568:
110:("Brief Guide to Proving and Coining"), as follows: "The appropriate proportion of metals and the weight of the coin, measured according to their internal and external worth, or determined according to their quality, additives and fineness, number and weight, is called the
182:). A distinction must be made between the continuous deterioration of coins in circulation due to abrasion and the debasement of coins by issuing of new ones with a lower fine weight.
448:
518:, which corresponded to a fine weight of 23.386 g. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the relative percentage of precious metal was often indicated as a
656:, the German Coinage Act of 30 August 1924 stipulated, in connection with the gold coinage of the German Empire, that from a
760:
Bibliographisches
Institut, Leipzig 1986, Lizenzausgabe Mannheim/Wien/Zürich 1987, ISBN 3-411-02148-9, pp. 388 & 392 ff.
480:
653:
674:
coins would be struck, each having a ratio of 900 parts gold to 100 parts copper. These were never actually produced.
313:
914:
203:
weight (1 stater corresponds to 2 drachmas) of approx. 12.3 g (thus 6.15 g per drachma).). It spread across the
265:
of the Roman pound, which was the coin base weight, was thus approx. 327.4 g) was initially based on the Greek
648:, under which 5, 10 and 20 mark coins were minted in gold. However, due to the economic consequences of the
590:
560:
522:
at the bottom of the coin. E.g. an X (Roman numeral 10) means that ten coins of this type correspond to one
627:
Towards the end of the 19th century, silver was replaced as the basis of currency in many countries by the
594:
427:
472:
422:
496:
891:
704:
510:
373:
307:
63:
725:
639:
602:
492:
476:
457:
365:
208:
79:
684:
649:
444:
231:
708:
403:
321:
252:
118:
99:
71:
908:
719:
645:
628:
519:
462:
397:
369:
347:
158:
392:
386:
359:
317:
238:
weight of approx. 17.5 g. The stater was therefore approximately 8.75 and the
138:
866:
Das Münzwesen
Brandenburgs während der Geltung des Münzfußes von Zinna und Leipzig
447:
that did not exist as an actual coin, but was intended to simplify accounting. In
226:
initially had its own currency. From the 5th century BC, due to the importance of
495:), which quickly prevailed in most German states. This standard was issued under
713:
696:
409:
204:
130:
91:
408:(888.888 ‰). This results in a weight of 29.23 g for the individual coin and a
167:("rough Mark") was the weight of alloyed coin metal that contained exactly one
666:
567:
274:
216:
175:
103:
17:
607:
279:
797:. Hirschgraben, Frankfurt am Main, 4th edn. 1968, pp. 140–142, here p. 140.
555:
weight of silver, which corresponded to 233.8555 g of fine silver. This 14
269:
of the Attic standard. It was reduced to 3.3 g in the Roman Empire by
121:
that the respective standard is based on. Gold and silver coins are often
657:
247:
150:
95:
543:
standard since the
Dresden Coinage Treaty of 1838 bore the inscription:
514:
was introduced in
Austria, of which ten pieces were minted from a fine
330:
66:, for an official minting or coinage standard that determines how many
129:
for, e.g. coin hardening. A distinction is therefore made between the
106:
Julian
Eberhard Volckmar Claus defined the standard in his 1753 work,
631:
and the coin standards now referred to the more valuable and durable
325:
239:
227:
200:
196:
126:
70:
of a given type were to be struck from a specified unit of weight of
195:
The oldest coin standard is the
Aeginetic standard of the island of
421:
standard was also retained by the participating states of the 1667
619:
standard at the same time, the silver fine weight hardly changed.
566:
223:
212:
122:
821:
Kleines
Handbuch der Münzkunde und des Geldwesens in Deutschland.
174:
A drop in the standard of precious metal coins is referred to as
661:
632:
431:. However, the smaller denominations were to be minted to a 10½
270:
67:
471:
With the
Leipzig Coinage Treaty concluded on 16 January 1690,
466:
380:
With the
Augsburg Imperial Coin Edict of 30 May 1566, the 9
499:
through his Imperial Commission Decree of 1 December 1738,
483:
agreed on a 12 Thaler standard for the subdivisions of the
346:) of 12 pfennigs each. A similar classification existed in
539:
of the other German states that had been minted to the 14
864:
zlb.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-1873
810:
Battenberg, Augsburg 1991, ISBN 3-89441-014-0, pp. 18ff.
277:'s coin reform of 294 AD replaced the denarius with the
832:
Fengler, Heinz, Gerhard Gierow and Willy Unger (1976).
611:("customs pound") with a weight of 500g. Since the 14
503:("Imperial Standard for Subdivisions of the Thaler").
777:
Battenberg, Munich, 1980, ISBN 3-87045-182-3, p. 35.
769:
Eva Szaivert, Wolfgang Szaivert, David Ronald Sear:
439:
were also minted to this lesser standard. The Saxon
338:) should be coined. The number 240 resulted from 20
863:
652:it was completely devalued. Following the years of
396:of silver and that the silver content should be 14
157:is used when the pure precious metal content of a
785:
783:
384:standard was introduced, which stipulated that 9
62:) is an historical term, used especially in the
283:with a target weight of 3.41g. It was equal to
823:Stuttgart: Reclam, ISBN 3- 15-018026-0, p. 87.
745:Kurzgefaßte Anleitung zum Probieren und Münzen
372:replaced the pound as a unit of weight in the
108:Kurzgefaßte Anleitung zum Probieren und Münzen
880:Versuch einer Chur-Sächsischen Münzgeschichte
531:For example, the (penultimate) last Prussian
435:standard. From 1668, the subdivisions of the
117:Many coins do not consist exclusively of the
8:
758:Alte Maße, Münzen und Gewichte. Ein Lexikon.
847:The Saxon taler currency from 1500 to 1763.
324:. It was stipulated that from one pound of
37:
862:von Schrötter, Friedrich Freiherr (1907).
808:Römische Münzen: von Pompejus bis Romulus.
559:standard was introduced into Prussia by
736:
563:in 1750 on behalf of King Frederick II.
869:, Hohenzollern yearbook 11. pp. 63-74.
700:were based on the Burgundian standard
443:to the Zinna standard was actually a
7:
791:Münzen, Maße, Gewichte; Zeitrechnung
297:Medieval and modern coin standards
137:) of a coin and its total weight (
25:
878:Stößel, Johann Christoph (1780).
692:of the Carolingian coinage reform
501:Reichsmünzfuß für Talerteilstücke
882:, Chemnitz 1780, pp. 676, 802ff.
743:Julian Eberhard Volckmar Claus,
575:standard) on an 1846 Hanoverian
793:. In: Heinrich Krefeld (ed.):
615:standard was replaced by a 30
1:
834:Transpress Lexikon Numismatik
273:. After further debasements,
836:. Berlin: transpress, p. 308
756:Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr:
589:As part of a trend towards
481:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
451:it was nevertheless minted.
314:Carolingian monetary system
234:standard prevailed, with a
27:Historical coinage standard
931:
357:
305:
163:weight is meant. The term
851:Swiss numismatic review.
771:Griechischer Münzkatalog.
545:EIN THALER XIV EINE F. M.
186:Historical coin standards
819:Trapp, Wolfgang (1999).
747:, Stolberg 1753, page 55
644:was introduced into the
591:decimal currency systems
390:should be minted from 1
350:until the 20th century.
153:. For example, the term
894:II p. 254) in § 3
853:Volume 59, 1980, p. 82.
623:Change to gold standard
561:Johann Philipp Graumann
579:
487:(also known as the 18
191:Ancient coin standards
94:, determined a coin's
90:("foot") for short in
806:B. Ralph Kankelfitz:
595:Vienna Coinage Treaty
570:
473:Electoral Brandenburg
98:, i.e. how much of a
605:of 233.855g, by the
423:Zinna Coinage Treaty
293:of the Roman pound.
230:in Greek trade, the
180:Münzverschlechterung
428:Speciesreichsthaler
374:Roman-German Empire
242:about 4.38 g.
688:were based on the
580:
571:Coin standard (14
551:coins contained 1
497:Emperor Charles VI
456:In 1670 and 1671,
102:it would contain.
915:Coinage standards
789:Clemens Willeke:
511:Conventionsthaler
425:resulting in the
308:Carolingian pound
302:Carolingian pound
255:, at 3.9 g (
199:, which led to a
64:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
922:
895:
889:
883:
876:
870:
860:
854:
843:
837:
830:
824:
817:
811:
804:
798:
787:
778:
767:
761:
754:
748:
741:
726:Leipzig standard
685:Hochrandpfennigs
670:coins or 279 10
603:coin base weight
493:Leipzig standard
477:Electoral Saxony
458:Electoral Saxony
449:individual cases
366:early modern era
292:
291:
287:
264:
263:
259:
209:Cyclades Islands
149:) of the coin's
133:(or fineness or
80:coin base weight
76:Münzgrundgewicht
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
42:
39:
21:
930:
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768:
764:
755:
751:
742:
738:
734:
680:
650:First World War
625:
587:
547:, i.e. that 14
526:of pure silver.
445:coin of account
362:
356:
310:
304:
299:
289:
285:
284:
261:
257:
256:
193:
188:
171:("fine Mark").
59:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
928:
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902:
901:External links
899:
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838:
825:
812:
799:
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735:
733:
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705:Konventionsfuß
701:
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654:hyperinflation
624:
621:
586:
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565:
564:
528:
527:
505:
504:
468:
467:
463:Wechselthalers
453:
452:
414:
413:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
320:was the basic
306:Main article:
303:
300:
298:
295:
253:Roman Republic
215:and southwest
192:
189:
187:
184:
119:precious metal
100:precious metal
72:precious metal
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720:Wechselthaler
717:
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646:German Empire
643:
642:
638:In 1871, the
636:
634:
630:
629:gold standard
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
597:replaced the
596:
592:
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582:
578:
574:
569:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:and also the
534:
530:
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525:
521:
520:Roman numeral
517:
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502:
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348:Great Britain
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222:Almost every
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147:Rau(h)gewicht
144:
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109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
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69:
65:
35:
34:
19:
18:Coin standard
887:
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833:
828:
820:
815:
807:
802:
794:
790:
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703:
697:Bankothalers
695:
689:
683:
671:
665:
640:
637:
626:
616:
612:
606:
599:Cologne Mark
598:
588:
583:
576:
572:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:Kurantthaler
532:
523:
515:
509:
508:In 1750 the
500:
491:standard or
488:
484:
461:
441:Kurantthaler
440:
436:
432:
426:
418:
404:
398:
393:Cologne Mark
391:
387:Reichsthaler
385:
381:
363:
360:Cologne Mark
354:Cologne Mark
343:
339:
335:
329:
322:unit of mass
311:
278:
266:
246:
244:
235:
221:
194:
179:
173:
168:
164:
159:
154:
146:
142:
139:gross weight
134:
116:
111:
107:
87:
83:
75:
32:
31:
29:
714:Bimetallism
709:Kurantmünze
412:of 25.98 g.
410:fine weight
236:tetradrachm
205:Peloponnese
131:fine weight
92:numismatics
732:References
672:Reichsmark
667:Reichsmark
340:schillings
275:Diocletian
217:Asia Minor
176:debasement
141:, German:
104:Mintmaster
795:Hellenika
662:fine gold
608:Zollpfund
601:with its
584:Zollpfund
280:argenteus
169:Mark fein
165:Mark rauh
155:Fine Mark
57:mint foot
52: or
47:coin foot
909:Category
773:Band 1:
678:See also
664:139½ 20
658:kilogram
479:and the
331:pfennigs
248:denarius
151:planchet
96:fineness
775:Europa.
690:Münzfuß
537:Thalers
364:In the
312:In the
288:⁄
267:drachma
260:⁄
251:of the
123:alloyed
112:Münzfuß
84:Münzfuß
82:). The
41:
33:Münzfuß
617:Thaler
613:Thaler
593:, the
577:Thaler
573:Thaler
557:Thaler
549:Thaler
541:Thaler
489:Gulden
485:Thaler
437:Thaler
433:Thaler
419:Thaler
417:The 9
402:and 4
382:Thaler
368:, the
344:solidi
336:denari
328:, 240
326:silver
316:, the
240:drachm
228:Athens
207:, the
201:stater
197:Aegina
143:Schrot
127:copper
892:RGBl.
405:Gräns
399:Loths
318:pound
232:Attic
224:polis
213:Crete
135:grain
125:with
86:, or
74:(the
68:coins
849:In:
641:Mark
633:gold
553:Mark
524:Mark
516:Mark
460:had
370:Mark
271:Nero
245:The
160:Mark
38:lit.
660:of
145:or
114:."
88:Fuß
78:or
911::
782:^
712:,
707:,
635:.
475:,
376:.
290:96
262:84
219:.
211:,
30:A
342:(
334:(
286:1
258:1
178:(
60:'
54:'
50:'
44:'
36:(
20:)
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