377:
189:
266:
107:
is calculated by finding the variance of a quantitative trait within and among subpopulations, and for the total population. Variance of a quantitative trait among populations (σ
587:, Marchini et al. found divergence between native and invasive populations during initial establishment in the invaded range, but minimal divergence during
283:
968:
Leinonen T, McCairns RJ, O'Hara RB, Merilä J (March 2013). "Q(ST)-F(ST) comparisons: evolutionary and ecological insights from genomic heterogeneity".
442:, this is interpreted as evidence of divergent selection, because it indicates more differentiation in the trait than could be produced solely by
581:
values in many populations, suggesting local adaptation for cold-adapted characteristics. During an assessment of the invasive species,
780:
533:, weighting the genetic contributions of each population can increase detection of adaptation. In order to improve precision of Q
116:
514:
1337:"Potential adaptive divergence between subspecies and populations of snapdragon plants inferred from Q ST – F ST comparisons"
1255:"Comparison of genetic differentiation at marker loci and quantitative traits: Natural selection and genetic differentiation"
202:
1011:
Pujol B, Wilson AJ, Ross RI, Pannell JR (November 2008). "Are Q(ST)-F(ST) comparisons for natural populations meaningful?".
525:
ratios. Stepping stone models, which can generate more evolutionary noise than island models, are more likely to experience
850:
391:
1402:
1407:
526:
625:
values for traits associated with altitude adaptation: plant height, number of branches, and internode length.
395:
1335:
Marin, Sara; Gibert, Anaïs; Archambeau, Juliette; Bonhomme, Vincent; Lascoste, Mylène; Pujol, Benoit (2020).
1397:
583:
588:
493:
must be calculated with neutral loci, however over filtering of non-neutral loci can artificially reduce F
399:
656:
651:
427:
17:
95:
represents the proportion of variance among subpopulations, and is it’s calculation is synonymous to F
502:
661:
566:
455:
60:
1276:
1186:
1157:"Selective differentiation during the colonization and establishment of a newly invasive species"
1085:
1036:
993:
947:
885:
32:
1374:
1356:
1317:
1235:
1178:
1134:
1077:
1028:
985:
939:
910:"Common garden experiments to study local adaptation need to account for population structure"
877:
828:
760:
719:
666:
593:
554:
477:
is subject to multiple ecological and evolutionary assumptions, and since the development of Q
1364:
1348:
1307:
1266:
1225:
1217:
1168:
1124:
1116:
1067:
1020:
977:
929:
921:
869:
820:
789:
750:
709:
701:
574:
530:
426:
analyses often involve culturing organisms in consistent environmental conditions, known as
28:
778:
McKay JK, Latta RG (June 2002). "Adaptive population divergence: markers, QTL and traits".
1056:"Comparative studies of quantitative trait and neutral marker divergence: a meta-analysis"
909:
855:
framework in hierarchically structured populations: Impacts of inbreeding and dominance"
1369:
1336:
1230:
1205:
1129:
1104:
824:
714:
689:
40:
793:
690:"Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation"
1391:
1271:
1254:
1072:
1055:
1024:
951:
889:
808:
755:
738:
443:
372:{\displaystyle Q_{ST}={\frac {\sigma _{GB}^{2}}{\sigma _{GB}^{2}+2\sigma _{GW}^{2}}}}
100:
44:
1280:
1190:
1040:
1089:
997:
646:
1296:"Ecological genetics and seed transfer guidelines for Pinus albicaulis (Pinaceae)"
466:
are equivalent, the observed trait differentiation could be due to genetic drift.
705:
1221:
1120:
606:
1360:
943:
925:
873:
431:
59:
of neutral loci to test if variation in a quantitative trait is a result of
1378:
1321:
1295:
1239:
1182:
1138:
1081:
1032:
989:
881:
832:
764:
723:
1312:
934:
481:, multiple studies have examined the limitations and constrictions of Q
402:
are not present, and the subpopulations exist within an island model.
1352:
1173:
1156:
981:
537:
analyses, more populations (>20) should be included in analyses.
505:, resulting in conservative estimates of divergent selection when Q
1206:"Bias and precision in QST estimates: problems and some solutions"
35:. It was developed by Ken Spitze in 1993. Its name reflects that Q
849:
Cubry P, Scotti I, Oddou-Muratorio S, Lefèvre F (November 2017).
509:
is high, and inconclusive results of balancing selection when Q
274:
is the total genetic variance in all populations. Therefore, Q
193:
And the variance of a quantitative trait within populations (σ
529:. If a subset of populations act as sources, such as during
605:
analyses revealed different adaptation trends between two
390:
is subject to several assumptions: populations must be in
184:{\displaystyle \sigma _{GB}^{2}=(1-Q_{ST})\sigma _{T}^{2}}
1054:
Leinonen T, O'Hara RB, Cano JM, Merilä J (January 2008).
261:{\displaystyle \sigma _{GW}^{2}=2Q_{ST}\sigma _{T}^{2}}
1155:
Marchini GL, Arredondo TM, Cruzan MB (November 2018).
903:
901:
899:
573:
to evaluate suitable populations for seed transfer of
103:. However, instead of using genetic differentiation, Q
286:
205:
119:
908:de Villemereuil P, Gaggiotti OE, Goudet J (2022).
617:). While both subspecies occur at all elevations,
371:
260:
183:
27:is a statistic intended to measure the degree of
1103:Miller JR, Wood BP, Hamilton MB (October 2008).
963:
961:
278:can be calculated with the following equation:
591:. In an examination of the common snapdragon (
683:
681:
458:is expected to be present. If the values of Q
394:, observed variation is assumed to be due to
8:
844:
842:
1294:Bower, Andrew D.; Aitken, Sally N. (2008).
1368:
1311:
1270:
1229:
1172:
1128:
1071:
933:
754:
713:
360:
352:
336:
328:
317:
309:
303:
291:
285:
252:
247:
234:
218:
210:
204:
175:
170:
154:
132:
124:
118:
677:
63:or genetic drift, an analysis known as
809:"The Genetic Structure of Populations"
1204:O'Hara RB, Merilä J (November 2005).
1150:
1148:
565:, indicating local adaptation. In an
7:
549:Multiple studies have incorporated Q
39:was intended to be analogous to the
31:among populations with regard to a
1105:"F(ST) and Q(ST) under neutrality"
825:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x
434:variance to genetic variance. If Q
14:
1253:Merilä, J.; Crnokrak, P. (2001).
781:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
739:"Evolutionary inference from QST"
489:analyses. Leinonen et al. notes F
1272:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00348.x
1073:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01445.x
1025:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03958.x
756:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03712.x
597:) along an elevation gradient, Q
1259:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1161:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1060:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
637:values for germination time.
569:study, Bower and Aitken used Q
501:is reduced in the presence of
163:
141:
1:
794:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02478-3
561:is often observed to exceed F
497:values. Cubry et al. found Q
1222:10.1534/genetics.105.044545
1121:10.1534/genetics.108.092031
862:Molecular Ecology Resources
1424:
1300:American Journal of Botany
737:Whitlock MC (April 2008).
706:10.1093/genetics/135.2.367
545:applications in literature
517:can significantly impact Q
392:Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
688:Spitze K (October 1993).
428:common garden experiments
970:Nature Reviews. Genetics
851:"Generalization of the Q
557:and genetic drift, and Q
469:Suitable comparison of Q
396:additive genetic effects
55:is often compared with F
926:10.1111/1365-2745.13528
874:10.1111/1755-0998.12693
584:Brachypodium sylvaticum
553:to separate effects of
29:genetic differentiation
567:ecological restoration
513:is low. Additionally,
400:linkage disequilibrium
373:
262:
185:
657:Conservation genetics
652:Quantitative genetics
374:
263:
186:
18:quantitative genetics
515:population structure
438:is found to exceed F
430:, and comparing the
398:only, selection and
284:
203:
117:
1403:Population genetics
1313:10.3732/ajb.95.1.66
662:Divergent selection
577:. They found high Q
456:balancing selection
365:
341:
322:
257:
223:
197:) is described as:
180:
137:
111:) is described as:
61:divergent selection
914:Journal of Ecology
813:Annals of Eugenics
369:
348:
324:
305:
258:
243:
206:
181:
166:
120:
33:quantitative trait
1408:Statistical tests
1353:10.1111/mec.15546
1347:(16): 3010–3021.
1341:Molecular Ecology
1174:10.1111/jeb.13369
1167:(11): 1689–1703.
1019:(22): 4782–4785.
1013:Molecular Ecology
807:Wright S (1949).
743:Molecular Ecology
667:Genetic diversity
627:A. m. pseudomajus
611:A. m. pseudomajus
594:Antirrhinum majus
555:natural selection
367:
1415:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1216:(3): 1331–1339.
1201:
1195:
1194:
1176:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1115:(2): 1023–1037.
1100:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1008:
1002:
1001:
965:
956:
955:
937:
920:(5): 1005–1009.
905:
894:
893:
859:
846:
837:
836:
804:
798:
797:
775:
769:
768:
758:
749:(8): 1885–1896.
734:
728:
727:
717:
685:
386:Calculation of Q
378:
376:
375:
370:
368:
366:
364:
359:
340:
335:
321:
316:
304:
299:
298:
267:
265:
264:
259:
256:
251:
242:
241:
222:
217:
190:
188:
187:
182:
179:
174:
162:
161:
136:
131:
79:Calculation of Q
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1010:
1009:
1005:
982:10.1038/nrg3395
967:
966:
959:
907:
906:
897:
857:
854:
848:
847:
840:
806:
805:
801:
777:
776:
772:
736:
735:
731:
687:
686:
679:
675:
643:
636:
632:
624:
604:
600:
589:range expansion
580:
572:
564:
560:
552:
547:
544:
536:
524:
520:
512:
508:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
461:
453:
449:
441:
437:
425:
421:
416:
413:
409:
389:
384:
323:
287:
282:
281:
277:
273:
230:
201:
200:
196:
150:
115:
114:
110:
106:
98:
94:
89:
84:
82:
72:
68:
58:
54:
50:
38:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Genetics terms
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1327:
1286:
1265:(6): 892–903.
1245:
1196:
1144:
1095:
1046:
1003:
976:(3): 179–190.
957:
895:
868:(6): e76–e83.
852:
838:
819:(4): 323–354.
799:
788:(6): 285–291.
770:
729:
700:(2): 367–374.
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
622:
619:A. m. striatum
615:A. m. striatum
602:
598:
578:
575:whitebark pine
570:
562:
558:
550:
546:
542:
539:
534:
522:
518:
510:
506:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
451:
450:is less than F
447:
439:
435:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
387:
383:
380:
363:
358:
355:
351:
347:
344:
339:
334:
331:
327:
320:
315:
312:
308:
302:
297:
294:
290:
275:
271:
255:
250:
246:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
221:
216:
213:
209:
194:
178:
173:
169:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
140:
135:
130:
127:
123:
108:
104:
96:
92:
88:
85:
83:
80:
77:
70:
66:
56:
52:
48:
41:fixation index
36:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
774:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
733:
730:
725:
721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
628:
620:
616:
612:
608:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
576:
568:
556:
540:
538:
532:
528:
527:type 1 errors
516:
504:
467:
457:
445:
444:genetic drift
433:
429:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
381:
379:
361:
356:
353:
349:
345:
342:
337:
332:
329:
325:
318:
313:
310:
306:
300:
295:
292:
288:
279:
268:
253:
248:
244:
238:
235:
231:
227:
224:
219:
214:
211:
207:
198:
191:
176:
171:
167:
158:
155:
151:
147:
144:
138:
133:
128:
125:
121:
112:
102:
101:Sewall Wright
99:developed by
86:
78:
76:
74:
62:
46:
45:genetic locus
43:for a single
42:
34:
30:
26:
19:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1306:(1): 66–76.
1303:
1299:
1289:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1164:
1160:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1016:
1012:
1006:
973:
969:
917:
913:
865:
861:
816:
812:
802:
785:
779:
773:
746:
742:
732:
697:
693:
647:F-statistics
626:
618:
614:
610:
592:
582:
548:
468:
417:
385:
280:
269:
199:
192:
113:
90:
64:
21:
15:
1066:(1): 1–17.
935:10023/24327
629:had lower Q
414:comparisons
382:Assumptions
73:comparisons
1392:Categories
673:References
621:had high Q
607:subspecies
432:phenotypic
1361:0962-1083
952:225136876
944:0022-0477
890:206947951
503:dominance
350:σ
326:σ
307:σ
245:σ
208:σ
168:σ
148:−
122:σ
87:Equations
1379:32652730
1322:21632316
1281:83979407
1240:16085700
1210:Genetics
1191:52031406
1183:30120791
1139:18780742
1109:Genetics
1082:18028355
1041:11707577
1033:19140971
990:23381120
882:28681534
833:24540312
765:18363667
694:Genetics
641:See also
531:invasion
1370:7540467
1231:1456852
1130:2567353
1090:1037769
998:6312222
724:8244001
715:1205642
270:Where σ
1377:
1367:
1359:
1320:
1279:
1238:
1228:
1189:
1181:
1137:
1127:
1088:
1080:
1039:
1031:
996:
988:
950:
942:
888:
880:
831:
763:
722:
712:
633:than F
446:. If Q
1277:S2CID
1187:S2CID
1086:S2CID
1037:S2CID
994:S2CID
948:S2CID
886:S2CID
858:(PDF)
473:and F
462:and F
1375:PMID
1357:ISSN
1318:PMID
1236:PMID
1179:PMID
1135:PMID
1078:PMID
1029:PMID
986:PMID
940:ISSN
878:PMID
829:PMID
761:PMID
720:PMID
613:and
51:). Q
1365:PMC
1349:doi
1308:doi
1267:doi
1226:PMC
1218:doi
1214:171
1169:doi
1125:PMC
1117:doi
1113:180
1068:doi
1021:doi
978:doi
930:hdl
922:doi
918:110
870:doi
821:doi
790:doi
751:doi
710:PMC
702:doi
698:135
16:In
1394::
1373:.
1363:.
1355:.
1345:29
1343:.
1339:.
1316:.
1304:95
1302:.
1298:.
1275:.
1263:14
1261:.
1257:.
1234:.
1224:.
1212:.
1208:.
1185:.
1177:.
1165:31
1163:.
1159:.
1147:^
1133:.
1123:.
1111:.
1107:.
1084:.
1076:.
1064:21
1062:.
1058:.
1035:.
1027:.
1017:17
1015:.
992:.
984:.
974:14
972:.
960:^
946:.
938:.
928:.
916:.
912:.
898:^
884:.
876:.
866:17
864:.
860:.
853:ST
841:^
827:.
817:15
815:.
811:.
786:17
784:.
759:.
747:17
745:.
741:.
718:.
708:.
696:.
692:.
680:^
635:ST
631:ST
623:ST
603:ST
601:-F
599:ST
579:ST
571:ST
563:ST
559:ST
551:ST
543:ST
535:ST
523:ST
521:-F
519:ST
511:ST
507:ST
499:ST
495:ST
491:ST
487:ST
485:-F
483:ST
479:ST
475:ST
471:ST
464:ST
460:ST
454:,
452:ST
448:ST
440:ST
436:ST
424:ST
422:–F
420:ST
412:ST
410:-F
408:ST
388:ST
276:ST
195:GW
109:GB
105:ST
97:ST
93:ST
81:ST
75:.
71:ST
69:–F
67:ST
57:ST
53:ST
49:ST
47:(F
37:ST
24:ST
20:,
1381:.
1351::
1324:.
1310::
1283:.
1269::
1242:.
1220::
1193:.
1171::
1141:.
1119::
1092:.
1070::
1043:.
1023::
1000:.
980::
954:.
932::
924::
892:.
872::
835:.
823::
796:.
792::
767:.
753::
726:.
704::
609:(
541:Q
418:Q
406:Q
362:2
357:W
354:G
346:2
343:+
338:2
333:B
330:G
319:2
314:B
311:G
301:=
296:T
293:S
289:Q
272:T
254:2
249:T
239:T
236:S
232:Q
228:2
225:=
220:2
215:W
212:G
177:2
172:T
164:)
159:T
156:S
152:Q
145:1
142:(
139:=
134:2
129:B
126:G
91:Q
65:Q
22:Q
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