
1310:Pedigree collapse
1083:Accidental incest
1035:
1034:
985:Genetic genealogy
980:Fitness landscape
550:
549:
165:{\displaystyle n}
1498:
1425:Whittaker family
1286:
1215:Ten Abominations
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
944:J. B. S. Haldane
736:
729:
722:
713:
706:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
680:
674:
673:
665:
659:
658:
650:
644:
643:
635:
629:
628:
627:
611:
567:
380:
361:
359:
358:
353:
342:
341:
329:
328:
298:
297:
276:
275:
259:
257:
256:
251:
243:
242:
200:
198:
197:
192:
190:
189:
171:
169:
168:
163:
151:
149:
148:
143:
138:
137:
116:
115:
94:
93:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1428:
1416:Patrick StĂźbing
1406:Moe incest case
1401:Maria Ersdotter
1355:
1351:Phaedra complex
1346:Oedipus complex
1341:Jocasta complex
1336:Electra complex
1324:
1320:Kin recognition
1277:
1241:Popular culture
1219:
1153:
1103:Cousin marriage
1071:
1066:
1036:
1031:
1018:
953:
927:
889:
873:
871:
864:
831:
762:Genetic linkage
745:
740:
710:
709:
704:
700:
690:
688:
682:
681:
677:
667:
666:
662:
652:
651:
647:
637:
636:
632:
613:
612:
605:
600:
573:
552:
375:
333:
320:
283:
267:
262:
261:
234:
229:
228:
221:common ancestor
181:
176:
175:
173:
154:
153:
129:
101:
85:
80:
79:
73:common ancestor
65:
52:common ancestor
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Armando Lucero
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1009:Phylogeography
1006:
1001:
999:Microevolution
996:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
959:
958:Related topics
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
913:Founder effect
910:
905:
899:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
882:
876:
874:
869:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
792:Price equation
789:
784:
782:Neutral theory
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
739:
738:
731:
724:
716:
708:
707:
698:
675:
660:
645:
630:
625:10.1086/279872
602:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
592:QST_(genetics)
589:
584:
579:
572:
569:
548:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
388:
387:
384:
374:
371:
351:
348:
345:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
296:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
274:
270:
249:
246:
241:
237:
188:
184:
161:
141:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
92:
88:
69:pedigree chart
64:
61:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Mongelli case
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1204:Muth v. Frank
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Consanguinity
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1136:Snokhachestvo
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Covert incest
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:notable cases
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
949:Sewall Wright
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
896:
895:Genetic drift
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
748:
744:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
717:
714:
702:
699:
686:
679:
676:
671:
664:
661:
656:
649:
646:
641:
634:
631:
626:
621:
617:
610:
608:
604:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
561:
560:inbred strain
557:
556:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
437:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
372:
370:
368:
363:
346:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
311:
308:
305:
299:
294:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:
272:
268:
247:
244:
239:
235:
225:
222:
218:
209:
205:
202:
186:
182:
159:
134:
130:
126:
123:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
90:
86:
77:
74:
70:
62:
60:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1450:Motherfucker
1300:relationship
1295:
1263:Incest taboo
1231:In the Bible
1202:
1195:
1134:
965:Biogeography
939:R. A. Fisher
817:Heritability
796:
750:Key concepts
701:
689:. Retrieved
678:
669:
663:
654:
648:
639:
633:
615:
582:F-statistics
553:
551:
364:
226:
214:
203:
78:
66:
31:
27:
25:
1391:Fritzl case
1258:Pornography
1236:In folklore
1187:court cases
1142:Adelphogamy
918:Coalescence
383:Generations
63:Calculation
57:outcrossing
40:probability
1465:Categories
1445:Inbreeding
1396:Goler clan
1329:Psychology
1251:literature
860:Ecological
850:Artificial
598:References
1471:Genealogy
970:Evolution
837:Selection
546:98.6335%
538:98.3109%
530:97.9122%
522:97.4194%
514:96.8102%
506:96.0571%
498:95.1263%
490:93.9758%
482:92.5537%
474:90.7959%
458:85.9375%
450:82.6172%
442:78.5156%
434:73.4375%
426:67.1875%
350:%
300:⋅
292:−
281:∑
118:⋅
110:−
99:∑
42:that two
1481:Breeding
1273:Xwedodah
1159:Legality
994:genomics
932:Founders
571:See also
466:88.623%
418:59.375%
1433:Related
1289:Science
1224:Culture
845:Natural
812:Fitness
46:at any
44:alleles
1486:Incest
1282:Theory
1197:Mahram
1069:Incest
855:Sexual
691:Feb 5,
564:clones
402:37.5%
152:where
36:inbred
1364:Cases
1076:Types
217:uncle
48:locus
1298:and
1147:list
992:and
693:2024
410:50%
394:25%
347:12.5
174:and
26:The
620:doi
362:.
335:0.5
322:0.5
285:0.5
103:0.5
59:.
32:COI
1467::
606:^
555:^A
543:20
535:19
527:18
519:17
511:16
503:15
495:14
487:13
479:12
471:11
463:10
1061:e
1054:t
1047:v
735:e
728:t
721:v
695:.
622::
566:.
455:9
447:8
439:7
431:6
423:5
415:4
407:3
399:2
391:1
344:=
339:4
331:+
326:4
318:=
315:)
312:0
309:+
306:1
303:(
295:1
289:5
278:=
273:G
269:f
248:0
245:=
240:A
236:f
187:A
183:f
160:n
140:)
135:A
131:f
127:+
124:1
121:(
113:1
107:n
96:=
91:X
87:f
30:(
23:.
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