342:, any potential damage depends on the type of metal the coin was originally minted in. Sea water is very corrosive and destructive to silver or copper coins, their value is determined by their original condition as raised and by the conservation process. Gold coins on the other hand survive better underwater making their conservation process easier. In the case of the Sveti Pavao shipwreck, the items involved were isolated in a polypropylene net and placed in tap water. The tap water was then exchanged and monitored until it was finally replaced by distilled water towards the end of the process. The items involved are then dried, and cleaned differently depending on the base metal of the object.
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the history of the wreck is preserved." In terms of value, coins recovered from shipwrecks likely hold an appeal as historical artifacts that can be given the marketable status of "treasure". These coins only have an added value if they are determined to be genuine, as a majority of collectors do not want to own an illegal coin subject to seizure. The largest supply of
American mint state gold coins have been recovered from shipwrecks
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155:) wrote an opinion on cleaning old pennies stating: "Many a cent has been ruined in an attempt to improve it. Amateurs, and some who are not so amateur, are forever trying to improve the condition or appearance of an old cent." Richard Snow, who specializes in the field of Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents, wrote that some cleaning techniques could improve the surface of a coin.
120:, collectors and coin dealers cleaned and dipped their coins then re-dipped them when the toning re-appeared as a result of these messages. Bowers estimated in 1960 that 90 to 95% of the Lincoln cents sold in the marketplace dated 1910 through the late 1920s were brilliant as a result of dipping. Coins that were cleaned also include the
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condition were now partly covered in a white unattractive coating. An investigation found that the coins in the cabinet (displayed in the
Philadelphia Mint since 1838) had at some point been cleaned by an attendant using purchased metal polish, as the coins were "tarnished". The cabinet today resides
34:
is the controversial process of removing undesirable substances from a coin's surface in order to make it more attractive to potential buyers. The subject is disputed among the numismatic community whether cleaning coins is necessary. Those that argue in favor of cleaning are also in dispute on which
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Listed below are some examples of how coins are (or were) cleaned. Coins with untouched original surfaces are generally more desirable than those that have been cleaned, although lightly cleaned coins with no damage done may still receive a normal coin grade. Improper cleaning can result in a coin's
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will apply a special label called "shipwreck effect" (rather than a "cleaned" remark) for those that show signs of corrosion or other damage. These labels are only given to coins that are "obtained through the least invasive means possible and recovered in an archaeologically sound manner in which
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came into use in the mid 1980s though, the practice of cleaning coins diminished over time. Most coin experts have since come out against cleaning coins, as doing so can negatively affect them both in grade and value. If a potentially valuable coin must be cleaned (for example if the coin is
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Baking soda, scouring powder, and pencil erasers all cause damage to coins. Brushing a coin with a toothbrush or a brush with soft fibers can create minute scratches on the surface of a coin. These scratches, known as "hairlines" may impact the grade of the coin depending on the severity.
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were even made with instructions on how collectors should properly clean their coins by using a pencil eraser with a little bit of vinegar. The widespread practice of "improving" coins continued into the 1960s with advertisements on lotions and potions with the aim of making coins
35:
methods work best. It was once common practice to clean coins as the method was recommended by experts in the field. Solutions from pencil erasers to wire brushes and potassium cyanide were all used as cleaning agents with the goal to make the coin look
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surface being damaged beyond repair, which is why expert attention is needed for potentially valuable coins. If a coin is shown to be damaged by cleaning then it will be marked as "Improperly
Cleaned" or have a problem description by grading services.
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The coin is dipped into a dilute acid solution that removes the oxidation from the coin along with a small amount of metal. Overdipped coins result in loss of luster which lowers the coin's grade and appeal.
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Coins involved in shipwreck finds are usually documented and photographed in their before and after state to study any changes made by the restoration process. While the cleaning process involves
139:, the effects of treating coins were revealed to be less than ideal. Poorly cleaned coins are now labeled "Improperly Cleaned", which negatively affects their market value depending on severity.
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These coins are cleaned by using distilled water with a small amount of detergent in a special vibrating container. Acid based cleaners will eat away at a coin's surface diminishing its value.
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states that a coin should never be cleaned as "many" collectors find them to be "repugnant". Travers also wrote that the idea of enhancing a coin's value through cleaning is a misconception.
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and A. Kosoff also wrote opinions on the matter saying that once a coin has been "stripped" of its original surface and luster, it can "never be fully restored or made
Uncirculated again".
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Snow does not suggest that people try these remedies but gives an "indication" of what could be done. He goes on to recommend in all instances that experiments be done on cheap
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became popular with collectors after they were discontinued due to the rising costs of copper. During this time cleansers were used on these coins to try and make them appear
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wrote an opinion regarding expertly cleaned coins saying that "while the result makes the coin look untouched, attractively colored coins should be left alone".
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Aggressive cleaning which gives the coin a "very brilliant but unnatural sheen". These coins are graded with a description which lowers the coin's value.
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deformed) then professional work is recommended. Commonly found coins are mentioned as ideal candidates for any attempted cleaning experiments.
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By the 1930s the motto "brilliant is best" was adopted by those in the coin collecting community. Coins that were
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The coin is dipped into olive oil which according to
Hudgeons, works best for common copper or bronze coins.
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were considered tarnished which caused collectors to brighten up their coins with things like abrasives.
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Coin cleaning in general has no definitive start date, as when any object looks dirty people are usually
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According to author Thomas E. Hudgeons Jr., this is the safest way commonly found coins are cleaned.
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in the early 1980s. When submitted examples were finally viewed under the microscope and trained
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Numerous known numismatists have given their opinions over the decades regarding coin cleaning.
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from 1900. Note the wear present, as well as tarnished areas on the "brilliant red" surface.
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These coins are "cleaned" by means of a fast rotary wire brush which damages the surface.
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According to research professor Vinod Patel, washing common coins with natural
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This solution was commonly used as a coin cleanser in the 1920s, it led to the
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Sveti Pavao
Shipwreck: A 16th century Venetian merchantman from Mljet, Croatia
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The
Official Blackbook Price Guide to United States Coins 2014, 52nd Edition
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261:
136:
132:
19:
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252:
202:
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Heritage
Numismatic Auctions Presents Chouinard Collection Catalog #360
602:
Photograde: Official
Photographic Grading Guide for United States Coins
586:
Official A.N.A. Grading
Standards for United States Coins Fifth Edition
497:
Photograde: Official Photographic Grading Guide for United States Coins
127:
The widespread practice of coin cleaning lasted until the invention of
1014:"The Shipwreck Effect: How NGC Grades Coins Recovered from the Sea"
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51:
18:
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in distilled water is a non destructive way of cleaning them.
88:. In 1903, many coins in the collection that had once been in
398:"USA Coin Album: Cleaned Copper May Be Challenging to Detect"
588:. American Numismatic Association. pp. 34, 180, 185.
56:
Container of coin cleaner which is used for dipping coins
1071:
Numismatic Archaeology of North America: A Field Guide
64:
to clean it. The practice of coin cleaning during the
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Carlo Beltrame, Sauro Gelichi, Igor Miholjek (2014).
1068:
Marjorie H. Akin, James C. Bard, Kevin Akin (2016).
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162:(minted 1962 to 1982) and not valuable older coins.
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84:again. Another early recorded example involves the
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523:A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents
481:A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents
930:"Science shows how dirty coins, currency can get"
894:David C. Harper, Harry Miller (July 20, 2011).
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338:in order to remove harmful salts that include
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8:
1094:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1044:"Shipwreck treasure has experts speculating"
989:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1299:VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties)
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16:Removing undesirable substances from a coin
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868:Robert R. Van Ryzin (September 12, 2007).
345:Third party coin grading services such as
870:"Drinking and coin cleaning a deadly mix"
544:. Random House Publishing Group. p.
466:A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents 2nd Edition
448:A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents 2nd Edition
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427:A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents 2nd Edition
417:
415:
1425:International Coin Certification Service
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540:The Insider's Guide to Coins Values 2009
283:of a prominent numismatist at the time.
68:dates to at least the mid 1800's in the
670:Thomas E. Hudgeons Jr. (11 June 2013).
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897:2012 North American Coins & Prices
783:"Silver Coins, Cleaning and Condition"
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635:"How to Handle & Clean Your Coins"
391:
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1481:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
1109:Heritage Capital Corporation (2004).
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928:Richard Giedroyc (November 9, 2015).
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251:is recommended as tap water contains
7:
834:Alan Herbert (September 15, 2010).
396:David W. Lange (October 11, 2011).
168:The Insider's Guide to Coins Values
354:previously unknown to collectors.
14:
1435:Professional Coin Grading Service
708:2003 American Guide to U.S. Coins
605:. Zyrus Press. pp. 241–244.
483:. Whitman. pp. 97, 100, 103.
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1533:Coin shows in the United States
1476:Replacement banknote (star note)
1420:Certified Acceptance Corporation
1307:
1042:Debbie Bradley (July 21, 2008).
760:Numismatic Guaranty Corporation
712:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1:
1507:List of metal detecting finds
837:Warman's U.S. Coin Collecting
599:James F. Ruddy (March 2005).
494:James F. Ruddy (March 2005).
1517:List of most expensive coins
969:. Oxbow Books. p. 162.
584:Ken Bressett and A. Kosoff.
500:. Zyrus Press. p. 241.
1430:Numismatic Guaranty Company
1018:Numismatic Guaranty Company
347:Numismatic Guaranty Company
1615:
1339:Sheldon coin grading scale
1074:. Routledge. p. 191.
787:www.ohiometaldetecting.com
704:Charles F. French (2002).
676:. Diversified Publishing.
369:Sheldon coin grading scale
153:Sheldon coin grading scale
1545:
1305:
1115:. Ivy Press. p. 20.
810:Coins and Coin Collecting
536:Scott A. Travers (2008).
86:Philadelphia coin cabinet
1142:, a how-to article from
1497:List of coin collectors
1461:Greenback (1860s money)
807:Howard Linecar (1985).
468:. Whitman. p. 110.
450:. Whitman. p. 109.
429:. Whitman. p. 107.
1599:Numismatic terminology
1555:Numismatics portal
1334:Paper currency grading
934:www.numismaticnews.net
874:www.numismaticnews.net
813:. Hamlyn. p. 16.
525:. Whitman. p. 44.
57:
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23:An improperly cleaned
755:"NGC Details Grading"
166:, author of the book
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22:
243:Ivory soap and Water
160:bronze Lincoln cents
1471:Paper money catalog
1344:Third-party grading
1224:Coin counterfeiting
639:www.numismaster.com
290:Ultrasonic Cleaners
143:Professional stance
129:third-party grading
1502:List of currencies
1244:Commemorative coin
1234:Coin rolling scams
1140:How to Clean Coins
900:. F+W Media, Inc.
840:. F+W Media, Inc.
149:William H. Sheldon
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1249:Euro starter kits
1229:Coin roll hunting
1204:Circulation issue
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41:certified grading
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1565:Money portal
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172:Kenneth Bressett
164:Scott A. Travers
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122:Indian Head cent
25:Indian Head cent
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1589:Coin grading
1406:Coin grading
1390:Coin wrapper
1385:Coin storage
1375:Coin counter
1370:Coin catalog
1365:Coin capsule
1324:Coin grading
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374:Coin storage
364:Coin grading
344:
336:desalination
333:
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311:iodized salt
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196:Description
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106:Penny boards
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1594:Numismatics
1444:Paper money
1380:Coin folder
1284:Seigniorage
1274:Numismatics
1187:Numismatics
913:February 1,
853:February 1,
792:February 1,
131:and sealed
95:Smithsonian
78:large cents
72:. In 1857,
1578:Categories
1456:Fiat money
1360:Coin board
1289:Token coin
766:August 28,
729:August 25,
689:August 25,
644:August 25,
618:August 25,
561:August 25,
380:References
133:coin slabs
74:half cents
66:modern era
1466:Notaphily
1408:companies
1329:Coin slab
1090:cite book
985:cite book
939:March 15,
352:in grades
340:chlorides
262:Olive oil
221:Polishing
215:Burnished
203:Abrasives
137:naked eye
111:brilliant
37:brilliant
1451:Banknote
1353:Supplies
1264:Key date
1254:Exonumia
1239:Coin set
879:March 5,
781:Nick A.
404:March 6,
358:See also
319:Whizzing
253:chlorine
113:again.
82:mint red
62:inclined
1317:Grading
1144:wikiHow
1024:May 22,
232:Dipping
193:Method
182:Methods
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1584:Coins
1526:Shows
1490:Lists
1415:ANACS
1399:Other
400:. NGC
102:toned
90:proof
1209:Coin
1117:ISBN
1096:link
1076:ISBN
1055:2019
1026:2024
991:link
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