1557:(OAS) released a preliminary report concluding several irregularities in the election, though these findings were heavily disputed. The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) concluded that "it is very likely that Morales won the required 10 percentage point margin to win in the first round of the election on 20 October 2019." David Rosnick, an economist for CEPR, showed that "a basic coding error" was discovered in the OAS's data, which explained that the OAS had misused its own data when it ordered the time stamps on the tally sheets alphabetically rather than chronologically. However, the OAS stood by its findings arguing that the "researchers' work did not address many of the allegations mentioned in the OAS report, including the accusation that Bolivian officials maintained hidden servers that could have permitted the alteration of results". Additionally, observers from the European Union released a report with similar findings and conclusions as the OAS. The tech security company hired by the TSE (under the Morales administration) to audit the elections, also stated that there were multiple irregularities and violations of procedure and that "our function as an auditor security company is to declare everything that was found, and much of what was found supports the conclusion that the electoral process should be declared null and void".
1546:'s nine years, eight months, and twenty-four days in office and became Bolivia's longest serving president. During the 2019 elections, the transmission of the unofficial quick counting process was interrupted; at the time, Morales had a lead of 46.86 percent to Mesa's 36.72, after 95.63 percent of tally sheets were counted. The is a quick count process used in Latin America as a transparency measure in electoral processes that is meant to provide a preliminary results on election day, and its shutdown without further explanation raised consternation among opposition politicians and certain election monitors. Two days after the interruption, the official count showed Morales fractionally clearing the 10-point margin he needed to avoid a runoff election, with the final official tally counted as 47.08 percent to Mesa's 36.51 percent, starting a wave of protests and tension in the country.
963:
691:. Born JosĂ© Gabriel Condorcanqui, this educated, Spanish-speaking Native American took the name of his ancestor, TĂșpac Amaru. Although TĂșpac Amaru II insisted that his movement was reformist and did not seek to overthrow Spanish rule, his demands included an autonomous region. The uprising quickly became a full-scale revolt. Approximately 60,000 Native American in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes rallied to the cause. After scoring some initial victories, including defeating a Spanish army of 1,200 men, TĂșpac Amaru II was captured and executed in May 1781; nonetheless, the revolt continued, primarily in Upper Peru. There, a supporter of TĂșpac Amaru II, the Native American chief
926:
1501:. Local citizens demanded that an official discussion of the seat of government be included in the agenda of the full body of the Bolivian Constituent Assembly. The people of Sucre wanted to make Sucre the full capital of the country, including returning the executive and legislative branches to the city, but the government rejected the demand as impractical. Three people died in the conflict and as many as 500 were wounded. The result of the conflict was to include text in the constitution stating that the capital of Bolivia is officially Sucre, while leaving the executive and legislative branches in La Paz. In May 2008, Evo Morales was a signatory to the
346:
within its empire. The empire continued to grow with no end in sight. William H. Isbell states "Tiahuanaco underwent a dramatic transformation between AD 600 and 700 that established new monumental standards for civic architecture and greatly increased the resident population." Tiwanaku continued to absorb cultures rather than eradicate them. Archaeologists note a dramatic adoption of
Tiwanaku ceramics into the cultures which became part of the Tiwanaku empire. Tiwanaku's power was further solidified through the trade it implemented among the cities within its empire.
538:
1013:
55:
250:
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committed themselves to democracy. Human rights violations, which badly tainted some governments earlier in the decade, were no longer a problem. However, his remarkable accomplishments were not won without sacrifice. The collapse of tin prices in
October 1985, coming just as the government was moving to reassert its control of the mismanaged state mining enterprise, forced the government to lay off over 20,000 miners.
262:
1580:, and other personalities argued the event was a coup d'état. However, local investigators and analysts pointed out that even after Morales' resignation and during all of Añez's term in office, the Chambers of Senators and Deputies were ruled by Morales' political party MAS, making it impossible to be a coup d'état, as such an event would not allow the original government to maintain legislative power.
106:
395:
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continued to grow until about AD 950.After 950 a dramatic shift in climate occurred and there was a significant drop in precipitation for the
Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku disappeared around AD 1150 because food production collapses and could no longer sustain the large population. The land was not inhabited for many years after that. Between 1438 and 1527 the
1442:, in order to preserve the Ńonstitutional order. Lozada fled the country to the United States. Mesa was inaugurated and promised to address the demands of the protesting majority. In the face of mounting protests, he resigned on 7 March 2005, claiming he was unable to continue governing the country. With promises of support, he withdrew his resignation.
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2101:
1497:. On 29 October 2006, the Morales government signed agreements with eight foreign gas firms including Petrobras, to give the Bolivian national gas company a majority stake in the gas fields, bringing the nationalization to completion. In August 2007, a conflict which came to be known as The Calancha Case arose in
3627:
682:
While many Native
Americans adapted to Spanish ways by breaking with their traditions and actively attempting to enter the market economy, they also used the courts to protect their interests, especially against tribute assessments. Others clung to their customs as much as possible, and some rebelled
434:
fought over the succession. Although
Atahualpa defeated his brother, he had not yet consolidated his power when the conquistadors arrived. Atahualpa did not attempt to defeat Pizarro when he arrived on the coast in 1532 because the Incan ruler was convinced that those who commanded the mountains also
1243:
had reached an annual rate of 24,000%. Social unrest, chronic strikes, and unchecked drug trafficking were widespread. In 4 years, Paz
Estenssoro's administration achieved economic and social stability. The military stayed out of politics, and all major political parties publicly and institutionally
1147:
Torres' power was also unstable because he was supported only by a minority of the army and the country's middle class. The wealthy classes, part of the army, the right wing of the MNR and the
Phalangist party plotted against him. After less than a year in power, Torres was overthrown in August 1971
353:
herds became a powerful control mechanism, as llamas were essential for carrying goods between the civic center and the periphery. These herds also came to symbolize class distinctions between the commoners and the elites. Through this control and manipulation of surplus resources, the elite's power
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and on
Bechtel's website. In January 2006, Bechtel and the other international partners settled the lawsuit against the Bolivian government for a reported $ 0.30 (thirty cents) after intense protests and a ruling on jurisdiction favorable to Bechtel by the International Centre for the Settlement of
1350:
against the
Bolivian government, citing damages of more for $ 25 million. Bechtel argues that its contract was only to administer the water system, which suffered from terrible internal corruption and poor service, and that the local government raised water prices. The continuing legal battle
608:
The longevity of Spain's empire in South
America can be explained partly by the successful administration of the colonies and the integration of the people conquered. Spain was at first primarily interested in controlling the independent-minded conquerors, but its main goal soon became maintaining
493:
had divided the Incan territory, with the north under the control of Pizarro and the south under that of Almagro. Fighting broke out in 1537 when Almagro seized Cuzco after suppressing the Manco Inca rebellion. Pizarro defeated and executed Almagro in 1538, but was himself assassinated three years
345:
William H. Isbell states that "Tiahuanaco underwent a dramatic transformation between AD 600 and 700 that established new monumental standards for civic architecture and greatly increased the resident population." Tiwanaku gained its power through the trade it implemented between all of the cities
1512:
In late August 2007, the MAS purged the Constitutional Tribunal of magistrates that voted earlier in the year against Morales' move to fill Supreme Court vacancies while Congress was in recess. The purge dismantled the outlet for arbitration between branches of government. On 4 May 2008, autonomy
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was a moderate, center-left President whose political pragmatism in office outweighed his Marxist origins. Having seen the destructive hyperinflation of the Siles Zuazo administration, he continued the neoliberal economic reforms begun by Paz Estenssoro. Paz Zamora took a fairly hard line against
1155:
Banzer ruled with MNR support from 1971 to 1974, when, impatient with schisms in the coalition, he replaced civilians with members of the armed forces and suspended political activities. In the basement of the Ministry of the Interior or "the horror chambers" around 2,000 political prisoners were
1091:
Notably the State attempted to incorporate Aymara and Quechua peasants (that together constituted no less than 65 percent of the total population) into national life for the first time in Republican history. Although the policies pursued by the MNR were largely corporatist and assimilationist, it
338:, which after 600 became an important regional power. According to early estimates, at its maximum extent, the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometers and had between 15,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. However, satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of "flooded-raised fields" (
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broke out and different wars against almost all its neighbors were fought during this period with many sound victories against its enemies. Arguably, the turning point took place on the fields of Paucarpata, where the Confederation Peru-Bolivia, led by Santa Cruz, forced the Chilean and Peruvian
624:
In the late 18th century, Spain undertook an administrative reform to increase revenues of the crown and eliminate a number of abuses. It created an intendancy system, giving extensive powers to highly qualified officials who were directly responsible to the king. In 1784, Spain established four
1020:
Living conditions of the indigenous peoples, who constituted most of the population, remained deplorable. Forced to work under primitive conditions in the mines and in nearly feudal status on large estates, they were denied access to education, economic opportunity, or political participation.
604:
had judicial authority as well as administrative and executive powers in the region, but only in routine matters; more important decisions were made in Lima. This situation led to a competitive attitude and the reputation of Upper Peru for assertiveness, a condition reinforced by the economic
218:
broke out in the 1950s and attempted a program of nationalization of resources and expansion of suffrage. The country fell into military rule and experienced a series of coups until a transition to democratic government in the 1980s which still struggled with a rapidly deteriorating economy.
1092:
marked a significant turning point in Bolivia's contested history of indigenous-state relations. Following the 1952 revolution, the Bolivian state sought to strengthen its role in rural areas, implementing an extensive public health campaign that specifically included indigenous Bolivians.
1488:
On 1 May 2006, Evo Morales delivered on his promises to nationalize most of Bolivia's natural gas fields, which many indigenous Bolivians had demanded for years. Troops were sent in to occupy the gas fields and take back control from foreign companies that same day. Many were operated by
663:
disappeared rapidly and Native Americans continued their local worship under the protection of local Native American rulers. As Christianity's influence grew, a new folk Catholicism developed, incorporating symbols of the indigenous religion. Whereas early Native American rebellions were
664:
anti-Christian, the revolts at the end of the 16th century were based in messianic Christian symbolism that was Roman Catholic and anti-Spanish. The church was tolerant of local Native American religions. In 1582 the bishop of La Plata permitted the building of a sanctuary for the dark
1313:, leader of the ADN, won 22% of the vote, while the MNR candidate won 18%. Gen. Banzer formed a coalition of the ADN, MIR, UCS, and CONDEPA parties which hold a majority of seats in the Bolivian Congress. The Congress elected him as president and he was inaugurated on 6 August 1997.
1297:
SĂĄnchez de Lozada pursued an aggressive economic and social reform agenda. The most dramatic change undertaken by the Sanchez de Lozada government was the capitalization program, under which investors acquired 50% ownership and management control of public enterprises, such as the
1293:
The 1993 elections continued the tradition of open, honest elections and peaceful democratic transitions of power. The MNR defeated the ADN/MIR coalition by a 33% to 20% margin, and the MNR's SĂĄnchez de Lozada was selected as president by an MNR/MBL/UCS coalition in the Congress.
1576:, declaring that he did so to "protect the families of Movement for Socialism members". Morales flew to Mexico and was granted asylum there, along with his vice president and several other members of his government. Morales, his supporters, the Governments of Mexico and
910:
in 1824. Olañeta was killed by his own men on 1 April 1825. A constitutional congress declared Bolivia an independent republic on 6 August and named the new republic in honor of BolĂvar, because it wanted to gain his support for Bolivian independence from Peru.
1152:, supported by the Brazilian military regime and the United States. Despite massive resistance â both civilian and military â the conservative forces had learned the lessons of the failed October, 1970 uprising, and applied brutality without compunction.
1453:â the President of the Supreme Court â became president on the night of 9 June 2005. Political agreements were reached to modify the Constitution, and allow the full renewal of Parliament, simultaneously with a Presidential Election, on 4 December 2005.
1302:(YPFB) oil-corporation, telecommunications system, electric utilities, and others. The reforms and economic restructuring were strongly opposed by certain segments of society, which instigated frequent social disturbances, particularly in La Paz and the
451:
1636:, and conspiracy. According to the prosecutors, she and the ministers took part in a coup against Evo Morales in 2019. According to the Bolivian Institute of Foreign Trade, Bolivia had the lowest accumulated inflation of Latin America by October 2021.
1281:. It did not agree to an updated extradition treaty with the US, although two traffickers have been extradited to the U.S. since 1992. Beginning in early 1994, the Bolivian Congress investigated Paz Zamora's personal ties to accused major trafficker
1255:(AP) coalition between Gen. Banzer's ADN and Jaime Paz Zamora's MIR, the second- and third-place finishers, respectively, won out. Paz Zamora assumed the presidency, and the MIR took half the ministries. Banzer's center-right ADN took control of the
1415:, warned the Bolivian electorate that, if they voted for Morales, the US would cut off foreign aid and close its markets to the country. Morales nonetheless received nearly 21% of the vote, putting him only a couple points behind SĂĄnchez de Lozada.
1639:
As of July 2024, there was a deep internal division within the ruling party MAS-IPSP (the Movement towards Socialism â Instrument for the Sovereignty of the People) between the supporters of president Luis Arce and former president Evo Morales.
3402:
937:, Bolivia enjoyed the most successful period of their history with great social and economic advancement. Santa Cruz got involved in internal Peruvian political problems and succeeded in unifying Peru and Bolivia into a confederation, the
805:
on the Spanish throne tested the loyalty of the local elites in Upper Peru, who were suddenly confronted with several conflicting authorities. Most remained loyal to the Spanish Bourbons. Taking a wait-and-see attitude, they supported the
1073:. The party initiated a brief but bloody civil war in October 1949, but was defeated. The MNR emerged victorious in the 1951 elections, but the results were called fraudulent by the opposition, and its right to the presidency was denied.
636:) upon its creation in 1776. The viceroy was aided by the audiencia (council), which was simultaneously the highest court of appeal in the jurisdiction and, in the absence of the viceroy, also had administrative and executive powers.
775:, especially those educated at the university in Chuquisaca. Although Upper Peru was fundamentally loyal to Spain, the ideas of the Enlightenment and independence from Spain continued to be discussed by scattered groups of radicals.
462:, whom the Spanish had established as a puppet emperor, rebelled against the new rulers and restored a "neo-Inca" state. This state continued to challenge Spanish authority even after the Spanish suppressed the revolt and beheaded
1513:
referendums were held in four eastern departments, in which they declared themselves autonomous from the central government. All four referendums passed. Evo Morales deemed this referendum illegal in part due to the low turnout.
288:
with low oxygen levels, poor soils and extreme weather patterns. The better-suited lowlands were sparsely inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies while much of the pre-Columbian population was concentrated in altiplano valleys of
613:, in which various institutions served as watchdogs over each other and local officials had considerable autonomy. Spain exercised its control of smaller administrative units in the colonies through royal officials, such as the
686:
Native American resentment to colonial rule increased in the 18th century when Spain demanded higher tribute payments and increased mita obligations in an attempt to improve the mining output. It sparked the great rebellion of
1289:
was jailed in connection with similar ties in 1994; he was found guilty and sentenced to 4 years in prison in November 1996. Technically still under investigation, Paz Zamora became an active presidential candidate in 1996.
1029:(1932â1935) marked a turning point. Great loss of life and territory discredited the traditional ruling classes, while service in the army produced stirrings of political awareness among the indigenous people. In 1936 the
954:
which included their unconditional surrender; later this treaty was discarded by the Chilean parliament. The rebel Peruvians and the Chilean army set off to a new war against Santa Cruz, defeating the Confederation at the
366:
whose reign also increased the Incan territory and lasted from 1471 to 1493. During the 15th century, the Incas conquered the region of Lake Titicaca and western Bolivia became a part of the Inca territory as province of
1170:
carried out a ruthless and violent coup. His government was notorious for human rights abuses, narcotics trafficking, and economic mismanagement. This led to a breakdown in relations with the U.S., which under both the
837:
This conflict of authority resulted in a local power struggle in Upper Peru between 1808 and 1810, which constituted the first phase of the efforts to achieve independence. In 1808, the president of the Audiencia,
1277:. The government broke up a number of trafficking networks but issued a 1991 surrender decree giving lenient sentences to the biggest narcotics kingpins. Also, his administration was extremely reluctant to pursue
883:, or zones of insurrection. In these zones, local patriotism would eventually develop into a full fight for independence. By 1817, Upper Peru was relatively quiet and under the control of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1213:
again became president. Severe social tension, exacerbated by economic mismanagement and weak leadership, forced him to call early elections and relinquish power a year before the end of his constitutional term.
727:
who began to assume active roles in the economy, especially in mining and agricultural production, and thus resented the trade barriers established by the mercantalist policies of the Spanish crown. In addition,
699:, a sexton who took the names of the two rebel martyrs by calling himself TĂșpac Catari (also spelled Katari). He besieged La Paz for more than 100 days in 1781. During the siege, 20,000 people died. In 1782 an
1112:
Many scholars have looked to the CIA in explaining the November 1964 coup, but an increasing number of declassified U.S. documents refute the claim. Towards the end of Paz's second term, Barrientosâa popular,
1108:
overthrew President Paz Estenssoro at the outset of his third term. Many assert this change brought an end to the National Revolution and marked the beginning of nearly 20 years of military rule in Bolivia.
421:
to confirm the existence of a legendary land of gold called "Biru" (later altered to Peru). Because the rapidly expanding Inca Empire was internally weak, conquest was remarkably easy. After the Inca Emperor
1343:, killing several people, arresting protest leaders and shutting down radio stations. After continued disturbances and civic pressure, the government finally rolled back the privatization on 10 April 2000.
3055:
1190:
After a military rebellion forced out GarcĂa Meza in 1981, three other military governments within 14 months struggled with Bolivia's growing problems. Unrest forced the military to convoke the Congress
2694:
1163:
but voting irregularities plunged Bolivia into turmoil once again. Elections in 1978, 1979, and 1980 were inconclusive and marked by fraud. There were coups, counter-coups, and caretaker governments.
513:, the native population decreased rapidly. However, the resistance of indigenous people of the Bolivian lowlands managed to delay the conquest and settlement of their lands. The Spanish established
466:
in the public square of Cuzco in 1572. Later revolts in the Bolivian highlands were usually organized by the elders of the community and remained local in nature, except for the great rebellion of
349:
Tiwanaku's elites gained their status through the surplus food they controlled, collected from outlying regions, and then redistributed to the general populace. Further, this elite's control of
1251:
finished first in the 1989 elections, no candidate received a majority of popular votes and so in accordance with the constitution, a congressional vote determined who would be president. The
3116:
494:
later by former supporters of Almagro. Pizarro's brother Gonzalo assumed control of Upper Peru but soon became embroiled in a rebellion against the Spanish crown. Only with the execution of
3923:
4274:
4257:
3450:
4860:
1061:(MNR) emerged from the ashes of the Chaco War in 1941 as a middle-class political coalition eschewing Marxism for nationalism. The MNR participated in the military-civilian regime of
584:
convinced the authorities to create a new audiencia in the city of Chuquisaca (present-day Sucre) in 1558. Chuquisaca had become particularly important as PotosĂ's administrative and
1561:
reported on 7 June 2020 that the OAS analysis immediately after the 20 October election was flawed yet fuelled "a chain of events that changed the South American nation's history".
609:
the flow of revenue to the crown and collecting the tribute of goods and labor from the Native American population. To this end, Spain soon created an elaborate bureaucracy in the
1237:
was chosen for a fourth term as president. When he took office in 1985, he faced a staggering economic crisis. Economic output and exports had been declining for several years.
707:, was executed for raising yet another revolt. Spain did not succeed in putting down all of the revolts until 1783 and then proceeded to execute thousands of Native Americans.
2845:
1039:(YPFB) was created. From the end of the Chaco War until the 1952 revolution, the emergence of contending ideologies and the demands of new groups convulsed Bolivian politics.
3324:
902:. Olañeta, convinced that these measures threatened royal authority, refused to join either the liberal royalist forces or the rebel armies under the command of BolĂvar and
683:
against the white rulers. Local, mostly uncoordinated, rebellions occurred throughout colonial rule. More than 100 revolts occurred in the 18th century in Bolivia and Peru.
887:
4747:
1136:
in Guatemala in 1954, then was expelled from Peru in 1968, accused of being a CIA man) ordered Torres to change his policies, threatening him with financial blockage. The
3659:
Fabricant, Nicole, and Nancy Postero. "Sacrificing indigenous bodies and lands: The politicalâeconomic history of lowland Bolivia in light of the recent TIPNIS debate."
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deposed President GarcĂa LeĂłn and established a junta to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII. On 16 July 1809, Pedro Domingo Murillo led another revolt by Criollos and
3468:
1535:
3935:
2997:
906:. Olañeta did not relinquish his command even after the Peruvian royalists included him and his forces in their capitulation agreement following their defeat in the
4279:
4262:
4085:
3247:
695:, had led an uprising in PotosĂ during the early months of 1780. Catari was killed by the Spaniards a month before TĂșpac Amaru II. Another major revolt was led by
3727:
1117:-speaking generalâhad succeeded in co-opting the peasant unions formed in the wake of the 1953 agrarian reform, establishing the so-called Military-Peasant Pact (
2907:
1749:
Isbell, William H. (2008). "Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William H. (eds.).
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782:, sentiment against colonial rule grew. Independence was proclaimed in 1809, but 16 years of struggle followed before the establishment of a republic named for
3248:"Eva Copa responde a carta de Añez sobre las elecciones en la que le recuerda que su administraciĂłn es transitoria y que Bolivia necesita un Gobierno legĂtimo"
2704:
1035:
985:
During the early part of the 20th century, tin replaced silver as the country's most important source of wealth. A succession of Liberal governments applied
134:
3221:
3306:
1066:
959:. This was the turning point in Bolivian history; after this moment, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics for nearly 40 years.
1619:
879:
troops from Peru. Although the royalists repulsed three Argentine invasions, guerrillas controlled parts of the countryside, where they formed six major
1485:
Evo Morales and MAS obtained a comfortable victory reaching 54% of the electorate's votes, becoming the first Indigenous Bolivian president in history.
962:
814:. Some liberals eagerly welcomed the possible reforms to colonial rule promised by Joseph Bonaparte. A few officials supported the claims to a type of
3167:
1434:
Strikes and blockades first erupted in September 2003, with several deaths and dozens of injuries in confrontations with the armed forces. President
945:
as a predecessor of his state, this move was perceived as a threat to regional power balance and a menace to countries on former Inca territory. The
342:) across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at population-carrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.
3754:
1632:
On 12 March 2021 the government ordered the arrest of Jeanine Ăñez, the former Interim President, and five members of her government for terrorism,
3142:
3082:
4090:
2764:
1523:(a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents) declined from 0.60 to 0.47.
876:
3701:
Ribando, Clare, ed. "Bolivia: Political and economic developments and relations with the United States." (Congressional Research Service, 2006)
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Later convicted in absentia for crimes, including murder, GarcĂa Meza was extradited from Brazil and began serving a 30-year sentence in 1995.
1124:
The 1969 death of Barrientos led to a succession of weak governments. A coup was led by the military, only to see a countercoup led by leftist
1057:, the Bolivian National Revolution is one of the most significant sociopolitical events to occur in Latin America during the 20th century. The
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3029:
2826:
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1516:
In February 2009 a new constitution was enacted by Evo Morales. This gave Bolivians of indigenous descent more economic and political rights.
1204:
94:
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1855:
1827:
1758:
1733:
1708:
1230:
629:
510:
385:
196:
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203:. In the course of the nineteenth century Bolivia fell repeatedly into wars against its neighbors, culminating in a devastating loss in the
4415:
3901:
3808:
3117:"The New York Times Admits Key Falsehoods That Drove Last Year's Coup in Bolivia: Falsehoods Peddled by the U.S., Its Media, and the Times"
1493:, Brazil's largest energy company, and this political development was expected to strain relations between Morales and Brazilian president
1482:
1383:
925:
389:
3485:
3273:
1654:
1218:
1159:
The economy grew impressively during Banzer's presidency, but demands for greater political freedom undercut his support. He called for
895:
617:, who represented the king in the municipal governments that were elected by their citizens. By the early 17th century, there were four
4030:
4008:
3959:
3881:
3292:
1002:
998:
982:. An increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia a measure of relative prosperity and political stability in the late 1800s.
920:
89:
84:
79:
4302:
4244:
2719:
1573:
1058:
653:
644:
Along with the conquistadors came the Catholic clergy which began the conversion of native peoples to Christianity. In 1552 the first
4733:
4330:
2369:
2348:
1467:
The deterioration of the political system contributed towards the rise of a loose confederation of indigenous social movements, the
872:
439:
on 16 November 1532. Pizarro in a masterful strike killed Atahualpa's 12-man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called
435:
controlled the coast. Atahualpa's refusal to accept the permanent Spanish presence and to convert to Christianity led to the bloody
2238:
3564:
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AnĂĄlisis de Integridad Electoral. Elecciones Generales en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. 20 de octubre de 2019. INFORME FINAL
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had joined the La Paz junta. Both revolts were put down by forces sent to La Paz by the viceroys of Peru and the RĂo de La Plata.
4420:
1615:
1468:
1405:
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in 1548 did the Spanish crown succeed in reasserting its authority; later that year colonial authorities established the city of
127:
3908:
3196:
938:
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in La Paz and proclaimed an independent junta of Upper Peru, which would govern in the name of Ferdinand VII. By November 1809,
4850:
4159:
4001:
2812:
1664:
1554:
1539:
1527:
1506:
1141:
458:
Despite Pizarro's quick victory, Inca rebellions soon began and continued periodically throughout the colonial period. In 1537
191:
A notable but ill-fated indigenous revolt against the Spanish authorities occurred in the late eighteenth century being led by
1101:
4097:
3532:
2119:
1603:
1589:
1565:
1192:
1160:
227:
181:
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1450:
677:
3708:
Storli, Espen. "The Birth of the Worldâs Largest Tin Merchant: Philipp Brothers, Bolivian Tin and American Stockpiles." in
743:, with its emphasis on reason, questioning of authority and tradition, and individualistic tendencies, also contributed to
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3004:
506:
281:
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4403:
4189:
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4023:
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3747:
1783:
1659:
1494:
1435:
1248:
1077:
1048:
899:
886:
716:
625:
intendancy districts in Upper Peru, covering the present-day departments of La Paz, Cochabamba, PotosĂ, and Chuquisaca.
215:
54:
2087:
4883:
4534:
2898:
1361:
120:
34:
3544:
4664:
4659:
4480:
4337:
4040:
3803:
3526:
1502:
529:, carried out unrelenting attacks against colonial settlements and remained independent of direct Spanish control.
74:
2470:
1519:
Between 2006 and 2014, GDP per capita doubled and the extreme poverty rate declined from 38 to 18%. Moreover, the
473:
During the first two decades of Spanish rule, the settlement of the Bolivian highlands â now known as Upper Peru (
4284:
3504:
2592:
1462:
1267:
585:
554:
478:
2524:
1256:
4855:
4764:
4756:
4164:
3918:
3913:
3671:
2091:
1810:
Isbell, William H. (2008). "Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon".
1674:
1669:
946:
3376:
2357:
1081:
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in Upper Peru was established in La Plata; in 1605 La Paz and Santa Cruz also became bishoprics. In 1623, the
1445:
In MayâJune 2005, Mesa again tendered his resignation and in a hastily convened session of the Parliament in
4679:
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934:
514:
359:
3717:
From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia: Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales
1016:
Bolivia's territorial losses between the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century
4586:
4495:
4462:
4408:
4154:
2565:
2336:
1569:
1550:
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resigned in August 2001, due to being diagnosed with lung cancer. He was succeeded by his vice-president,
807:
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592:(1,796 km) around Chuquisaca, but it soon included Santa Cruz and territory belonging to present-day
4561:
4075:
4018:
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764:
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region) remained a wild frontier throughout colonial rule. In the Chaco, the Native Americans, mostly
4827:
4772:
4566:
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4520:
4391:
4227:
4179:
4174:
4132:
4070:
3451:"Evo Morales, former president of Bolivia: 'The government's only plan is to eliminate my candidacy'"
1438:
resigned under pressure from protesters, formally handing over the presidency to his vice-president,
1387:
1322:
1282:
1129:
1062:
740:
665:
358:
embarked on a mass expansion, acquiring much of what is now western Bolivia under their 9th emperor,
199:
in the early nineteenth century and the Bolivian Republic was established in 1825, being named after
3327:[Bolivia: Order to arrest former president Jeanine Ăñez and 5 of her ministers for a coup].
3325:"Bolivia: ordenan arrestar a la ex presidenta Jeanine Ăñez y 5 de sus ministros por golpe de Estado"
2489:
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2661:
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1679:
1391:
1167:
1125:
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827:
550:
436:
173:
3634:
The Five Hundred Year Rebellion: Indigenous Movements and the Decolonization of History in Bolivia
783:
537:
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4606:
4515:
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4450:
4368:
4222:
4149:
4045:
3969:
3945:
3930:
3683:
Lehman, Kenneth D. "Completing the revolution? The United States and Boliviaâs long revolution."
3641:
The Truman Administration and Bolivia: Making the World Safe for Liberal Constitutional Oligarchy
3462:
2976:
2930:
2656:
2612:
1792:
1626:
1352:
1274:
1144:
refuse to grant the Torres government the loans necessary to pursue industrial development work.
1121:). Throughout the 1960s Barrientos leveled the peasant unions against labor unrest in the mines.
1054:
971:
907:
819:
562:
363:
267:
204:
3614:
A Collection of Pamphlets on the History of Bolivia in the Second Half of The Nineteenth Century
1625:
On 8 November 2020, Luis Arce was sworn in as President of Bolivia alongside his Vice President
1597:
1180:
1105:
2754:"What Happened in Bolivia's 2019 Vote Count? The Role of the OAS Electoral Observation Mission"
1286:
588:
center. The jurisdiction of the audiencia, known as Charcas, initially covered a radius of 100
161:
people reached an advanced level of civilization before being conquered by a rapidly expanding
4802:
4782:
4619:
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4500:
4184:
3896:
3424:
3090:
2727:
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2344:
2113:
1851:
1823:
1754:
1729:
1704:
1531:
1530:. His second term witnessed the continuation of leftist policies and Bolivia's joining of the
1070:
797:'s forces proved critical to the independence struggle in South America. The overthrow of the
756:
688:
467:
410:
402:
192:
169:
4787:
4709:
4674:
4654:
4649:
4629:
4581:
4546:
4169:
4080:
4035:
2945:"The OAS Misused Its Own Data to Help Fabricate Its Accusation of Fraud Against Evo Morales"
2604:
1815:
1520:
1424:
1303:
1278:
1262:
1252:
1226:
1114:
956:
802:
798:
577:("Rich Mountain") was for a couple of centuries the largest city in the Western Hemisphere.
486:
406:
326:
arrived in the region some 2000 years ago, eventually settling in Western Bolivia, Southern
4812:
4639:
4425:
3678:
From development to dictatorship: Bolivia and the alliance for progress in the Kennedy era
1356:
1128:
in October 1970. His government was quickly subjected to external pressure. US Ambassador
823:
779:
549:
During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was under the authority of the
495:
440:
3858:
1335:
of the municipal water supply that was being pushed through on the recommendation of the
696:
692:
3350:
2246:
1100:
Twelve more tumultuous years of national reform left the MNR divided, and in a November
249:
207:
which resulted in Bolivia losing its access to the sea, along with rich nitrate fields.
4714:
4317:
3964:
3702:
3654:
3617:
3578:
3568:
3172:
1240:
1234:
1222:
1221:(ADN) of Gen. Banzer won a plurality of the popular vote, followed by former President
871:
During the following seven years, Upper Peru became the battleground for forces of the
861:
831:
790:
723:
704:
566:
463:
110:
3222:"Mexican official says Mexico has granted asylum to Bolivian ex-president Evo Morales"
1327:
Between January and April 2000, a series of anti-privatization protests took place in
1266:
domestic terrorism, personally ordering the December 1990 attack on terrorists of the
4877:
4633:
4373:
4363:
3554:
3518:
3170:[This was the request for resignation from the Armed Forces to Evo Morales].
2699:
2616:
2105:
1649:
1379:
1332:
1176:
1133:
986:
811:
721:
In the late 18th century, a growing discontent with Spanish rule developed among the
700:
660:
589:
490:
362:, whose reign lasted from 1438 to 1471. Pachacuti Yupanqui was succeeded by his son,
323:
200:
172:
in the early sixteenth century. The region that now makes up Bolivia fell under the
154:
157:
had been an important center of culture and development for thousands of years. The
1412:
1172:
1030:
760:
633:
423:
261:
185:
2456:
1084:, the MNR introduced universal adult suffrage, nationalized the country's largest
2442:
Prescription for a Nation: Public Health in Post-Revolutionary Bolivia, 1952-1964
1819:
3787:
2871:"12 pruebas del supuesto fraude electoral presentadas por ingenieros de la UMSA"
1611:
1593:
1472:
1439:
1428:
1401:
1375:
1340:
1310:
1149:
942:
748:
450:
414:
355:
223:
162:
17:
1209:
In October 1982, 22 years after the end of his first term of office (1956â60),
1179:
administrations refused to recognize GarcĂa's government due to its drug ties.
3853:
2970:
1549:
Amidst allegations of fraud perpetrated by the Morales government, widespread
1411:
Several days before Bolivians went to the voting booths, the U.S. ambassador,
1336:
1328:
1137:
857:
768:
574:
542:
526:
522:
518:
459:
177:
3094:
2731:
2503:
2095:
4013:
3403:"IMF recognizes Bolivia's strength in the face of Inflation - Prensa Latina"
3307:"Bolivia's Arce sworn in as socialists return to power after turbulent year"
1607:
1577:
1490:
1026:
654:
Royal and Pontifical Higher University of San Francisco Xavier of Chuquisaca
610:
482:
431:
394:
368:
285:
211:
4725:
3593:
Blood of the earth: resource nationalism, revolution, and empire in Bolivia
1777:
McAndrews, Timothy L.; Albarracin-Jordan, Juan & Bermann, Marc (1997).
865:
570:
317:
168:
The Inca themselves were shortly afterward conquered by the Spanish led by
810:
in Spain, a government which claimed to rule in the name of the abdicated
732:
were incensed that Spain reserved all higher administrative positions for
3989:
3651:
Bolivia : revolution and the power of history in the present: essays
3354:
1633:
1477:
1396:
1347:
1285:, who subsequently died in prison while awaiting trial. MIR deputy chief
1088:
mines, carried out a sweeping land reform, and promoted rural education.
1076:
On 9 April 1952, the MNR led a successful revolt and set into motion the
1022:
898:, a Charcas native, who refused to accept the restoration of the liberal
794:
771:, and others out of Spanish America; their ideas were often discussed by
593:
335:
271:
158:
3644:
2998:"UniĂłn Europea MisiĂłnde Expertos Electorales Bolivia 2019 Informe Final"
2827:"Consulates in Argentina operational bases for Bolivian electoral fraud"
848:
of the Audiencia favored the Supreme Central Junta. On 25 May 1809, the
334:. Present-day Aymaras associate themselves with the advanced culture of
4430:
3763:
3030:"Informe de la UE detectĂł "numerosos errores" en elecciones de Bolivia"
2608:
975:
853:
649:
645:
427:
2720:"Morales: 'It is not the power of Evo, it is the power of the people'"
2697:[Poverty in Bolivia decreased 20 percent in the last decade].
2343:(2nd ed.). New York City: W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 50â52.
1796:
1778:
1339:
and the International Monetary Fund. The Bolivian government declared
3498:
3083:"Silence reigns on the US-backed coup against Evo Morales in Bolivia"
1572:, in events characterized as a coup d'Ă©tat by supporters of Morales,
815:
499:
418:
313:
305:
3168:"AsĂ fue el pedido de renuncia de las Fuerzas Armadas a Evo Morales"
308:
some 3000â4000 years ago and production of copper began in 2000 BC.
3732:
180:, and in 1776, Upper Peru was transferred to the newly established
2972:ăTREPăLas verdaderas razones por la que se cortĂł - Ethical Hacking
2899:"A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts"
1726:
Valley of the Spirits: A Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara
1498:
1446:
1011:
979:
885:
844:
597:
558:
536:
505:
The conquest and colonial rule were traumatic experiences for the
449:
444:
393:
350:
331:
309:
3517:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3351:"Bolivia: Ex-interim President Jeanine Ăñez arrested over 'coup'"
2104:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1233:(MIR). In the congressional run-off, the MIR sided with MNR, and
2781:
2695:"Pobreza en Bolivia disminuyĂł 20 por ciento en la Ășltima dĂ©cada"
2494:
1779:"Regional Settlement Patterns in the Tiwanaku Valley of Bolivia"
1423:
In recent years, an increasingly divisive conflict has been the
581:
327:
4729:
3736:
3195:
Natalie GallĂłn; Tatiana Arias; Julia Jones (12 November 2019).
974:(1879â83), when it lost its Pacific seacoast and the adjoining
417:. They first sailed south in 1524 along the Pacific coast from
3197:"Bolivia's Morales in Mexico after accepting political asylum"
1085:
3056:"Ethical Hacking: The elections in Bolivia are null and void"
2364:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65â66.
2298:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. pp. 3â9.
320:
were domesticated and used for transport, food and clothing.
3293:"Luis Arce presumed winner of Bolivia presidential election"
1772:
1770:
1553:
were organized to dispute the election. On 10 November, the
1359:
groups. This topic is explored in the 2003 documentary film
2566:"Caso 'La Calancha': vĂctimas pedirĂĄn procesar a ex "vice""
3724:
US Relations with Bolivia and Ecuador from Bush to Obama
3661:
The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean anthropology
1753:. New York City: Springer Publishing. pp. 731â751.
1069:
but members were forced to resign in 1946 following the
970:
Bolivia's military weakness was demonstrated during the
3497:
Hudson, Rex A.; Hanratty, Dennis Michael, eds. (1991).
3003:(in Spanish). European Union in Bolivia. Archived from
3722:
Wolff, Jonas. "Re-engaging Latin Americaâs Left?." in
3486:
BoliviaâUnited States relations § Further reading
2844:
Valdivia, Walter D.; Escobari, Diego (17 March 2020).
1841:
1839:
1156:
held and tortured during the 1971-1974 military rule.
3624:
The Great Tin Crash: Bolivia and the World Tin Market
3449:
Molina, MartĂn Sivak, Federico Rivas (22 July 2024).
2896:
Anatoly Kurmanaev; Maria Silvia Trigo (7 June 2020).
2389:. New York City: Russell & Russell. pp. 1â9.
1427:; a dispute over the exploitation of Bolivia's large
222:
21st century Bolivian politics would be dominated by
3696:
Bolivia and the United States: A limited partnership
3143:"Congress should investigate OAS actions in Bolivia"
1703:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. p. 145.
1457:
The 2005 election and the Evo Morales administration
842:, leaned towards affiliation with Carlotta. But the
502:, which soon became an important commercial center.
447:
fell and was refounded as a new Spanish settlement.
4836:
4763:
4605:
4533:
4449:
4384:
4351:
4316:
4295:
4243:
4215:
4202:
4131:
4058:
3980:
3874:
3839:
3819:
3796:
3780:
3771:
3377:"Bolivia Has The Lowest Inflation in Latin America"
950:rebel armies to sign the peace treaty known as the
255:
Tiwanaku at its largest territorial extent, 950 CE.
2897:
2679:[Evo Morales on his way to a third term].
2471:"Bechtel abandons its ICSID claim against Bolivia"
1584:The 2020 election and the Luis Arce administration
545:, from which the Spanish drew most of their silver
989:policies through the first third of the century.
580:The wealth of Upper Peru and its remoteness from
151:involves thousands of years of human habitation.
3605:Alexander, Robert Jackson, and Eldon M. Parker.
3036:(in Spanish). Voice of America. 21 December 2019
1848:The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization
1701:The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization
1536:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
1195:and allowed it to choose a new chief executive.
2677:"Evo Morales en route pour un troisiĂšme mandat"
2444:(PhD). Santa Barbara: University of California.
778:As Spanish royal authority weakened during the
300:The potato was domesticated near lake Titicaca
3586:The Bolivia Reader: History, Culture, Politics
2418:
2323:
2225:
2182:
2167:
2155:
1961:
1920:
1885:
1273:Paz Zamora's regime was less decisive against
929:Bolivia during the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
413:led the Spanish discovery and conquest of the
4741:
3748:
3541:Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present
3539:Crabtree, John, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.
2703:(in Spanish). 18 October 2016. Archived from
2488:Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean (11 September 2008).
1471:and other parties, with the head of the MAS,
1306:coca-growing region, from 1994 through 1996.
1132:(who participated in the coup d'Ă©tat against
818:of the Spanish realms by Ferdinand's sister,
596:and, until 1568, also the entire district of
128:
8:
4862:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3467:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1300:Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
1036:Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
894:After 1820, conservative Criollos supported
557:, located in Chuquisaca or La Plata (modern
3425:"BoletĂn IBCE Cifras: InflaciĂłn en Bolivia"
2341:The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826
1604:The elections took place on 18 October 2020
1148:in a bloody coup d'Ă©tat led by the colonel
284:developed in the high altitude settings of
4748:
4734:
4726:
4539:
4455:
4212:
4208:
4137:
3777:
3755:
3741:
3733:
3666:Farthing, Linda C., and Benjamin H. Kohl.
2933:. Center for Economic and Policy Research.
1812:The Handbook of South American Archaeology
1751:The Handbook of South American Archaeology
1033:was nationalized and the state-owned firm
553:. Local government was implemented by the
165:in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
135:
121:
28:
2547:"Analysis: Bolivia's gas nationalization"
2457:"Hidden cells reveal Bolivia's dark past"
1622:in the Morales administration, won them.
1104:, a military junta led by vice-president
3274:"MAS has a majority, but not two-thirds"
2387:The Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia
2296:The Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia
1542:. On 17 October 2015, Morales surpassed
966:The Atacama Desert and the Puna in 1830.
961:
924:
3607:A history of organized labor in Bolivia
2949:Center for Economic and Policy Research
2931:"Analysis of the 2019 Bolivia Election"
2761:Center for Economic and Policy Research
2652:"Bolivia's referendum sees low turnout"
1850:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
1691:
890:Antonio José de Sucre, hero of Ayacucho
42:
31:
3524:
3460:
2545:Gentile, Carmen J. (1 November 2006).
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2151:
2149:
2111:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1728:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1620:Minister of Economy and Public Finance
1431:reserves in the south of the country.
1067:1944â1946 Bolivian National Convention
443:. One year later, the Inca capital of
210:Bolivia faced a further losses in the
3645:https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271056869
2979:from the original on 23 November 2021
2846:"Bolivia's Electoral Fraud Reckoning"
2430:Lynch, pp.50-52. RodrĂguez, pp.65-66.
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2176:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1916:
1914:
830:. Finally, a small number of radical
386:European colonization of the Americas
226:until he resigned in the wake of the
197:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
3710:Tin and Global Capitalism, 1850â2000
3698:(University of Georgia Press, 1999).
3668:Evo's Bolivia: Continuity and Change
3577:(2nd ed. Infobase Publishing, 2010)
3081:Weisbrot, Mark (18 September 2020).
2770:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2718:Watts, Jonathan (20 February 2016).
2593:"Bolivia's Constitutional Breakdown"
2525:"The nationalisation of oil and gas"
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
941:. As Santa Cruz openly declared the
834:wanted independence for Upper Peru.
390:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3712:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 222â240.
2362:The Independence of Spanish America
1600:called new presidential elections.
1390:ran again, and narrowly beat NFR's
1219:Nationalist Democratic Action Party
1065:(1943â46), and were elected to the
873:United Provinces of the River Plate
214:against Paraguay of the 1930s. The
4303:Plurinational Constitutional Court
3849:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
3595:(University of Texas Press, 2017).
3141:Jordan, Chuck (4 September 2020).
2788:(in Spanish). Republic of Paraguay
2638:Bolivia Information Forum Bulletin
2532:Bolivia Information Forum Bulletin
2245:. 22 February 1999. Archived from
2243:Duke University History Department
1596:'s resignation, Interim President
1259:(CONAP) and the other ministries.
1059:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
822:, who at the moment governed from
630:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
485:between the forces of Pizarro and
25:
3680:(Cornell University Press, 2014).
2929:John, Curiel (27 February 2020).
2675:Bouafia, Tarik (8 October 2014).
2631:"The growing demand for autonomy"
2455:Schipani, Andres (5 March 2009).
2271:. 5 November 2004. Archived from
1225:'s MNR and former Vice President
1205:History of Bolivia (1982âpresent)
933:During the presidency of Marshal
791:invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
656:, Upper Peru's first university.
628:Upper Peru was joined to the new
4122:
4081:Plurinational State Constitution
3584:Thomson, Sinclair, et al., eds.
3551:Historical dictionary of Bolivia
3512:
3115:Greenwald, Glenn (8 June 2020).
2910:from the original on 7 June 2020
2490:"Bolivia to Expel US Ambassador"
2099:
1538:; he was again reelected in the
1247:Although the MNR list headed by
896:General Pedro Antonio de Olañeta
668:on the shores of Lake Titicaca.
521:(the colonial name for the arid
260:
248:
104:
53:
2813:Organization of American States
2094:. November 2002. Archived from
1665:History of Bolivian nationality
1655:BoliviaâUnited States relations
1555:Organization of American States
1507:Union of South American Nations
1142:Inter-American Development Bank
176:. It was specifically known as
3588:(Duke University Press, 2018).
3280:(in Spanish). 21 October 2020.
3176:(in Spanish). 10 November 2019
1590:2019 Bolivian political crisis
1003:History of Bolivia (1964â1982)
999:History of Bolivia (1920â1964)
921:History of Bolivia (1809â1920)
828:Prince Regent John of Portugal
228:2019 Bolivian political crisis
182:Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
1:
4397:Plurinational Electoral Organ
3563:(2nd ed. Cambridge UP, 2021)
2877:(in Spanish). 25 October 2019
751:had not kept the writings of
507:indigenous peoples in Bolivia
398:Inca expansion (1438â1533 CE)
282:indigenous peoples in Bolivia
4024:Bolivian National Revolution
3936:Treaty of Defensive Alliance
3887:Bolivian War of Independence
3561:A Concise History of Bolivia
3058:(in Spanish). Archived from
2660:. 6 May 2008. Archived from
2385:Arnade, Charles W. (1970) .
1820:10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_37
1784:Journal of Field Archaeology
1660:Bolivian War of Independence
1309:In the 1997 elections, Gen.
1078:Bolivian National Revolution
1049:Bolivian National Revolution
1043:Bolivian National Revolution
900:Spanish Constitution of 1812
840:RamĂłn GarcĂa LeĂłn de Pizarro
717:Bolivian War of Independence
672:Rebellions of native peoples
216:Bolivian National Revolution
4592:Water supply and sanitation
4308:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
3909:PeruâBolivian Confederation
3902:Declaration of Independence
3864:Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
3331:(in Spanish). 12 March 2021
2782:"TREP â Justicia Electoral"
2294:Arnade, Charles W. (1957).
1384:2002 presidential elections
1268:NĂ©stor Paz Zamora Committee
1231:Revolutionary Left Movement
1217:In the 1985 elections, the
939:PeruâBolivian Confederation
678:Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
4900:
4597:Water resources management
3575:A brief history of Bolivia
3531:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3483:
3254:(in Spanish). 17 June 2020
2419:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2324:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2226:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2183:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2168:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2156:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
2118:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2088:"Background Note: Bolivia"
1962:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
1921:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
1886:Hudson & Hanratty 1991
1503:UNASUR Constitutive Treaty
1483:elections of December 2005
1460:
1370:2002 presidential election
1320:
1257:National Political Council
1202:
1046:
996:
918:
714:
675:
605:importance of the region.
383:
237:
4694:
4542:
4458:
4285:Vice President of Bolivia
4211:
4140:
4120:
3859:Rebellion of TĂșpac Katari
3726:(PRIF Report 103, 2011).
3505:Federal Research Division
2591:Lehoucq, Fabrice (2008).
1618:who previously served as
1495:Luiz InĂĄcio Lula da Silva
1463:Presidency of Evo Morales
1436:Gonzalo SĂĄnchez de Lozada
1406:Movement Toward Socialism
1351:attracted attention from
1249:Gonzalo SĂĄnchez de Lozada
711:Struggle for independence
555:Real Audiencia of Charcas
479:Real Audiencia of Charcas
4757:History of South America
3919:War of the Confederation
3914:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
3685:Bolivian Studies Journal
3612:Aspiazu, AgustĂn et al.
3500:Bolivia: a country study
2564:ABI (12 December 2019).
2092:U.S. Department of State
1846:Kolata, Alan L. (1993).
1724:Kolata, Alan L. (1996).
1699:Kolata, Alan L. (1993).
1675:History of South America
1670:History of Latin America
1451:Eduardo RodrĂguez VeltzĂ©
1317:2000 Cochabamba protests
947:War of the Confederation
736:(Spanish-born persons).
509:. Easily susceptible to
302:between 8000 and 5000 BC
195:. Upper Peru joined the
3951:Puna de Atacama dispute
3694:Lehman, Kenneth Duane.
3622:Crabtree, John, et al.
2534:. No. 2. May 2006.
2440:Pacino, Nicole (2013).
1614:, a candidate from the
1564:Following the disputed
1346:In 2001, Bechtel filed
1186:Transition to democracy
1119:Pacto Militar-Campesino
1053:Standing alongside the
600:. The president of the
515:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
426:died in 1527, his sons
375:Spanish colonial period
360:Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
4421:Movement for Socialism
4409:Atacama border dispute
2358:RodrĂguez O., Jaime E.
1616:Movement for Socialism
1574:the president resigned
1400:and indigenous leader
1017:
967:
930:
891:
546:
533:Spanish administration
455:
399:
3924:Bolivia-Argentina War
3892:Chuquisaca Revolution
3663:20.3 (2015): 452â474.
3573:Morales, Waltraud Q.
3484:Further information:
1566:2019 general election
1540:2014 general election
1366:Investment Disputes.
1275:narcotics trafficking
1082:VĂctor Paz Estenssoro
1015:
965:
928:
904:Antonio José de Sucre
889:
808:Supreme Central Junta
801:and the placement of
765:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
565:produced much of the
563:Bolivian silver mines
540:
453:
397:
384:Further information:
240:Pre-Columbian Bolivia
70:Pre-Columbian Bolivia
4228:President of Bolivia
4160:Environmental issues
4086:Constituent Assembly
4071:Cochabamba Water War
4041:ĂancahuazĂș Guerrilla
3995:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
3941:Battle of RĂo Grande
3809:Spanish colonization
3503:. Washington, D.C.:
2664:on 26 February 2009.
2597:Journal of Democracy
1814:. pp. 731â751.
1544:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1481:, as leader. In the
1323:Cochabamba Water War
1063:Gualberto Villarroel
1021:Bolivia's defeat by
935:Andrés de Santa Cruz
666:Virgen de Copacabana
573:, site of the famed
234:Pre-Columbian period
184:with its capital in
4270:Chamber of Senators
4253:Chamber of Deputies
3829:Viceroyalty of Peru
3715:Webber, Jeffery R.
3569:2003 edition online
3509:Library of Congress
3252:CĂĄmara de Senadores
2707:on 20 October 2016.
2477:. 10 February 2006.
1680:Viceroyalty of Peru
1592:that saw President
1392:Manfred Reyes Villa
753:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
586:agricultural supply
551:Viceroyalty of Peru
481:â was delayed by a
437:Battle of Cajamarca
174:Viceroyalty of Peru
4884:History of Bolivia
4511:Telecommunications
4046:Teoponte Guerrilla
4019:Military Socialism
3946:Litoral Department
3931:War of the Pacific
3649:Dunkerley, James.
3609:(Greenwood, 2005).
3559:Klein, Herbert S.
3329:Aristegui Noticias
3313:. 9 November 2020.
3228:. 11 November 2019
2951:. 8 September 2020
2904:The New York Times
2657:Xinhua News Agency
2609:10.1353/jod.0.0023
2275:on 5 November 2004
2249:on 31 January 2012
2098:on 1 August 2003.
1627:David Choquehuanca
1570:the ensuing unrest
1559:The New York Times
1528:re-elected in 2009
1353:anti-globalization
1211:HernĂĄn Siles Zuazo
1080:. Under President
1055:Mexican Revolution
1018:
1008:Early 20th century
972:War of the Pacific
968:
952:Paucarpata Treaty,
931:
908:Battle of Ayacucho
892:
826:with her husband,
547:
456:
400:
364:Topa Inca Yupanqui
268:Gateway of the Sun
205:War of the Pacific
149:history of Bolivia
111:Bolivia portal
4871:
4870:
4843:other territories
4723:
4722:
4690:
4689:
4529:
4528:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4404:Foreign relations
4263:Chamber President
4198:
4197:
4118:
4117:
4103:COVID-19 pandemic
4009:Revolutionary era
4002:Manuripi campaign
3897:La Paz revolution
3676:Field, Thomas C.
3636:(AK Press, 2019).
3632:Dangl, Benjamin.
3618:online in Spanish
3600:Specialty studies
3549:Heath, Dwight B.
3527:cite encyclopedia
3383:. 2 December 2021
2850:Project Syndicate
2752:Long, Guillaume.
2170:, pp. 11â12.
1857:978-1-55786-183-2
1829:978-0-387-74906-8
1760:978-0-38774-906-8
1735:978-0-47157-507-8
1710:978-1-55786-183-2
1532:Bank of the South
1388:SĂĄnchez de Lozada
1161:elections in 1978
1071:1946 La Paz riots
757:Benjamin Franklin
517:in 1561, but the
511:European diseases
454:Francisco Pizarro
411:Hernando de Luque
403:Francisco Pizarro
380:Conquest by Spain
170:Francisco Pizarro
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4891:
4863:
4851:Falkland Islands
4765:Sovereign states
4750:
4743:
4736:
4727:
4703:
4540:
4471:
4456:
4280:Senate President
4213:
4209:
4138:
4126:
4066:Contemporary era
4036:Operation Condor
4031:Dictatorship era
3778:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3687:22 (2016): 4â35
3591:Young, Kevin A.
3536:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3458:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3291:Abdalla, Jihan.
3288:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:on 19 March 2020
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2354:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2269:"Bartolina Sisa"
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
1965:
1959:
1924:
1918:
1889:
1883:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1526:Evo Morales was
1521:Gini coefficient
1425:Bolivian Gas War
1279:coca eradication
1253:Patriotic Accord
1227:Jaime Paz Zamora
1168:Luis GarcĂa Meza
1126:Juan José Torres
1102:1964 coup d'Ă©tat
957:Battle of Yungay
803:Joseph Bonaparte
747:discontent. The
652:established the
632:with capital in
487:Diego de Almagro
407:Diego de Almagro
264:
252:
137:
130:
123:
109:
108:
107:
57:
47:
29:
21:
18:Colonial Bolivia
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4844:
4842:
4832:
4759:
4754:
4724:
4719:
4706:
4699:
4686:
4665:Public holidays
4660:National anthem
4601:
4525:
4481:Cement Industry
4469:
4437:
4426:Civic Community
4380:
4347:
4338:Law enforcement
4312:
4291:
4275:current members
4258:current members
4239:
4194:
4127:
4114:
4091:2009 referendum
4054:
3976:
3870:
3835:
3815:
3792:
3767:
3761:
3639:Dorn, Glenn J.
3602:
3523:
3513:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3459:
3455:EL PAĂS English
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3357:. 13 March 2021
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2815:. pp. 3â6.
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:Investig'Action
2674:
2673:
2669:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2356:
2351:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2127:
2110:
2100:
2086:
2085:
1968:
1960:
1927:
1919:
1892:
1884:
1865:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1646:
1586:
1465:
1459:
1421:
1372:
1362:The Corporation
1357:anti-capitalist
1325:
1319:
1283:Isaac Chavarria
1207:
1201:
1199:1982 to present
1193:elected in 1980
1188:
1130:Ernest Siracusa
1106:René Barrientos
1098:
1051:
1045:
1010:
1005:
995:
978:rich fields to
923:
917:
799:Bourbon Dynasty
780:Napoleonic Wars
719:
713:
680:
674:
642:
621:in Upper Peru.
567:Spanish Empires
535:
496:Gonzalo Pizarro
392:
382:
377:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
265:
257:
256:
253:
242:
236:
141:
105:
103:
45:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Stock Exchange
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:Extreme points
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3965:Chiriguano War
3957:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3882:Early Republic
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766: articles
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3681:
3674:
3664:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3571:
3557:
3547:
3537:
3492:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3441:
3416:
3394:
3381:Kawsachun News
3368:
3342:
3316:
3298:
3283:
3265:
3239:
3213:
3187:
3173:Diario Popular
3159:
3133:
3107:
3073:
3047:
3021:
3010:on 6 July 2020
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2710:
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2603:(4): 110â124.
2583:
2570:El PaĂs Tarija
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1966:
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1610:, endorsed by
1585:
1582:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1420:
1417:
1371:
1368:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1241:Hyperinflation
1235:Paz Estenssoro
1223:Paz Estenssoro
1203:Main article:
1200:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1166:In 1980, Gen.
1097:
1094:
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1009:
1006:
994:
991:
916:
913:
793:in 1807-08 by
715:Main article:
712:
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705:Bartolina Sisa
689:TĂșpac Amaru II
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468:TĂșpac Amaru II
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3405:. 26 May 2022
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3295:. Al Jazeera.
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3121:The Intercept
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2700:Prensa Latina
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2421:, p. 16.
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2371:0-521-62673-0
2367:
2363:
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2350:0-393-95537-0
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2326:, p. 15.
2325:
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2290:
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2240:
2234:
2231:
2228:, p. 14.
2227:
2222:
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2210:
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2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:, p. 12.
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:, p. 11.
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
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2121:
2115:
2107:
2106:public domain
2097:
2093:
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2079:
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2065:
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2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
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2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:, p. 13.
1963:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
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1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
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1671:
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1651:
1650:Charca people
1648:
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1637:
1635:
1630:
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1441:
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1432:
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1426:
1419:Black October
1418:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:(MAS) party.
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Jorge Quiroga
1377:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:privatization
1330:
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1316:
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1307:
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1206:
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1185:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:Ronald Reagan
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Jacobo Arbenz
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1096:Military rule
1095:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
987:laissez-faire
983:
981:
977:
973:
964:
960:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
927:
922:
914:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
888:
884:
882:
881:republiquetas
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Ferdinand VII
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
784:SimĂłn BolĂvar
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Enlightenment
737:
735:
731:
726:
725:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
679:
671:
669:
667:
662:
661:Inca religion
659:The official
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
606:
603:
599:
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587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
539:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
492:
491:conquistadors
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
391:
387:
379:
374:
372:
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
330:and Northern
329:
325:
324:Aymara people
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
287:
283:
273:
269:
263:
251:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
201:Simon Bolivar
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:Lake Titicaca
152:
150:
138:
133:
131:
126:
124:
119:
118:
116:
115:
112:
102:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
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73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
41:
36:
30:
27:
19:
4839:Dependencies
4777:
4625:Coat of arms
4615:Architecture
4575:Demographics
4476:Central Bank
4359:Armed Forces
4343:Human rights
4326:Constitution
4110:Coups d'Ă©tat
4076:Gas conflict
4059:21st century
3981:20th century
3875:19th century
3840:18th century
3820:17th century
3804:Colonial era
3797:16th century
3781:Pre-colonial
3772:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3695:
3684:
3677:
3667:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3606:
3592:
3585:
3574:
3560:
3550:
3540:
3499:
3480:Bibliography
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:
3419:
3409:27 September
3407:. Retrieved
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3380:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3087:The Guardian
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:VOA Noticias
3033:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2992:
2981:, retrieved
2971:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2903:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2808:
2807:OEA (2019).
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2785:
2776:
2760:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2724:The Guardian
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2680:
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2475:Opinio Juris
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2247:the original
2242:
2239:"Rebellions"
2233:
2163:
2096:the original
1923:, p. 8.
1888:, p. 7.
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1791:(1): 67â83.
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1410:
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1331:against the
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761:Thomas Paine
744:
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734:peninsulares
733:
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697:JuliĂĄn Apaza
693:TomĂĄs Catari
685:
681:
658:
643:
640:Christianity
634:Buenos Aires
627:
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619:corregidores
618:
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569:wealth, and
548:
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280:Cultures of
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186:Buenos Aires
167:
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95:1982âpresent
64:
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26:
4496:Natural Gas
4463:Agriculture
4245:Legislative
4155:Departments
4098:2019 crisis
3970:Federal War
3960:Liberal Era
3788:Inca Empire
3429:ibce.org.bo
3180:12 November
2786:tsje.gov.py
2640:. May 2008.
2459:. BBC News.
2337:Lynch, John
1612:Evo Morales
1594:Evo Morales
1475:, a former
1473:Evo Morales
1440:Carlos Mesa
1429:natural gas
1402:Evo Morales
1376:Hugo Banzer
1341:martial law
1311:Hugo Banzer
1150:Hugo Banzer
943:Inca Empire
749:Inquisition
464:TĂșpac Amaru
441:ransom room
415:Inca empire
356:Inca empire
224:Evo Morales
163:Inca Empire
44:History of
4645:Literature
4562:Irrigation
4470:(currency)
4468:Boliviano
3854:Upper Peru
3434:26 October
3152:23 October
3126:23 October
3100:23 October
3040:15 October
3014:15 October
2955:23 October
2831:MercoPress
1686:References
1588:After the
1374:President
1337:World Bank
1329:Cochabamba
1263:Paz Zamora
1138:World Bank
997:See also:
919:See also:
858:Cochabamba
769:John Locke
615:corregidor
575:Cerro Rico
543:Cerro Rico
527:Chiriguano
519:Gran Chaco
489:. The two
460:Manco Inca
340:suka qullu
295:Chuquisaca
291:Cochabamba
178:Upper Peru
4828:Venezuela
4773:Argentina
4567:Languages
4552:Education
4521:Transport
4486:Companies
4392:Elections
4369:Air Force
4296:Judiciary
4216:Executive
4190:Volcanoes
4180:Provinces
4175:Mountains
4133:Geography
4014:Chaco War
3463:cite news
3311:France 24
3095:0261-3077
2792:4 October
2732:0261-3077
2617:145704786
2504:0040-781X
1608:Luis Arce
1578:Nicaragua
1491:Petrobras
1382:. In the
1287:Oscar Eid
1027:Chaco War
646:bishopric
611:New World
602:audiencia
483:civil war
475:Alto PerĂș
432:Atahualpa
369:Qullasuyu
286:altiplano
212:Chaco War
90:1964â1982
85:1920â1964
80:1809â1920
75:1532â1809
4878:Category
4818:Suriname
4808:Paraguay
4793:Colombia
4710:Category
4680:Olympics
4670:Religion
4385:Politics
4352:Military
4204:Politics
3990:Acre War
3361:13 March
3355:BBC News
3335:12 March
3258:26 April
3232:14 April
3206:14 April
3147:The Hill
2983:26 April
2977:archived
2914:5 August
2908:Archived
2875:El Deber
2765:Archived
2360:(1998).
2339:(1986).
2279:26 March
2114:cite web
1644:See also
1634:sedition
1551:protests
1478:cocalero
1397:cocalero
1394:and the
1140:and the
1023:Paraguay
877:royalist
854:Mestizos
832:Criollos
795:Napoleon
773:criollos
730:criollos
724:criollos
594:Paraguay
336:Tiwanaku
272:Tiwanaku
159:Tiwanaku
65:Overview
35:a series
33:Part of
4823:Uruguay
4798:Ecuador
4778:Bolivia
4701:Outline
4630:Cuisine
4607:Culture
4571:People
4535:Society
4516:Tourism
4451:Economy
4431:Creemos
4416:Parties
4331:history
4223:Cabinet
4150:Climate
3773:History
3764:Bolivia
3672:excerpt
3670:(2014)
3653:(2007)
3643:(2011)
3628:excerpt
3626:(1987)
3616:(1900)
3567:; also
3565:excerpt
3553:(1972)
3545:excerpt
3543:(2008)
3491:Surveys
3387:27 June
3278:Opinion
3066:10 June
2881:15 June
2855:15 June
2737:9 March
2576:9 March
2253:14 July
1505:of the
1404:of the
1304:Chapare
1115:Quechua
1025:in the
976:nitrate
850:oidores
845:oidores
820:Carlota
816:regency
745:criollo
703:woman,
650:Jesuits
590:leagues
428:Huascar
46:Bolivia
4803:Guyana
4783:Brazil
4715:Portal
4620:Cinema
4557:Health
4501:Mining
4491:Energy
4185:Rivers
4145:Cities
3728:online
3719:(2011)
3703:online
3689:online
3655:online
3579:online
3555:online
3093:
2763:: 18.
2730:
2615:
2509:18 May
2502:
2368:
2347:
1854:
1826:
1797:530562
1795:
1757:
1732:
1707:
1173:Carter
866:PotosĂ
864:, and
824:Brazil
701:Aymara
571:PotosĂ
500:La Paz
419:Panama
409:, and
318:vicuña
314:alpaca
306:quinoa
37:on the
4788:Chile
4675:Sport
4655:Music
4650:Media
4582:Women
4547:Crime
4170:Lakes
3008:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
2757:(PDF)
2634:(PDF)
2613:S2CID
2528:(PDF)
1793:JSTOR
1499:Sucre
1449:, Mr.
1447:Sucre
980:Chile
862:Oruro
598:Cuzco
559:Sucre
523:Chaco
477:) or
445:Cuzco
351:llama
332:Chile
310:Llama
4813:Peru
4640:Flag
4634:Wine
4587:LGBT
4374:Navy
4364:Army
4233:List
3533:link
3469:link
3436:2022
3411:2022
3389:2022
3363:2021
3337:2021
3260:2021
3234:2020
3226:CNBC
3208:2020
3182:2019
3154:2020
3128:2020
3102:2020
3091:ISSN
3068:2023
3042:2020
3016:2020
2985:2021
2957:2020
2916:2020
2883:2020
2857:2020
2794:2020
2739:2020
2728:ISSN
2578:2020
2511:2021
2500:ISSN
2495:TIME
2366:ISBN
2355:and
2345:ISBN
2281:2022
2255:2013
2120:link
1852:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1606:and
1568:and
1534:and
1355:and
1348:suit
1175:and
1001:and
875:and
789:The
739:The
582:Lima
541:The
430:and
388:and
328:Peru
316:and
293:and
147:The
4841:and
4318:Law
3201:CNN
2605:doi
2551:UPI
1816:doi
1469:MAS
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