Racial color blindness - Knowledge (XXG)

2870:, explored color-blind ideologies among the institutions' white faculty members at the undergraduate and graduate level. In interviews with white faculty members at both institutions, researchers found the faculty often engaged with students from a color-blind perspective, avoiding racial terms but implying them allowed white faculty to label minority students "as academically inferior, less prepared, and less interested in pursuing research and graduate studies while potentially ignoring structural causes" of inequity. The study concludes that color-blind ideology held by school faculty can reduce a student of color's perception of their academic abilities and potential to achieve success in 2570:

the Center for Equal Opportunity, felt that this quotation supported the idea that race-conscious and equal opportunity should not exist, as he believes people should not be treated differently based on the color of their skin. However, not all agreed with this interpretation. American author Michael Eric Dyson felt that Dr. King only believed in the possibility of a color-blind society under the condition that racism and oppression were ultimately destroyed.

2858:, Jennifer Simpson proposed a "more productive dialogue about race". New dialogue must take a more complex look at race, openly looking at different perspectives on race. Simpson argues white people must engage with other races in discussing the ongoing effects of racism, requiring white people to participate in "communicative behavior that may threaten simultaneously their sense of self and their material power in the social order". 242: 7234: 5279: 2825:, has compared and contrasted the development of the color-blindness in the United States and South Africa. Given that white people are a minority population in South Africa and a majority population in the United States, Ansell expected to see a significant difference in the manifestation of color-blindness in both countries. The thirty-year time difference between the departure from Jim Crow and cessation of 79: 5299: 2455:'The Constitution is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race. In that sense, the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. 2762: 140: 338: 38: 7244: 5289: 2558:

society where millions of black people live in the middle and upper classes and millions of white people live in poverty, race is no longer an accurate indication of privilege. Recognizing someone's social class is more important than recognizing someone's race, indicating that society should be class-conscious, not race-conscious, Wilson argues.

2703:, in which people succeed only because they work hard and not their privilege. John R. Logan has disagreed with this notion of meritocracy, as the average black or Hispanic household earning more than $ 75,000 still live in a less affluent neighborhood than a white household earning less than $ 40,000 and poverty rates are higher for minorities. 2733:

beliefs, there is no need to pay "systematic attention" to any current inequities. They argue the prevalence of color-blindness is attributed to lack of knowledge or lack of exposure. They argue that due to racial separation in housing and education many Americans lack direct contact with present racism.

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proclaimed, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." This statement was widely interpreted as an endorsement of color-blind racial ideology. Roger Clegg, the President of

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Case studies of three large school districts, (Boston, Massachusetts; Wake County, North Carolina; and Jefferson County, Louisville) found that the districts' race-neutral, or color-blind, policies to combat school segregation may disadvantage minorities and "reframe privilege as common sense" while

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Texas legislators claimed that since the process they wanted to establish for voter registration did not involve different processes for people of different races and did not involve collecting information about race or ethnicity, their new requirements for eligibility to vote were "color blind" and

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Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, and Johnson studied implicit racial biases, suggesting people react differently to faces of members of their race compared to members of other races. They found a correlation between race and judicial outcomes and suggest a color blind approach may not actually be

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wrote that "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color

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Eduardo Bonilla-Silva has argued racial color blindness is insufficient to address racial inequality. He argues it involves egalitarianism while opposing concrete proposals to reduce inequality. He has argued it ignores the under-representation of minorities in prestigious institutions, along with

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Some supporters of racial color blindness argue racial inequality can be supported by relying on cultural, rather than biological, explanations such as "this race has too many babies". Some no longer view racism as a problem under this belief and see government programs targeting race as no longer

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primarily benefits the most privileged individuals within the black community. This is because strictly race-based programs disregard a candidate's socioeconomic background and therefore fail to help the poorer portion of the black community that actually needs the assistance. He claims that in a

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Vorauer, Gagnon, and Sasaki examined the effect that messages with a color-blind ideology had on white Canadians entering one-on-one interactions with Aboriginal Canadians. White Canadians who heard messages emphasizing color-blind ideology were much more likely to be concerned with ensuring the

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At various times in Western history, this term has been used to signal a desired or allegedly achieved state of freedom from racial prejudice or a desire that policies and laws should not consider race. Proponents of racial color blindness often assert that policies that differentiate by racial

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The multicultural psychology field generates four beliefs that constitute the racial color-blindness approach. The four beliefs are as follows: (1) skin color is superficial and irrelevant to the quality of a person's character, ability or worthiness, (2) in a merit-based society, skin color is

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when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved." His opinion could thus be interpreted as saying that laws should not differentiate between people of different races. His opinion was not the majority-supported decision, which at the time was that laws requiring

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Robert D. Reason and Nancy J. Evans outline a similar description of color-blindness, which is based on four beliefs: 1. Privilege is based on merit. 2. Most do not care about a person's race. 3. Social inequality is due to "cultural deficits" of individual people. 4. Given the previous three

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Researcher Jennifer Simpson argued that "in setting aside color blindness, White must learn to see, accept...the possibility that some of the good, ease, or rewards they have experienced have not been solely the result of hard work" but from "a system biased in their favor." This conscious

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subsequent interaction did not go badly and were more likely hostile, uncomfortable, and uncertain. White participants who heard messages emphasizing multicultural ideology, or the valuing of people's differences, asked more positive questions focused on the other person more relaxedly.

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Researchers also offer alternatives to the color-blindness discourse. Reason and Evans call for people to become "racially cognizant" and continuously acknowledge the role that race plays in their lives. They argue it is important to balance personal identity and a person's race.

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irrelevant to merit judgments and calculation of fairness, (3) as a corollary, in a merit-based society, merit and fairness are flawed if skin color is taken into the calculation, (4) ignoring skin color when interacting with people is the best way to avoid racial discrimination.

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A case study of a suburban, mixed-race high school examined the trend toward color-blind ideology in schools among white faculty. It argued white schoolteachers's color-blind ideology often masks their fears of being accused of racism and prevents a deeper examination of race.

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and differences in racial stratification and levels of poverty also led Ansell to expect a clear difference between the colorblindness ideology in the United States and South Africa. However, she concludes contemporary color-blindness in the two countries is nearly identical.

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Where racial disparities were once explained in terms of biology, they are now being discussed in terms of culture. "Culture" in this framework is seen as something fixed and hard to change. One example form of rhetoric used in this framework is the argument, "if Irish,

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who said, "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings." A 2015 telephone poll in the US found that 78% of respondents said that "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views. Despite this, the term was criticized by professor

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Proponents of "color-blind" practices largely believe that treating people equally as individuals leads to a more equal society or that racism and race privilege no longer exercise the power they once did, rendering the need for policies such as race-based

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In 2010, Apfelbaum et al. exposed elementary school students to color-blind ideology and found that those students were less likely to detect or report overt racial discrimination. The authors argued racial color blindness allows overt racism to persist."

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as a frame that portrays racism as a natural outcome of individuals' choices, and "just the way things are". While Bonna-Silva himself disagrees with these as "minimization of racism", these are views common among supporters of racial color blindness.

2687:, writes that advocates of a meritocratic, race-free worldview do not acknowledge the systems of privilege which benefit them, such as social and financial inheritance. She argues that this inheritance privileges "whiteness", "maleness", and 2585:

forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. He believes that race-oriented programs create "a cult of victimization" and imply black people require "special treatment in order to succeed".

3173: 2740:, Christopher Doob argues that racial color blindness's proponents "assert...that they are living in a world where racial privilege no longer exists, but their behavior 'supports' racialized structures and practices". 2464: 6234: 2698:

writes that majority groups use color-blindness to avoid discussing racism and discrimination. Color-blindness can be seen as a way to undermine minority hardships, as it used to argue that the United States is a

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wrote that "the color-blind Constitution does not bar the government from taking measures to remedy past state-sponsored discrimination – indeed, it requires that such measures be taken in certain

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Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Davies, Paul G.; Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie J.; Johnson, Sheri Lyn (2006). "Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes".

2725:, to argue against the strong presence of racism. Some suggest it results in people being for equality in principle but against government action to implement equality, described by some sociologists as 2597:

Some argue that the existence of majority-majority and majority-minority areas are not the result of racial discrimination and that this viewpoint ignores the possibility of other factors underlying

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McCoy, D. L., Winkle-Wagner, R., & Luedke, C. L. (2015). Colorblind mentoring? Exploring white faculty mentoring of students of color. Journal Of Diversity In Higher Education, 8, 225-242.

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of Harvard University has argued that "class was becoming more important than race" in determining life prospects within the black community. Wilson has published several works including

6723: 2714:", where race no longer matters. She argues this is not true and if it was that race would not be taken into consideration even when trying to address inequality or remedy past wrongs. 1766: 5784: 3522:

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo; Lewis, Amanda; Embrick, David G. (December 2004). "I did not get that job because of a black man...!: the story lines and testimonies of color-blind racism".

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posits that systemic advantage based on color should have no influence on what people can accomplish, and accomplishments are instead based solely on one's own work performance.

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Fryer et al. argued that color-blind affirmative action is about as efficient as race-conscious affirmative action in the short run but is less profitable in the long term.

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has appeared in United States Supreme Court opinions involving affirmative action, in opinions that support consideration of race when evaluating laws and their effects:

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McDermott, Kathryn A.; Frankenberg, Erica; Diem, Sarah (May 2015). "The 'Post-Racial' Politics of Race: Changing Student Assignment Policy in Three School Districts".

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often discusses alleged failures of racial color blindness, it has been criticized for its focus on reprimanding the white population, whereas similar fields such as

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does not affect a person's socially created opportunities. A racially color blind society is or would be free from differential legal or social treatment based on

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Vorauer, Jacquie D., Gagnon, Annette, & Sasaki, Stacey J. (2009). Salient Intergroup Ideology and Intergroup Interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 838-845.

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Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2003). "'New racism,' color-blind racism, and the future of whiteness in America". In Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo; Doane, Ashley W. (eds.).

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which reviewed the history of racist ideologies in America. He saw "color-blindness" as an ideology that undercuts the legal and political foundation of

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classification could tend to create, perpetuate or exacerbate racial divisiveness. Critics often believe it fails to address systemic discrimination.

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Racial color blindness reflects a societal ideal that skin color is insignificant. The ideal was most articulated "along with the emergence of the

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which masks the reality that many 'created equal' have been treated within our lifetimes as inferior both by the law and by their fellow citizens."

4928: 4526: 2334:. Psychologists and sociologists also study racial color blindness. This is further divided into two dimensions, color evasion and power evasion. 51: 7219: 5943: 5714: 5542: 5527: 5522: 5368: 5264: 3986: 2276: 972: 727: 555: 540: 535: 365: 7247: 5774: 5507: 4306: 4287: 3970: 3943: 3886: 3720: 3695: 3666: 3570: 3428: 3240: 3199: 3063: 3034: 2961: 795: 520: 6282: 5597: 5419: 2300: 1319: 610: 424: 3736:

Gallagher, Charles A. (2003). "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America".

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Ansell, Amy E. (March 2006). "Casting a blind eye: the ironic consequences of color-blindness in South Africa and the United States".

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Reason, Robert D.; Evans, Nancy J. (Winter 2007). "The complicated realities of whiteness: from color blind to racially cognizant".

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Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2001). "Color-blind racism: toward an analysis of white racial ideology". In Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (ed.).

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Among conservative presidents, color blindness as an idea has increased in the late 20th century as well as in the 21st century.

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exploration of whiteness as a racial and social identity and the acknowledgment of the role of whiteness is connected to modern

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came into being as a term for racial color blindness. Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter, such as

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or color. A color-blind society would have race-neutral governmental policies and would reject all racial discrimination.

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A multisite case study of Atlantic State University, a primarily white institution, and Mid-Atlantic State University, a

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refers to the belief that a person's race or ethnicity should not influence their legal or social treatment in society.

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Modica, Marianne (2015). "Unpacking the 'colorblind approach': accusations of racism at a friendly, mixed-race school".

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Apfelbaum, E. P.; Pauker, K.; Sommers, S. R.; Ambady, N. (September 28, 2010). "In Blind Pursuit of Racial Equality?".

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Simpson, Jennifer Lyn (February 2008). "The color-blind double bind: whiteness and the (im)possibility of dialogue".

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Holmes, David G. (2007). "Affirmative Reaction: Kennedy, Nixon, King, and the Evolution of Color-Blind Rhetoric".

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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any

92: 6783: 6671: 6518: 6287: 6224: 6052: 6007: 5869: 5754: 5736: 5672: 5602: 5486: 4819: 3390:"Texas Republicans say their proposed voting restrictions are color blind. But many see 'Jim Crow in a tuxedo'" 3189: 1826: 1714: 1555: 1324: 1253: 1081: 1036: 890: 775: 755: 685: 615: 491: 4403: 3259: 3022: 7237: 7066: 7046: 6908: 6898: 6856: 6486: 6327: 6189: 6159: 6154: 6134: 6097: 6032: 6017: 5950: 5923: 5908: 5321: 5212: 5017: 4957: 4935: 4662: 3110: 2598: 2578: 2125: 2105: 1959: 1949: 1907: 1523: 1364: 1218: 1188: 1183: 1163: 1126: 1061: 1046: 979: 952: 937: 321: 3138: 3082: 7165: 7138: 6608: 6588: 6451: 6322: 6219: 6169: 6139: 6119: 6047: 6027: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5903: 5874: 5847: 5823: 5818: 5414: 5404: 5177: 5080: 5000: 4829: 4770: 4672: 4569: 4512: 4437:"Power and Problems of Performance across Ethnic Lines, An Alternative Approach to Nontraditional Casting" 4099: 4062: 2566: 2415: 2222: 2195: 1645: 1625: 1488: 1359: 1248: 1198: 1168: 1148: 1076: 1056: 1031: 1026: 1021: 932: 895: 868: 844: 839: 419: 409: 4051:; Loury, G. C.; Yuret, T. (November 29, 2007). "An Economic Analysis of Color-Blind Affirmative Action". 3330: 7133: 7093: 7026: 6923: 6871: 6798: 6553: 6317: 6229: 6204: 6199: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6114: 6062: 6022: 5928: 5898: 5801: 5424: 5232: 5124: 5119: 5034: 4995: 4802: 4797: 4388: 4351: 3787: 3768: 3713:

Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States

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Separate and Unequal: The Neighborhood Gap for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in Metropolitan America

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argues that color-blindness operates under the assumption that we are living in a world that is "

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Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America

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Mio, Jeffery Scott; Barker, Lori A.; Domenech Rodriguez, Melanie M.; Gonzalez, John (2020).

2949: 2942:"Seeing color blindness: Color-blind racial ideology research methods in social psychology." 2915: 2648: 2514: 2232: 2217: 2147: 2068: 2038: 1853: 1689: 1389: 947: 942: 785: 675: 4364: 7190: 7098: 6994: 6943: 6803: 6788: 6768: 6733: 6446: 6357: 6292: 6092: 6042: 5687: 5282: 5247: 5139: 4972: 4891: 4866: 4834: 4824: 4792: 4787: 4682: 4639: 4629: 4619: 4584: 4564: 4549: 2910: 2688: 2617: 2574: 2469: 2357: 2331: 2247: 2157: 2053: 1994: 1846: 1831: 1811: 1776: 1483: 1394: 1329: 1121: 1071: 700: 5828: 3176: 2338:

is the belief that people should not be treated differently on the basis of their color.

849: 7185: 7143: 7113: 7103: 7021: 7014: 6999: 6989: 6825: 6761: 6703: 6698: 6683: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6342: 6277: 5806: 5779: 5632: 5344: 5259: 4913: 4782: 2920: 2562: 2427: 2242: 2200: 2172: 2162: 2080: 2073: 2058: 2048: 1868: 1804: 1746: 1741: 1726: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1379: 1314: 827: 800: 645: 329: 7262: 7197: 6820: 6756: 6741: 6603: 6568: 6548: 6419: 6362: 6297: 5709: 5612: 5075: 4722: 4687: 4599: 4559: 4436: 4259: 4224: 4174: 4018: 3863: 3828: 3571:"Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman explains why he stands by that All Lives Matter" 3543: 3508: 3286: 3009:

Affirmative Reaction: Kennedy, Nixon, King, and the Evolution of Color-Blind Rhetoric

2609: 2553:(1987) explaining his views on black poverty and racial inequality. He believes that 2361: 2254: 1863: 1799: 1784: 1640: 1605: 1585: 1456: 1399: 1334: 722: 625: 4463: 4129: 4034: 3842:

Doane, Ashley (March 2006). "What is racism? Racial discourse and racial politics".

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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

2631:(or other ethnic groups) have 'made it', how come black people have not?" 7073: 6903: 6830: 6481: 6407: 6312: 6272: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5572: 5567: 5512: 5197: 3989:(2016). Neville, Helen A.; Gallardo, Miguel E.; Sue, Derald Wing (eds.). 3763:

Ellis, Glenn (December 2015). "Sobering numbers on kids, poverty, race".

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The myth of racial color blindness: Manifestations, dynamics, and impact.

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The Myth of Racial Color Blindness: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact

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The Myth of Racial Color Blindness: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact

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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

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Jackson, Matthew C.; Wilde, Vera Katelyn; Goff, Phillip Atiba (2016),

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Examines racial and ethnic considerations in theatrical role casting.

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The American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy, and the Law

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Privilege revealed : how invisible preference undermines America

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as reflecting a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial."

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necessary due to the avoidance of racism. Bonilla-Silva describes

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The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

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regardless of race, ideas which have strongly influenced Western

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Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America

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Both Sides Now: The Story of School Desegregation's Graduates

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term, writing that "we cannot ... let color blindness become

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The term metaphorically references the medical phenomenon of

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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Standing Up for Playwrights and Against ‘Colorblind’ Casting

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Jakubowski, Dawn (2004). "The Rhetoric Of Color-Blindness".

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Social Inequality and Social Stratification in U.S. Society

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Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society

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such as the attitude of realtors, bankers, and sellers.

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White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era

3054:

Racialized politics: the debate about racism in America

2717:

Abstract liberalism utilizes themes from political and

260: 3177:

https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-908.pdf

3414: 3412: 3319:. American Psychological Association. pp. 53–64. 2744:

institutional practices that encourage segregation.

4299:

Whitewashing Race: The myth of a color-blind society

2620:

celebrate the contributions of the eponymous group.

2577:

has supported color-blind policies. He believes the

6967: 6844: 6637: 6248: 5888: 5735: 5495: 5382: 5351: 5150: 4983: 4751: 4653: 4542: 3423:. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 137–166. 3683: 3654: 3051: 2594:should not be considered racially discriminatory. 7119:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 5223:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4393:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2178:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 27:Sociological and legal term for disregard of race 4410:. Montgomery, Ala.: Southern Poverty Law Center. 4147:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02369.x 3879:White out: the continuing significance of racism 3083:"U.S. Reports: Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537" 2854:In a recent publication of the academic journal 2589:When defending new voting rights bills in 2020, 6779:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 4346:Lo, Marie (2015). "Blinded by colorblindness". 1822:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6261:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 3802: 3800: 1298:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5329: 4520: 4472:Wingfield, Adia Harvey (September 13, 2015). 3556: 2397:" treatment was constitutionally acceptable. 2301: 249:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 4301:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3661:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. 3027:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 2691:while disadvantaging descendants of slaves. 2393:were allowable, establishing the idea that " 6477:List of people killed for being transgender 4054:Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3690:(1st ed.). New York University Press. 3331:"Clarence Thomas: The Justice Nobody Knows" 1514:List of people killed for being transgender 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5336: 5322: 5314: 4527: 4513: 4505: 4156: 4154: 4141: 4139: 3058:. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. 2509:is based on tenets of non-discrimination, 2308: 2294: 316: 102:. Please do not remove this message until 5193:Interminority racism in the United States 4282:(revised ed.). New York: New Press. 4103: 4066: 3900: 3898: 3881:. New York: Routledge. pp. 271–284. 3599:"Black Lives Matter Or All Lives Matter?" 2802:Learn how and when to remove this message 2451:quoted from a 1966 5th Circuit decision: 305:Learn how and when to remove this message 287:Learn how and when to remove this message 224:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5593:Social determinants of health in poverty 4324:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4186: 4184: 3351:, 515 U.S. 200 (1995) is available from: 3077: 3075: 606:Social determinants of health in poverty 98:Relevant discussion may be found on the 7274:Affirmative action in the United States 4297:Brown, Michael K.; et al. (2005). 3133: 3131: 3105: 3103: 3029:. SAGE Publications. pp. 320–322. 2932: 328: 7269:Politics and race in the United States 5265:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 4474:"Color-Blindness Is Counterproductive" 4386: 4316:Burrowes, Philip (February 12, 2002). 3214: 3169: 3167: 160:Please improve this article by adding 3993:. American Psychological Association. 3938:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. 3050:Sears, David O.; et al. (2000). 2364:, particularly in public education. 7: 7243: 6283:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5598:Social determinants of mental health 5288: 3446:"Hue and cry on 'whiteness studies'" 3191:Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts 3011:, Rhetoric Review, 26:1, 25–41, DOI: 2874:disciplines and in graduate school. 2352:It has been used by justices of the 1320:Capital punishment for homosexuality 611:Social determinants of mental health 6403:Genital modification and mutilation 4678:Discrimination based on nationality 3907:New Directions for Student Services 1440:Genital modification and mutilation 3569:Samuel, Ebenezer (July 27, 2016). 3349:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 3154:Supreme Court of the United States 3118:Supreme Court of the United States 3090:Supreme Court of the United States 2672:In 1997, Leslie G. Carr published 2547:The Declining Significance of Race 25: 4435:Sun, William H. (December 2000). 4404:"Colorblindness: the New Racism?" 3260:"Interview William Julius Wilson" 3025:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 2525:in the post-World War II period. 47:This article has multiple issues. 7242: 7233: 7232: 6882:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6719:Law for Protection of the Nation 6619:White genocide conspiracy theory 5297: 5287: 5278: 5277: 4175:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00317.x 4019:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x 3092:. 1896. p. 559 – via 2760: 2356:in several opinions relating to 1933:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1762:Law for Protection of the Nation 1656:White genocide conspiracy theory 336: 240: 138: 77: 36: 6724:MSM blood donation restrictions 6472:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 5298: 4402:Scruggs, Afi-Odelia E. (2009). 3959:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). 3711:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2014). 3444:Fears, Darryl (June 20, 2003). 1767:MSM blood donation restrictions 1509:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 55:or discuss these issues on the 6737:(as religious or racial quota) 5183:Go back to where you came from 4498:, Theatre Communications Group 4383:(inactive September 12, 2024). 3682:Wildman, Stephanie M. (1996). 3233:University of California Press 3188:Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). 2721:, such as meritocracy and the 2368:In U.S. Supreme Court opinions 1780:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7151:Second-generation gender bias 6867:Constitutional colorblindness 5588:Social determinants of health 3932:Doob, Christopher B. (2013). 2906:Constitutional colorblindness 2821:Amy Ansell, a sociologist at 2777:secondary or tertiary sources 2462:In his concurring opinion to 2441:In her dissenting opinion to 2378:In his dissenting opinion to 2374:Constitutional colorblindness 2208:Second-generation gender bias 1918:Constitutional colorblindness 601:Social determinants of health 162:secondary or tertiary sources 4331:NAAAS Conference Proceedings 4278:Alexander, Michelle (2012). 4217:10.1080/13613324.2014.985585 4205:Race Ethnicity and Education 3786:Logan, John R. (July 2011). 3388:Ura, Alexa (April 9, 2021). 7062:Medical model of disability 6914:Hate speech laws by country 4318:"A Look at Color-Blindness" 3793:(Report). Brown University. 2561:In his famous 1963 speech " 2408:In a concurring opinion of 2354:United States Supreme Court 2121:Medical model of disability 1965:Hate speech laws by country 263:, discuss the issue on the 104:conditions to do so are met 7295: 7171:Social model of disability 5643:Discrimination against men 4415:Sinckler, Latjona (2014). 4363:Mueller, Jennifer (2017). 3856:10.1163/156916306777835303 3821:10.1163/156916306777835349 3227:Stuart Wells, Amy (2009). 2868:historically black college 2643:In response to the global 2482:A color-blind society, in 2371: 2228:Social model of disability 656:Discrimination against men 7279:Race in the United States 7228: 6524:Opposition to immigration 5445:Race / Ethnicity 5273: 4456:10.1162/10542040051058492 3536:10.1007/s11206-004-0696-3 3485:10.1080/07350190709336684 3194:. Routledge. p. 42. 2784:primary research articles 2680:and affirmative action. 1561:Opposition to immigration 450:Race / Ethnicity 6519:Occupational segregation 6288:Compulsory sterilization 4252:10.1177/0895904813510775 4114:10.1177/0956797610384741 3738:Race, Gender & Class 3007:Holmes, David G. (2007) 2985:Multicultural Psychology 2551:The Truly Dis-advantaged 2400:More recently, the term 1556:Occupational segregation 1325:Compulsory sterilization 173:"Racial color blindness" 7047:Internalized oppression 6909:Fighting Discrimination 6899:Fat acceptance movement 6857:Anti-discrimination law 6497:Native American mascots 5213:Psychometrics of racism 4663:Anti-miscegenation laws 3021:Ansell, Amy E. (2008). 2884:structural inequalities 2683:Stephanie M. Wildman's 2599:residential segregation 2579:Equal Protection Clause 2106:Internalized oppression 1960:Fighting Discrimination 1950:Fat acceptance movement 1908:Anti-discrimination law 1534:Native American mascots 7166:Social identity threat 7139:Reverse discrimination 7129:Racial color blindness 6609:Violence against women 6589:Sex-selective abortion 5178:Ethnic plastic surgery 4673:Biological determinism 3627:(September 25, 2015). 2573:Supreme Court Justice 2567:Martin Luther King Jr. 2416:William J. Brennan Jr. 2321:Racial color blindness 2223:Social identity threat 2196:Reverse discrimination 2187:Racial color blindness 1646:Violence against women 1626:Sex-selective abortion 149:relies excessively on 7134:Religious intolerance 7094:Political correctness 6924:Intersex human rights 6872:Cultural assimilation 6554:Religious persecution 6318:Disability hate crime 6103:Jewish / Antisemitism 5098:In Jewish communities 5076:Hispanic & Latino 4381:10.1093/socpro/spw061 4092:Psychological Science 4007:Psychological Science 3337:. September 27, 2007. 3285:King, Martin Luther. 3139:"U.S. Reports: Gratz 2696:Eduardo Bonilla-Silva 2647:movement, the phrase 2543:William Julius Wilson 2499:Civil Rights Movement 2488:racial classification 2372:Further information: 2191:Religious intolerance 2153:Political correctness 1975:Intersex human rights 1923:Cultural assimilation 1591:Religious persecution 1355:Disability hate crime 1132:Jewish / Antisemitism 6539:Political repression 5548:Anti-left handedness 5538:Anti-intellectualism 5188:Herrenvolk democracy 4444:TDR/The Drama Review 4192:doi:10.1037/a0038676 4163:Communication Theory 3765:Philadelphia Tribune 3657:'Color-Blind' Racism 3625:Goldberg, David Theo 3557:Bonilla-Silva (2010) 2856:Communication Theory 2727:laissez-faire racism 2583:Fourteenth Amendment 2507:Color-blind ideology 2386:John Marshall Harlan 1576:Political repression 561:Anti-left handedness 551:Anti-intellectualism 269:create a new article 261:improve this article 7042:Historical eugenics 6579:Segregation academy 6559:Religious terrorism 6348:Enemy of the people 6256:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 5775:Jehovah's Witnesses 5668:Perpetual foreigner 5208:Perpetual foreigner 4077:10.1093/jleo/ewm053 3653:Carr, L.G. (1997). 3450:The Washington Post 3158:Library of Congress 3156:. 2003 – via 3122:Library of Congress 3120:. 1978 – via 3094:Library of Congress 2901:Post-racial America 2719:economic liberalism 2662:David Theo Goldberg 2604:While the field of 2519:equal opportunities 2517:under the law, and 2505:movements abroad". 2449:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2101:Historical eugenics 1616:Segregation academy 1596:Religious terrorism 1385:Enemy of the people 1293:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 796:Jehovah's Witnesses 681:Perpetual foreigner 91:of this article is 6954:Social integration 6949:Self-determination 6939:Racial integration 6887:Diversity training 6877:Cultural pluralism 6852:Affirmative action 6752:Racial segregation 6662:Crime of apartheid 6564:Religious violence 6067:Indigenous people 5472:Sexual orientation 5238:Racial integration 5218:Race and sexuality 5023:Japanese Americans 4743:Racial segregation 4733:Racial nationalism 4408:Teaching Tolerance 4348:The Asian Reporter 4240:Educational Policy 3844:Critical Sociology 3809:Critical Sociology 3524:Sociological Forum 3291:The Avalon Project 2678:racial integration 2674:Color-Blind Racism 2645:Black Lives Matter 2555:affirmative action 2531:affirmative action 2486:, is one in which 2444:Gratz v. Bollinger 2395:separate but equal 2391:racial segregation 2381:Plessy v. Ferguson 2005:Social integration 2000:Self-determination 1990:Racial integration 1938:Diversity training 1928:Cultural pluralism 1903:Affirmative action 1795:Racial segregation 1705:Crime of apartheid 1601:Religious violence 1096:Indigenous people 477:Sexual orientation 18:Color-blind racism 7256: 7255: 7124:Racism by country 7052:Intersectionality 7037:Heteronormativity 6836:Voter suppression 6584:Sexual harassment 6383:Forced conversion 6303:Cultural genocide 5966:African Americans 5785:post–Cold War era 5770:Eastern Orthodoxy 5533:Anti-drug addicts 5528:Anti-homelessness 5455:Scientific racism 5311: 5310: 5059:African Americans 5006:Chinese Americans 4703:Ethnic stereotype 4308:978-0-52-024475-7 4289:978-1-59-558643-8 4098:(11): 1587–1592. 3972:978-1-44-220218-4 3945:978-0-20-579241-2 3888:978-0-415-93583-8 3722:978-1-44-222055-3 3697:978-0-8147-9303-9 3668:978-0-7619-0443-4 3605:. August 20, 2015 3603:Rasmussen Reports 3559:, pp. 28–30. 3430:978-1-58826-032-1 3395:The Texas Tribune 3313:Babbitt, Laura G. 3293:. Yale Law School 3242:978-0-52-025678-1 3201:978-0-41-533794-6 3065:978-0-22-674405-6 3036:978-1-45-226586-5 3023:"Color Blindness" 2963:978-1-4338-2073-1 2954:10.1037/14754-008 2849:whiteness studies 2812: 2811: 2804: 2771:needs additional 2606:whiteness studies 2424:Thurgood Marshall 2414:(1978), Justices 2318: 2317: 2183:Racism by country 2111:Intersectionality 2096:Heteronormativity 1879:Voter suppression 1621:Sexual harassment 1420:Forced conversion 1340:Cultural genocide 995:African Americans 806:post–Cold War era 791:Eastern Orthodoxy 546:Anti-drug addicts 541:Anti-homelessness 460:Scientific racism 315: 314: 307: 297: 296: 289: 271:, as appropriate. 234: 233: 226: 208: 132: 131: 124: 70: 16:(Redirected from 7286: 7246: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7176:Social privilege 7161:Social exclusion 7089:Police brutality 7010:Multiculturalism 6980:Amatonormativity 6811:Social exclusion 6647:Age of candidacy 6447:Homeless dumping 6353:Ethnic cleansing 5338: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5301: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5135:Racial supremacy 5093:Jewish Americans 5071:Native Americans 5040:Zainichi Koreans 5028:Japanese Koreans 5011:Zainichi Chinese 4984:Racism by target 4761:Global apartheid 4753:Racism by region 4738:Racial profiling 4728:Racial hierarchy 4529: 4522: 4515: 4506: 4496:American Theatre 4481: 4467: 4441: 4428: 4411: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4359: 4342: 4325: 4312: 4293: 4264: 4263: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4107: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3850:(2–3): 255–274. 3839: 3833: 3832: 3815:(2–3): 333–356. 3804: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3689: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3287:"I Have A Dream" 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3224: 3218: 3217:, pp. 42–3. 3212: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3151: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3057: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3018: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2937: 2916:Whiteness theory 2807: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2649:All Lives Matter 2515:equal protection 2468:(2007), Justice 2458: 2454: 2447:(2003), Justice 2430:objected to the 2411:Regents v. Bakke 2384:(1896), Justice 2310: 2303: 2296: 2233:Social privilege 2218:Social exclusion 2148:Police brutality 2069:Multiculturalism 2039:Amatonormativity 1854:Social exclusion 1690:Age of candidacy 1484:Homeless dumping 1390:Ethnic cleansing 340: 317: 310: 303: 292: 285: 281: 278: 272: 244: 243: 236: 229: 222: 218: 215: 209: 207: 166: 142: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7224: 7099:Polyculturalism 6995:Civil liberties 6963: 6944:Reappropriation 6845:Countermeasures 6840: 6769:Racial steering 6735:Numerus clausus 6639: 6633: 6358:Ethnic conflict 6293:Corrective rape 6244: 5884: 5731: 5623:HIV/AIDS stigma 5491: 5440:Mental disorder 5378: 5347: 5342: 5312: 5307: 5269: 5248:Racism in sport 5146: 5140:White supremacy 4979: 4747: 4683:Ethnic conflict 4655: 4649: 4543:Types of racism 4538: 4533: 4502: 4489: 4484: 4471: 4439: 4434: 4414: 4401: 4385: 4369:Social Problems 4362: 4345: 4328: 4315: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4273: 4271:Further reading 4268: 4267: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4105:10.1.1.418.9317 4089: 4088: 4084: 4068:10.1.1.169.4230 4047: 4046: 4042: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3987:Jones, James M. 3985: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3473:Rhetoric Review 3470: 3469: 3465: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3147:, 539 U.S. 234" 3137: 3136: 3129: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2911:White privilege 2892: 2864: 2840: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2689:heterosexuality 2670: 2657:Richard Sherman 2618:Chicano studies 2614:women's studies 2575:Clarence Thomas 2539: 2480: 2473:circumstances." 2470:Clarence Thomas 2465:PICS v. Seattle 2456: 2452: 2376: 2370: 2358:racial equality 2332:color blindness 2314: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2158:Polyculturalism 2054:Civil liberties 2026: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 1995:Reappropriation 1895: 1894:Countermeasures 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1812:Racial steering 1778:Numerus clausus 1682: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1395:Ethnic conflict 1330:Corrective rape 1285: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 920: 909: 908: 907: 906: 905: 758: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744: 636:HIV/AIDS stigma 508: 500: 499: 498: 497: 496: 445:Mental disorder 387: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 348: 311: 300: 299: 298: 293: 282: 276: 273: 258: 245: 241: 230: 219: 213: 210: 167: 165: 159: 155:primary sources 143: 128: 117: 111: 108: 97: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7292: 7290: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7144:Reverse racism 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7114:Prisoner abuse 7111: 7106: 7104:Power distance 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7022:Ethnic penalty 7019: 7018: 7017: 7015:Neurodiversity 7012: 7002: 7000:Dehumanization 6997: 6992: 6990:Cisnormativity 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6968:Related topics 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826:State religion 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6762:Nuremberg Laws 6759: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704:Ghetto benches 6701: 6699:Gerrymandering 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:Gender pay gap 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6638:Discriminatory 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:Lavender scare 6464: 6462:Kill Haole Day 6459: 6457:Indian rolling 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6343:Eliminationism 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Cancel culture 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6250: 6249:Manifestations 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6145:Middle Eastern 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5880:Zoroastrianism 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5807:Untouchability 5804: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Leprosy stigma 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5345:Discrimination 5343: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5285: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5260:Reverse racism 5257: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5233:Racial figleaf 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5151:Related topics 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Middle Eastern 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4902:United Kingdom 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4654:Manifestations 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4488: 4487:External links 4485: 4483: 4482: 4469: 4432: 4412: 4399: 4375:(2): 219–238. 4360: 4343: 4326: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4246:(3): 504–554. 4230: 4211:(3): 396–418. 4195: 4180: 4169:(1): 139–159. 4150: 4135: 4082: 4061:(2): 319–355. 4040: 4013:(5): 383–386. 3996: 3978: 3971: 3951: 3944: 3924: 3919:10.1002/ss.258 3913:(120): 67–75. 3894: 3887: 3869: 3834: 3796: 3778: 3755: 3728: 3721: 3703: 3696: 3674: 3667: 3645: 3616: 3590: 3561: 3549: 3530:(4): 555–581. 3514: 3463: 3452:. p. A1. 3436: 3429: 3408: 3380: 3340: 3322: 3304: 3277: 3248: 3241: 3235:. p. 33. 3219: 3207: 3200: 3180: 3163: 3127: 3099: 3071: 3064: 3042: 3035: 3013: 3000: 2994:978-0190854959 2993: 2975: 2962: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2921:Equalized odds 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2863: 2860: 2839: 2836: 2810: 2809: 2792:September 2017 2768: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2706:Amy Ansell of 2669: 2666: 2637:naturalization 2563:I Have a Dream 2538: 2535: 2501:in the US and 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2460: 2439: 2428:Harry Blackmun 2369: 2366: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201:Reverse racism 2193: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2173:Prisoner abuse 2170: 2165: 2163:Power distance 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081:Ethnic penalty 2078: 2077: 2076: 2074:Neurodiversity 2071: 2061: 2059:Dehumanization 2056: 2051: 2049:Cisnormativity 2046: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2025:Related topics 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869:State religion 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1805:Nuremberg Laws 1802: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1747:Ghetto benches 1744: 1742:Gerrymandering 1739: 1734: 1729: 1727:Gender pay gap 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1504:Lavender scare 1501: 1499:Kill Haole Day 1496: 1494:Indian rolling 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380:Eliminationism 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1315:Cancel culture 1312: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1284:Manifestations 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1174:Middle Eastern 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 987: 982: 977: 976: 975: 970: 965: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 923: 922: 921: 915: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 901:Zoroastrianism 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 877: 876: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 832: 831: 830: 828:Untouchability 825: 815: 810: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 778: 773: 768: 762: 761: 760: 759: 754: 753: 750: 749: 743: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 710: 709: 708: 703: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Leprosy stigma 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 463: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 390: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 352: 351: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 333: 332: 330:Discrimination 326: 325: 313: 312: 295: 294: 255:of the subject 253:worldwide view 248: 246: 239: 232: 231: 146: 144: 137: 130: 129: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7291: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7249: 7241: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198:Social stigma 7196: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:State atheism 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Jim Crow laws 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:One-drop rule 6740: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657:Blood quantum 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6604:Victimisation 6602: 6600: 6599:Trans bashing 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569:Religious war 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6549:Racialization 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Glass ceiling 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Ethnic hatred 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6298:Counter-jihad 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6081:United States 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5944:United States 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Protestantism 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780:LDS or Mormon 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710:Transmisogyny 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Gerontophobia 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:Anti-intersex 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:Anti-albinism 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Institutional 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5304: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Wine industry 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4958:South America 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:United States 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4936:North America 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Racialization 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Ethnic hatred 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605:Laissez-faire 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Institutional 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Environmental 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4427:(4): 857–891. 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333:: 1230–1242. 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3646: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3215:Ansell (2013) 3211: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3143:v. Bollinger 3142: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2803: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2769:This section 2767: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:black studies 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2362:social equity 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336:Color evasion 2333: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2255:Social stigma 2253: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1864:State atheism 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1800:Jim Crow laws 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785:One-drop rule 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700:Blood quantum 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:Victimisation 1639: 1637: 1636:Trans bashing 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606:Religious war 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Racialization 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1457:Glass ceiling 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1400:Ethnic hatred 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335:Counter-jihad 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110:United States 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 974: 973:United States 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 919: 913: 912: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886:Protestantism 884: 882: 879: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 804: 802: 801:LDS or Mormon 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 757: 752: 751: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 726: 724: 723:Transmisogyny 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 626:Gerontophobia 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 556:Anti-intersex 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Anti-albinism 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 504: 503: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 383: 382: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Institutional 354: 353: 344: 343: 339: 335: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 309: 306: 291: 288: 280: 270: 266: 262: 256: 254: 247: 238: 237: 228: 225: 217: 214:November 2017 206: 203: 199: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: – 174: 170: 169:Find sources: 163: 157: 156: 152: 147:This article 145: 141: 136: 135: 126: 123: 115: 112:November 2017 105: 101: 95: 94: 90: 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7128: 7032:Gender-blind 6919:Human rights 6747:Racial quota 6734: 6714:Jewish quota 6694:Gerontocracy 6689:Gender roles 6667:Disabilities 6652:Blood purity 6624:Wife selling 6614:White flight 6594:Slut-shaming 6574:Scapegoating 6492:Murder music 6165:Palestinians 6108:Anti-Zionism 5976:South Africa 5961:Black people 5939:South Africa 5760:Christianity 5750:Baháʼí Faith 5678:Sectarianism 5618:Heterosexism 5583:Ephebiphobia 5553:Anti-Masonry 5420:Hair texture 5253:in Australia 5243:Racial quota 4887:Soviet Union 4830:Saudi Arabia 4771:South Africa 4698:Ethnic slurs 4693:Ethnic jokes 4595:Internalized 4501: 4495: 4478:The Atlantic 4477: 4450:(4): 86–95. 4447: 4443: 4424: 4420: 4407: 4389:cite journal 4372: 4368: 4347: 4330: 4321: 4298: 4279: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4166: 4162: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4058: 4052: 4049:Fryer, R. G. 4043: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3961: 3954: 3934: 3927: 3910: 3906: 3878: 3872: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3812: 3808: 3781: 3764: 3758: 3744:(4): 22–37. 3741: 3737: 3731: 3712: 3706: 3685: 3677: 3656: 3648: 3638:November 18, 3636:. Retrieved 3632: 3619: 3607:. Retrieved 3593: 3581:. Retrieved 3574: 3564: 3552: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3479:(1): 25–41. 3476: 3472: 3466: 3449: 3439: 3420: 3399:. Retrieved 3393: 3383: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3295:. Retrieved 3290: 3280: 3270:December 29, 3268:. Retrieved 3263: 3228: 3222: 3210: 3190: 3183: 3144: 3140: 3053: 3045: 3026: 3016: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2967:, retrieved 2945: 2935: 2896:Gender-blind 2880: 2876: 2865: 2862:In education 2855: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2838:Alternatives 2832: 2823:Bard College 2820: 2816: 2813: 2798: 2789: 2770: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2708:Bard College 2705: 2694:Sociologist 2693: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2572: 2560: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2527: 2496: 2481: 2463: 2442: 2431: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2379: 2377: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2091:Gender-blind 1970:Human rights 1790:Racial quota 1777: 1757:Jewish quota 1737:Gerontocracy 1732:Gender roles 1710:Disabilities 1695:Blood purity 1661:Wife selling 1651:White flight 1631:Slut-shaming 1611:Scapegoating 1529:Murder music 1194:Palestinians 1137:Anti-Zionism 1005:South Africa 990:Black people 968:South Africa 781:Christianity 771:Baháʼí Faith 691:Sectarianism 631:Heterosexism 596:Ephebiphobia 566:Anti-Masonry 425:Hair texture 301: 283: 274: 250: 220: 211: 201: 194: 187: 180: 168: 148: 118: 109: 87: 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 6934:Nonviolence 6929:LGBT rights 6894:Empowerment 6862:Anti-racism 6784:Segregation 6729:No kid zone 6529:Persecution 6442:Hate speech 6393:Gay bashing 6368:Ethnic joke 6323:Dog whistle 6268:Blood libel 5956:Azerbaijani 5860:Neopaganism 5853:Persecution 5819:Persecution 5802:Persecution 5765:Catholicism 5700:Transphobia 5683:Supremacism 5638:Lesbophobia 5558:Aporophobia 5523:Anti-autism 5374:Taste-based 5369:Statistical 5168:Anti-racism 4909:Middle East 4803:South Korea 4798:North Korea 4713:Hate speech 4635:Substantive 4615:Neocolonial 3266:. PBS. 1997 2723:free market 2701:meritocracy 2655:cornerback 2549:(1978) and 2511:due process 2503:anti-racist 2432:color blind 2420:Byron White 2402:color blind 1985:Nonviolence 1980:LGBT rights 1945:Empowerment 1913:Anti-racism 1827:Segregation 1772:No kid zone 1566:Persecution 1479:Hate speech 1430:Gay bashing 1405:Ethnic joke 1360:Dog whistle 1305:Blood libel 985:Azerbaijani 881:Neopaganism 874:Persecution 840:Persecution 823:Persecution 786:Catholicism 713:Transphobia 696:Supremacism 651:Lesbophobia 571:Aporophobia 536:Anti-autism 371:Taste-based 366:Statistical 277:August 2022 7263:Categories 7208:Stereotype 7203:Speciesism 7084:Oppression 7079:Oikophobia 6975:Allophilia 6959:Toleration 6816:Sodomy law 6709:Internment 6629:Witch-hunt 6507:Blackhawks 6437:Hate group 6425:Hate crime 6398:Gendercide 6388:Freak show 6378:Excellence 6338:Employment 6308:Defamation 6240:Vietnamese 6235:Venezuelan 6125:Lithuanian 5792:Falun Gong 5727:Xenophobia 5722:Vegaphobia 5705:Non-binary 5663:Pedophobia 5628:Homophobia 5450:Skin color 5410:Disability 5383:Attributes 5364:Structural 5047:Vietnamese 4820:Arab world 4718:Hate group 4708:Hate crime 4645:Xenophobia 4625:Scientific 4610:Linguistic 4356:1654867222 3773:1757017932 3579:. New York 3576:Daily News 2927:References 2748:possible. 2591:Republican 2541:Professor 2533:obsolete. 2523:liberalism 2265:Stereotype 2260:Speciesism 2143:Oppression 2138:Oikophobia 2034:Allophilia 2010:Toleration 1859:Sodomy law 1752:Internment 1666:Witch-hunt 1544:Blackhawks 1474:Hate group 1462:Hate crime 1435:Gendercide 1425:Freak show 1415:Excellence 1375:Employment 1345:Defamation 1269:Vietnamese 1264:Venezuelan 1154:Lithuanian 813:Falun Gong 740:Xenophobia 735:Vegaphobia 718:Non-binary 676:Pedophobia 641:Homophobia 455:Skin color 415:Disability 386:Attributes 361:Structural 184:newspapers 151:references 89:neutrality 52:improve it 7181:Christian 7109:Prejudice 7057:Masculism 7005:Diversity 6799:religious 6774:Redlining 6373:Ethnocide 6333:Education 6225:Ukrainian 6160:Pakistani 6150:Mongolian 6071:Australia 6053:Hungarian 6008:Colombian 5988:Bulgarian 5870:Rastafari 5824:Ahmadiyya 5737:Religious 5715:Trans men 5673:Pregnancy 5608:Gayphobia 5603:Fatphobia 5508:Acephobia 5503:Arophobia 5487:Viewpoint 5228:Race card 5163:Alt-right 4963:Argentina 4924:Palestine 4842:Australia 4668:Apartheid 4656:of racism 4430:Full text 4339:664590421 4260:145014408 4225:144180704 4100:CiteSeerX 4063:CiteSeerX 3864:144244399 3829:143485250 3583:August 6, 3544:143829833 3509:144516819 3493:0735-0198 3458:0190-8286 3297:April 28, 3264:Frontline 2969:April 24, 2882:ignoring 2827:apartheid 2773:citations 2712:post-race 2668:Criticism 2484:sociology 2238:Christian 2168:Prejudice 2116:Masculism 2064:Diversity 1842:religious 1817:Redlining 1410:Ethnocide 1370:Education 1254:Ukrainian 1189:Pakistani 1179:Mongolian 1100:Australia 1082:Hungarian 1037:Colombian 1017:Bulgarian 891:Rastafari 845:Ahmadiyya 756:Religious 728:Trans men 686:Pregnancy 621:Gayphobia 616:Fatphobia 521:Acephobia 516:Arophobia 492:Viewpoint 265:talk page 100:talk page 58:talk page 7238:Category 7220:The talk 7156:Snobbery 7074:Net bias 6904:Feminism 6831:Ugly law 6672:Catholic 6640:policies 6487:Mortgage 6482:Lynching 6413:examples 6408:Genocide 6328:Economic 6313:Democide 6273:Bullying 6190:Romanian 6155:Nigerian 6098:Japanese 6033:Georgian 6018:Filipino 5951:Assyrian 5924:Armenian 5914:American 5909:Albanian 5891:National 5875:Yazidism 5797:Hinduism 5755:Buddhism 5658:Nepotism 5653:Misogyny 5648:Misandry 5573:Clannism 5568:Biphobia 5513:Adultism 5430:Language 5283:Category 5198:Lynching 5173:Casteism 5018:Japanese 4877:Portugal 4808:Thailand 4776:Zimbabwe 4640:Symbolic 4630:Societal 4620:Romantic 4585:Gendered 4565:Cultural 4555:Colorism 4550:Aversive 4464:11510433 4352:ProQuest 4322:The Tech 4130:11580845 4122:20876878 4035:15737940 4027:16683924 3769:ProQuest 3750:41675099 3633:HuffPost 3609:July 14, 3501:20176758 3347:Text of 3335:CBS News 2890:See also 2752:Research 2513:of law, 2277:The talk 2213:Snobbery 2133:Net bias 1955:Feminism 1874:Ugly law 1715:Catholic 1681:Policies 1524:Mortgage 1519:Lynching 1450:examples 1445:Genocide 1365:Economic 1350:Democide 1310:Bullying 1219:Romanian 1184:Nigerian 1127:Japanese 1062:Georgian 1047:Filipino 980:Assyrian 953:Armenian 943:American 938:Albanian 918:national 896:Yazidism 818:Hinduism 776:Buddhism 671:Nepotism 666:Misogyny 661:Misandry 586:Clannism 581:Biphobia 526:Adultism 435:Language 322:a series 320:Part of 259:You may 93:disputed 7248:Commons 7027:Figleaf 6452:Housing 6220:Turkish 6170:Pashtun 6140:Mexican 6120:Kurdish 6093:Italian 6043:Haitian 6028:Finnish 6003:Chinese 5998:Chechen 5993:Catalan 5983:Bengali 5904:African 5889:Ethnic/ 5848:Judaism 5839:Sunnism 5829:Shi'ism 5745:Atheism 5578:Elitism 5477:Species 5415:Genetic 5405:Dialect 5293:Commons 5203:Passing 5158:Ableism 5081:Mexican 5001:Chinese 4897:Ukraine 4862:Germany 4852:Denmark 4813:Vietnam 4350:: 6–7. 3356:Findlaw 2581:of the 2537:Support 2478:Outline 2343:evasion 2086:Figleaf 1489:Housing 1249:Turkish 1199:Pashtun 1169:Mexican 1149:Kurdish 1122:Italian 1072:Haitian 1057:Finnish 1032:Chinese 1027:Chechen 1022:Catalan 1012:Bengali 933:African 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