Racial color blindness - Knowledge (XXG)

2875:, explored color-blind ideologies among the institutions' white faculty members at the undergraduate and graduate level. In interviews with white faculty members at both institutions, researchers found the faculty often engaged with students from a color-blind perspective, avoiding racial terms but implying them allowed white faculty to label minority students "as academically inferior, less prepared, and less interested in pursuing research and graduate studies while potentially ignoring structural causes" of inequity. The study concludes that color-blind ideology held by school faculty can reduce a student of color's perception of their academic abilities and potential to achieve success in 2575:

the Center for Equal Opportunity, felt that this quotation supported the idea that race-conscious and equal opportunity should not exist, as he believes people should not be treated differently based on the color of their skin. However, not all agreed with this interpretation. American author Michael Eric Dyson felt that Dr. King only believed in the possibility of a color-blind society under the condition that racism and oppression were ultimately destroyed.

2863:, Jennifer Simpson proposed a "more productive dialogue about race". New dialogue must take a more complex look at race, openly looking at different perspectives on race. Simpson argues white people must engage with other races in discussing the ongoing effects of racism, requiring white people to participate in "communicative behavior that may threaten simultaneously their sense of self and their material power in the social order". 242: 7244: 5284: 2830:, has compared and contrasted the development of the color-blindness in the United States and South Africa. Given that white people are a minority population in South Africa and a majority population in the United States, Ansell expected to see a significant difference in the manifestation of color-blindness in both countries. The thirty-year time difference between the departure from Jim Crow and cessation of 79: 5304: 2460:'The Constitution is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race. In that sense, the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. 2767: 140: 338: 38: 7254: 5294: 2563:

society where millions of black people live in the middle and upper classes and millions of white people live in poverty, race is no longer an accurate indication of privilege. Recognizing someone's social class is more important than recognizing someone's race, indicating that society should be class-conscious, not race-conscious, Wilson argues.

2708:, in which people succeed only because they work hard and not their privilege. John R. Logan has disagreed with this notion of meritocracy, as the average black or Hispanic household earning more than $ 75,000 still live in a less affluent neighborhood than a white household earning less than $ 40,000 and poverty rates are higher for minorities. 2738:

beliefs, there is no need to pay "systematic attention" to any current inequities. They argue the prevalence of color-blindness is attributed to lack of knowledge or lack of exposure. They argue that due to racial separation in housing and education many Americans lack direct contact with present racism.

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proclaimed, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." This statement was widely interpreted as an endorsement of color-blind racial ideology. Roger Clegg, the President of

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Case studies of three large school districts, (Boston, Massachusetts; Wake County, North Carolina; and Jefferson County, Louisville) found that the districts' race-neutral, or color-blind, policies to combat school segregation may disadvantage minorities and "reframe privilege as common sense" while

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Texas legislators claimed that since the process they wanted to establish for voter registration did not involve different processes for people of different races and did not involve collecting information about race or ethnicity, their new requirements for eligibility to vote were "color blind" and

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Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, and Johnson studied implicit racial biases, suggesting people react differently to faces of members of their race compared to members of other races. They found a correlation between race and judicial outcomes and suggest a color blind approach may not actually be

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wrote that "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color

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Eduardo Bonilla-Silva has argued racial color blindness is insufficient to address racial inequality. He argues it involves egalitarianism while opposing concrete proposals to reduce inequality. He has argued it ignores the under-representation of minorities in prestigious institutions, along with

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Some supporters of racial color blindness argue racial inequality can be supported by relying on cultural, rather than biological, explanations such as "this race has too many babies". Some no longer view racism as a problem under this belief and see government programs targeting race as no longer

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primarily benefits the most privileged individuals within the black community. This is because strictly race-based programs disregard a candidate's socioeconomic background and therefore fail to help the poorer portion of the black community that actually needs the assistance. He claims that in a

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Vorauer, Gagnon, and Sasaki examined the effect that messages with a color-blind ideology had on white Canadians entering one-on-one interactions with Aboriginal Canadians. White Canadians who heard messages emphasizing color-blind ideology were much more likely to be concerned with ensuring the

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At various times in Western history, this term has been used to signal a desired or allegedly achieved state of freedom from racial prejudice or a desire that policies and laws should not consider race. Proponents of racial color blindness often assert that policies that differentiate by racial

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The multicultural psychology field generates four beliefs that constitute the racial color-blindness approach. The four beliefs are as follows: (1) skin color is superficial and irrelevant to the quality of a person's character, ability or worthiness, (2) in a merit-based society, skin color is

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when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved." His opinion could thus be interpreted as saying that laws should not differentiate between people of different races. His opinion was not the majority-supported decision, which at the time was that laws requiring

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Robert D. Reason and Nancy J. Evans outline a similar description of color-blindness, which is based on four beliefs: 1. Privilege is based on merit. 2. Most do not care about a person's race. 3. Social inequality is due to "cultural deficits" of individual people. 4. Given the previous three

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Researcher Jennifer Simpson argued that "in setting aside color blindness, White must learn to see, accept...the possibility that some of the good, ease, or rewards they have experienced have not been solely the result of hard work" but from "a system biased in their favor." This conscious

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subsequent interaction did not go badly and were more likely hostile, uncomfortable, and uncertain. White participants who heard messages emphasizing multicultural ideology, or the valuing of people's differences, asked more positive questions focused on the other person more relaxedly.

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Researchers also offer alternatives to the color-blindness discourse. Reason and Evans call for people to become "racially cognizant" and continuously acknowledge the role that race plays in their lives. They argue it is important to balance personal identity and a person's race.

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irrelevant to merit judgments and calculation of fairness, (3) as a corollary, in a merit-based society, merit and fairness are flawed if skin color is taken into the calculation, (4) ignoring skin color when interacting with people is the best way to avoid racial discrimination.

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A case study of a suburban, mixed-race high school examined the trend toward color-blind ideology in schools among white faculty. It argued white schoolteachers's color-blind ideology often masks their fears of being accused of racism and prevents a deeper examination of race.

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and differences in racial stratification and levels of poverty also led Ansell to expect a clear difference between the colorblindness ideology in the United States and South Africa. However, she concludes contemporary color-blindness in the two countries is nearly identical.

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Where racial disparities were once explained in terms of biology, they are now being discussed in terms of culture. "Culture" in this framework is seen as something fixed and hard to change. One example form of rhetoric used in this framework is the argument, "if Irish,

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who said, "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings." A 2015 telephone poll in the US found that 78% of respondents said that "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views. Despite this, the term was criticized by professor

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Proponents of "color-blind" practices largely believe that treating people equally as individuals leads to a more equal society or that racism and race privilege no longer exercise the power they once did, rendering the need for policies such as race-based

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In 2010, Apfelbaum et al. exposed elementary school students to color-blind ideology and found that those students were less likely to detect or report overt racial discrimination. The authors argued racial color blindness allows overt racism to persist."

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as a frame that portrays racism as a natural outcome of individuals' choices, and "just the way things are". While Bonna-Silva himself disagrees with these as "minimization of racism", these are views common among supporters of racial color blindness.

2692:, writes that advocates of a meritocratic, race-free worldview do not acknowledge the systems of privilege which benefit them, such as social and financial inheritance. She argues that this inheritance privileges "whiteness", "maleness", and 2590:

forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. He believes that race-oriented programs create "a cult of victimization" and imply black people require "special treatment in order to succeed".

3178: 2745:, Christopher Doob argues that racial color blindness's proponents "assert...that they are living in a world where racial privilege no longer exists, but their behavior 'supports' racialized structures and practices". 2469: 6244: 2703:

writes that majority groups use color-blindness to avoid discussing racism and discrimination. Color-blindness can be seen as a way to undermine minority hardships, as it used to argue that the United States is a

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wrote that "the color-blind Constitution does not bar the government from taking measures to remedy past state-sponsored discrimination – indeed, it requires that such measures be taken in certain

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Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Davies, Paul G.; Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie J.; Johnson, Sheri Lyn (2006). "Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes".

2730:, to argue against the strong presence of racism. Some suggest it results in people being for equality in principle but against government action to implement equality, described by some sociologists as 2602:

Some argue that the existence of majority-majority and majority-minority areas are not the result of racial discrimination and that this viewpoint ignores the possibility of other factors underlying

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McCoy, D. L., Winkle-Wagner, R., & Luedke, C. L. (2015). Colorblind mentoring? Exploring white faculty mentoring of students of color. Journal Of Diversity In Higher Education, 8, 225-242.

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of Harvard University has argued that "class was becoming more important than race" in determining life prospects within the black community. Wilson has published several works including

6733: 2719:", where race no longer matters. She argues this is not true and if it was that race would not be taken into consideration even when trying to address inequality or remedy past wrongs. 1771: 5789: 3527:

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo; Lewis, Amanda; Embrick, David G. (December 2004). "I did not get that job because of a black man...!: the story lines and testimonies of color-blind racism".

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posits that systemic advantage based on color should have no influence on what people can accomplish, and accomplishments are instead based solely on one's own work performance.

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Fryer et al. argued that color-blind affirmative action is about as efficient as race-conscious affirmative action in the short run but is less profitable in the long term.

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has appeared in United States Supreme Court opinions involving affirmative action, in opinions that support consideration of race when evaluating laws and their effects:

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McDermott, Kathryn A.; Frankenberg, Erica; Diem, Sarah (May 2015). "The 'Post-Racial' Politics of Race: Changing Student Assignment Policy in Three School Districts".

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often discusses alleged failures of racial color blindness, it has been criticized for its focus on reprimanding the white population, whereas similar fields such as

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does not affect a person's socially created opportunities. A racially color blind society is or would be free from differential legal or social treatment based on

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Vorauer, Jacquie D., Gagnon, Annette, & Sasaki, Stacey J. (2009). Salient Intergroup Ideology and Intergroup Interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 838-845.

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Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2003). "'New racism,' color-blind racism, and the future of whiteness in America". In Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo; Doane, Ashley W. (eds.).

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which reviewed the history of racist ideologies in America. He saw "color-blindness" as an ideology that undercuts the legal and political foundation of

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classification could tend to create, perpetuate or exacerbate racial divisiveness. Critics often believe it fails to address systemic discrimination.

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Racial color blindness reflects a societal ideal that skin color is insignificant. The ideal was most articulated "along with the emergence of the

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which masks the reality that many 'created equal' have been treated within our lifetimes as inferior both by the law and by their fellow citizens."

4933: 4531: 2339:. Psychologists and sociologists also study racial color blindness. This is further divided into two dimensions, color evasion and power evasion. 51: 7229: 5953: 5719: 5547: 5532: 5527: 5373: 5269: 3991: 2281: 977: 727: 555: 540: 535: 365: 7257: 5848: 5779: 5512: 4311: 4292: 3975: 3948: 3891: 3725: 3700: 3671: 3575: 3433: 3245: 3204: 3068: 3039: 2966: 864: 795: 520: 6292: 5602: 5424: 2305: 1324: 610: 424: 3741:

Gallagher, Charles A. (2003). "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America".

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Ansell, Amy E. (March 2006). "Casting a blind eye: the ironic consequences of color-blindness in South Africa and the United States".

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Reason, Robert D.; Evans, Nancy J. (Winter 2007). "The complicated realities of whiteness: from color blind to racially cognizant".

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Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2001). "Color-blind racism: toward an analysis of white racial ideology". In Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (ed.).

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Among conservative presidents, color blindness as an idea has increased in the late 20th century as well as in the 21st century.

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exploration of whiteness as a racial and social identity and the acknowledgment of the role of whiteness is connected to modern

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came into being as a term for racial color blindness. Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter, such as

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or color. A color-blind society would have race-neutral governmental policies and would reject all racial discrimination.

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A multisite case study of Atlantic State University, a primarily white institution, and Mid-Atlantic State University, a

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refers to the belief that a person's race or ethnicity should not influence their legal or social treatment in society.

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Modica, Marianne (2015). "Unpacking the 'colorblind approach': accusations of racism at a friendly, mixed-race school".

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Apfelbaum, E. P.; Pauker, K.; Sommers, S. R.; Ambady, N. (September 28, 2010). "In Blind Pursuit of Racial Equality?".

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Simpson, Jennifer Lyn (February 2008). "The color-blind double bind: whiteness and the (im)possibility of dialogue".

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Holmes, David G. (2007). "Affirmative Reaction: Kennedy, Nixon, King, and the Evolution of Color-Blind Rhetoric".

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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any

92: 6793: 6681: 6528: 6297: 6234: 6062: 6017: 5879: 5759: 5741: 5677: 5607: 5491: 4824: 3395:"Texas Republicans say their proposed voting restrictions are color blind. But many see 'Jim Crow in a tuxedo'" 3194: 1831: 1719: 1560: 1329: 1258: 1086: 1041: 895: 775: 755: 685: 615: 491: 4408: 3264: 3027: 7247: 7076: 7056: 6918: 6908: 6866: 6496: 6337: 6199: 6169: 6164: 6144: 6107: 6042: 6027: 5960: 5933: 5918: 5326: 5217: 5022: 4962: 4940: 4667: 3115: 2603: 2583: 2130: 2110: 1964: 1954: 1912: 1528: 1369: 1223: 1193: 1188: 1168: 1131: 1066: 1051: 984: 957: 942: 321: 3143: 3087: 7175: 7148: 6618: 6598: 6461: 6332: 6229: 6179: 6149: 6129: 6057: 6037: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5913: 5884: 5857: 5828: 5823: 5419: 5409: 5182: 5085: 5005: 4834: 4775: 4677: 4574: 4517: 4442:"Power and Problems of Performance across Ethnic Lines, An Alternative Approach to Nontraditional Casting" 4104: 4067: 2571: 2420: 2227: 2200: 1650: 1630: 1493: 1364: 1253: 1203: 1173: 1153: 1081: 1061: 1036: 1031: 1026: 937: 900: 873: 844: 839: 419: 409: 4056:; Loury, G. C.; Yuret, T. (November 29, 2007). "An Economic Analysis of Color-Blind Affirmative Action". 3335: 7143: 7103: 7036: 6933: 6881: 6808: 6563: 6327: 6239: 6214: 6209: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6124: 6072: 6032: 5938: 5908: 5806: 5429: 5237: 5129: 5124: 5039: 5000: 4807: 4802: 4393: 4356: 3792: 3773: 3718:

Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States

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Separate and Unequal: The Neighborhood Gap for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in Metropolitan America

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argues that color-blindness operates under the assumption that we are living in a world that is "

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Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America

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Mio, Jeffery Scott; Barker, Lori A.; Domenech Rodriguez, Melanie M.; Gonzalez, John (2020).

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is the belief that people should not be treated differently on the basis of their color.

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Affirmative Reaction: Kennedy, Nixon, King, and the Evolution of Color-Blind Rhetoric

2614: 2558:(1987) explaining his views on black poverty and racial inequality. He believes that 2366: 2259: 1868: 1804: 1789: 1645: 1610: 1590: 1461: 1404: 1339: 722: 625: 4468: 4134: 4039: 3847:

Doane, Ashley (March 2006). "What is racism? Racial discourse and racial politics".

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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

2636:(or other ethnic groups) have 'made it', how come black people have not?" 7083: 6913: 6840: 6491: 6417: 6322: 6282: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5577: 5572: 5517: 5202: 3994:(2016). Neville, Helen A.; Gallardo, Miguel E.; Sue, Derald Wing (eds.). 3768:

Ellis, Glenn (December 2015). "Sobering numbers on kids, poverty, race".

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The myth of racial color blindness: Manifestations, dynamics, and impact.

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The Myth of Racial Color Blindness: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact

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The Myth of Racial Color Blindness: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact

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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

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Jackson, Matthew C.; Wilde, Vera Katelyn; Goff, Phillip Atiba (2016),

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Examines racial and ethnic considerations in theatrical role casting.

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The American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy, and the Law

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Privilege revealed : how invisible preference undermines America

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as reflecting a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial."

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necessary due to the avoidance of racism. Bonilla-Silva describes

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The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

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regardless of race, ideas which have strongly influenced Western

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Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America

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Both Sides Now: The Story of School Desegregation's Graduates

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term, writing that "we cannot ... let color blindness become

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The term metaphorically references the medical phenomenon of

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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Standing Up for Playwrights and Against ‘Colorblind’ Casting

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Jakubowski, Dawn (2004). "The Rhetoric Of Color-Blindness".

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Social Inequality and Social Stratification in U.S. Society

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Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society

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such as the attitude of realtors, bankers, and sellers.

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White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era

3059:

Racialized politics: the debate about racism in America

2722:

Abstract liberalism utilizes themes from political and

260: 3182:

https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-908.pdf

3419: 3417: 3324:. American Psychological Association. pp. 53–64. 2749:

institutional practices that encourage segregation.

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Whitewashing Race: The myth of a color-blind society

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celebrate the contributions of the eponymous group.

2582:

has supported color-blind policies. He believes the

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"Blinded by colorblindness". 1827:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6271:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 3807: 3805: 1303:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5334: 4525: 4477:Wingfield, Adia Harvey (September 13, 2015). 3561: 2402:" treatment was constitutionally acceptable. 2306: 249:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 4306:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3666:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. 3032:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 2696:while disadvantaging descendants of slaves. 2398:were allowable, establishing the idea that " 6487:List of people killed for being transgender 4059:Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3695:(1st ed.). New York University Press. 3336:"Clarence Thomas: The Justice Nobody Knows" 1519:List of people killed for being transgender 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5341: 5327: 5319: 4532: 4518: 4510: 4161: 4159: 4146: 4144: 3063:. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. 2514:is based on tenets of non-discrimination, 2313: 2299: 316: 102:. Please do not remove this message until 5198:Interminority racism in the United States 4287:(revised ed.). New York: New Press. 4108: 4071: 3905: 3903: 3886:. New York: Routledge. pp. 271–284. 3604:"Black Lives Matter Or All Lives Matter?" 2807:Learn how and when to remove this message 2456:quoted from a 1966 5th Circuit decision: 305:Learn how and when to remove this message 287:Learn how and when to remove this message 224:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5598:Social determinants of health in poverty 4329:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4191: 4189: 3356:, 515 U.S. 200 (1995) is available from: 3082: 3080: 606:Social determinants of health in poverty 98:Relevant discussion may be found on the 7284:Affirmative action in the United States 4302:Brown, Michael K.; et al. (2005). 3138: 3136: 3110: 3108: 3034:. SAGE Publications. pp. 320–322. 2937: 328: 18:Color blindness (racial classification) 7279:Politics and race in the United States 5270:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 4479:"Color-Blindness Is Counterproductive" 4391: 4321:Burrowes, Philip (February 12, 2002). 3219: 3174: 3172: 160:Please improve this article by adding 3998:. American Psychological Association. 3943:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. 3055:Sears, David O.; et al. (2000). 2369:, particularly in public education. 7: 7253: 6293:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5603:Social determinants of mental health 5293: 3451:"Hue and cry on 'whiteness studies'" 3196:Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts 3016:, Rhetoric Review, 26:1, 25–41, DOI: 2879:disciplines and in graduate school. 2357:It has been used by justices of the 1325:Capital punishment for homosexuality 611:Social determinants of mental health 6413:Genital modification and mutilation 4683:Discrimination based on nationality 3912:New Directions for Student Services 1445:Genital modification and mutilation 3574:Samuel, Ebenezer (July 27, 2016). 3354:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 3159:Supreme Court of the United States 3123:Supreme Court of the United States 3095:Supreme Court of the United States 2677:In 1997, Leslie G. Carr published 2552:The Declining Significance of Race 25: 4440:Sun, William H. (December 2000). 4409:"Colorblindness: the New Racism?" 3265:"Interview William Julius Wilson" 3030:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 2530:in the post-World War II period. 47:This article has multiple issues. 7252: 7243: 7242: 6892:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6729:Law for Protection of the Nation 6629:White genocide conspiracy theory 5302: 5292: 5283: 5282: 4180:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00317.x 4024:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x 3097:. 1896. p. 559 – via 2765: 2361:in several opinions relating to 1938:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1767:Law for Protection of the Nation 1661:White genocide conspiracy theory 336: 240: 138: 77: 36: 6734:MSM blood donation restrictions 6482:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 5303: 4407:Scruggs, Afi-Odelia E. (2009). 3964:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). 3716:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2014). 3449:Fears, Darryl (June 20, 2003). 1772:MSM blood donation restrictions 1514:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 55:or discuss these issues on the 6747:(as religious or racial quota) 5188:Go back to where you came from 4503:, Theatre Communications Group 4388:(inactive September 12, 2024). 3687:Wildman, Stephanie M. (1996). 3238:University of California Press 3193:Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). 2726:, such as meritocracy and the 2373:In U.S. Supreme Court opinions 1785:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7161:Second-generation gender bias 6877:Constitutional colorblindness 5593:Social determinants of health 3937:Doob, Christopher B. (2013). 2911:Constitutional colorblindness 2826:Amy Ansell, a sociologist at 2782:secondary or tertiary sources 2467:In his concurring opinion to 2446:In her dissenting opinion to 2383:In his dissenting opinion to 2379:Constitutional colorblindness 2213:Second-generation gender bias 1923:Constitutional colorblindness 601:Social determinants of health 162:secondary or tertiary sources 4336:NAAAS Conference Proceedings 4283:Alexander, Michelle (2012). 4222:10.1080/13613324.2014.985585 4210:Race Ethnicity and Education 3791:Logan, John R. (July 2011). 3393:Ura, Alexa (April 9, 2021). 7072:Medical model of disability 6924:Hate speech laws by country 4323:"A Look at Color-Blindness" 3798:(Report). Brown University. 2566:In his famous 1963 speech " 2413:In a concurring opinion of 2359:United States Supreme Court 2126:Medical model of disability 1970:Hate speech laws by country 263:, discuss the issue on the 104:conditions to do so are met 7305: 7181:Social model of disability 5648:Discrimination against men 4420:Sinckler, Latjona (2014). 4368:Mueller, Jennifer (2017). 3861:10.1163/156916306777835303 3826:10.1163/156916306777835349 3232:Stuart Wells, Amy (2009). 2873:historically black college 2648:In response to the global 2487:A color-blind society, in 2376: 2233:Social model of disability 656:Discrimination against men 7289:Race in the United States 7238: 6534:Opposition to immigration 5450:Race / Ethnicity 5278: 4461:10.1162/10542040051058492 3541:10.1007/s11206-004-0696-3 3490:10.1080/07350190709336684 3199:. Routledge. p. 42. 2789:primary research articles 2685:and affirmative action. 1566:Opposition to immigration 450:Race / Ethnicity 6529:Occupational segregation 6298:Compulsory sterilization 4257:10.1177/0895904813510775 4119:10.1177/0956797610384741 3743:Race, Gender & Class 3012:Holmes, David G. (2007) 2990:Multicultural Psychology 2556:The Truly Dis-advantaged 2405:More recently, the term 1561:Occupational segregation 1330:Compulsory sterilization 173:"Racial color blindness" 7057:Internalized oppression 6919:Fighting Discrimination 6909:Fat acceptance movement 6867:Anti-discrimination law 6507:Native American mascots 5218:Psychometrics of racism 4668:Anti-miscegenation laws 3026:Ansell, Amy E. (2008). 2889:structural inequalities 2688:Stephanie M. Wildman's 2604:residential segregation 2584:Equal Protection Clause 2111:Internalized oppression 1965:Fighting Discrimination 1955:Fat acceptance movement 1913:Anti-discrimination law 1539:Native American mascots 7176:Social identity threat 7149:Reverse discrimination 7139:Racial color blindness 6619:Violence against women 6599:Sex-selective abortion 5183:Ethnic plastic surgery 4678:Biological determinism 3632:(September 25, 2015). 2578:Supreme Court Justice 2572:Martin Luther King Jr. 2421:William J. Brennan Jr. 2326:Racial color blindness 2228:Social identity threat 2201:Reverse discrimination 2192:Racial color blindness 1651:Violence against women 1631:Sex-selective abortion 149:relies excessively on 7144:Religious intolerance 7104:Political correctness 6934:Intersex human rights 6882:Cultural assimilation 6564:Religious persecution 6328:Disability hate crime 6113:Jewish / Antisemitism 5103:In Jewish communities 5081:Hispanic & Latino 4386:10.1093/socpro/spw061 4097:Psychological Science 4012:Psychological Science 3342:. September 27, 2007. 3290:King, Martin Luther. 3144:"U.S. Reports: Gratz 2701:Eduardo Bonilla-Silva 2652:movement, the phrase 2548:William Julius Wilson 2504:Civil Rights Movement 2493:racial classification 2377:Further information: 2196:Religious intolerance 2158:Political correctness 1980:Intersex human rights 1928:Cultural assimilation 1596:Religious persecution 1360:Disability hate crime 1137:Jewish / Antisemitism 6549:Political repression 5553:Anti-left handedness 5543:Anti-intellectualism 5193:Herrenvolk democracy 4449:TDR/The Drama Review 4197:doi:10.1037/a0038676 4168:Communication Theory 3770:Philadelphia Tribune 3662:'Color-Blind' Racism 3630:Goldberg, David Theo 3562:Bonilla-Silva (2010) 2861:Communication Theory 2732:laissez-faire racism 2588:Fourteenth Amendment 2512:Color-blind ideology 2391:John Marshall Harlan 1581:Political repression 561:Anti-left handedness 551:Anti-intellectualism 269:create a new article 261:improve this article 7052:Historical eugenics 6589:Segregation academy 6569:Religious terrorism 6358:Enemy of the people 6266:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 5780:Jehovah's Witnesses 5673:Perpetual foreigner 5213:Perpetual foreigner 4082:10.1093/jleo/ewm053 3658:Carr, L.G. (1997). 3455:The Washington Post 3163:Library of Congress 3161:. 2003 – via 3127:Library of Congress 3125:. 1978 – via 3099:Library of Congress 2906:Post-racial America 2724:economic liberalism 2667:David Theo Goldberg 2609:While the field of 2524:equal opportunities 2522:under the law, and 2510:movements abroad". 2454:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2106:Historical eugenics 1621:Segregation academy 1601:Religious terrorism 1390:Enemy of the people 1298:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 796:Jehovah's Witnesses 681:Perpetual foreigner 91:of this article is 6964:Social integration 6959:Self-determination 6949:Racial integration 6897:Diversity training 6887:Cultural pluralism 6862:Affirmative action 6762:Racial segregation 6672:Crime of apartheid 6574:Religious violence 6077:Indigenous people 5477:Sexual orientation 5243:Racial integration 5223:Race and sexuality 5028:Japanese Americans 4748:Racial segregation 4738:Racial nationalism 4413:Teaching Tolerance 4353:The Asian Reporter 4245:Educational Policy 3849:Critical Sociology 3814:Critical Sociology 3529:Sociological Forum 3296:The Avalon Project 2683:racial integration 2679:Color-Blind Racism 2650:Black Lives Matter 2560:affirmative action 2536:affirmative action 2491:, is one in which 2449:Gratz v. Bollinger 2400:separate but equal 2396:racial segregation 2386:Plessy v. Ferguson 2010:Social integration 2005:Self-determination 1995:Racial integration 1943:Diversity training 1933:Cultural pluralism 1908:Affirmative action 1800:Racial segregation 1710:Crime of apartheid 1606:Religious violence 1101:Indigenous people 477:Sexual orientation 7266: 7265: 7134:Racism by country 7062:Intersectionality 7047:Heteronormativity 6846:Voter suppression 6594:Sexual harassment 6393:Forced conversion 6313:Cultural genocide 5976:African Americans 5790:post–Cold War era 5775:Eastern Orthodoxy 5538:Anti-drug addicts 5533:Anti-homelessness 5460:Scientific racism 5316: 5315: 5064:African Americans 5011:Chinese Americans 4708:Ethnic stereotype 4313:978-0-52-024475-7 4294:978-1-59-558643-8 4103:(11): 1587–1592. 3977:978-1-44-220218-4 3950:978-0-20-579241-2 3893:978-0-415-93583-8 3727:978-1-44-222055-3 3702:978-0-8147-9303-9 3673:978-0-7619-0443-4 3610:. August 20, 2015 3608:Rasmussen Reports 3564:, pp. 28–30. 3435:978-1-58826-032-1 3400:The Texas Tribune 3318:Babbitt, Laura G. 3298:. Yale Law School 3247:978-0-52-025678-1 3206:978-0-41-533794-6 3070:978-0-22-674405-6 3041:978-1-45-226586-5 3028:"Color Blindness" 2968:978-1-4338-2073-1 2959:10.1037/14754-008 2854:whiteness studies 2817: 2816: 2809: 2776:needs additional 2611:whiteness studies 2429:Thurgood Marshall 2419:(1978), Justices 2323: 2322: 2188:Racism by country 2116:Intersectionality 2101:Heteronormativity 1884:Voter suppression 1626:Sexual harassment 1425:Forced conversion 1345:Cultural genocide 1000:African Americans 806:post–Cold War era 791:Eastern Orthodoxy 546:Anti-drug addicts 541:Anti-homelessness 460:Scientific racism 315: 314: 307: 297: 296: 289: 271:, as appropriate. 234: 233: 226: 208: 132: 131: 124: 70: 16:(Redirected from 7296: 7256: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7186:Social privilege 7171:Social exclusion 7099:Police brutality 7020:Multiculturalism 6990:Amatonormativity 6821:Social exclusion 6657:Age of candidacy 6457:Homeless dumping 6363:Ethnic cleansing 5343: 5336: 5329: 5320: 5306: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5140:Racial supremacy 5098:Jewish Americans 5076:Native Americans 5045:Zainichi Koreans 5033:Japanese Koreans 5016:Zainichi Chinese 4989:Racism by target 4766:Global apartheid 4758:Racism by region 4743:Racial profiling 4733:Racial hierarchy 4534: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4501:American Theatre 4486: 4472: 4446: 4433: 4416: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4364: 4347: 4330: 4317: 4298: 4269: 4268: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3855:(2–3): 255–274. 3844: 3838: 3837: 3820:(2–3): 333–356. 3809: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3665: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3292:"I Have A Dream" 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3229: 3223: 3222:, pp. 42–3. 3217: 3211: 3210: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2942: 2921:Whiteness theory 2812: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2654:All Lives Matter 2520:equal protection 2473:(2007), Justice 2463: 2459: 2452:(2003), Justice 2435:objected to the 2416:Regents v. Bakke 2389:(1896), Justice 2315: 2308: 2301: 2238:Social privilege 2223:Social exclusion 2153:Police brutality 2074:Multiculturalism 2044:Amatonormativity 1859:Social exclusion 1695:Age of candidacy 1489:Homeless dumping 1395:Ethnic cleansing 340: 317: 310: 303: 292: 285: 281: 278: 272: 244: 243: 236: 229: 222: 218: 215: 209: 207: 166: 142: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7234: 7109:Polyculturalism 7005:Civil liberties 6973: 6954:Reappropriation 6855:Countermeasures 6850: 6779:Racial steering 6745:Numerus clausus 6649: 6643: 6368:Ethnic conflict 6303:Corrective rape 6254: 5894: 5849:minority Muslim 5736: 5628:HIV/AIDS stigma 5496: 5445:Mental disorder 5383: 5352: 5347: 5317: 5312: 5274: 5253:Racism in sport 5151: 5145:White supremacy 4984: 4752: 4688:Ethnic conflict 4660: 4654: 4548:Types of racism 4543: 4538: 4507: 4494: 4489: 4476: 4444: 4439: 4419: 4406: 4390: 4374:Social Problems 4367: 4350: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4301: 4295: 4282: 4278: 4276:Further reading 4273: 4272: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4187: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4110:10.1.1.418.9317 4094: 4093: 4089: 4073:10.1.1.169.4230 4052: 4051: 4047: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3992:Jones, James M. 3990: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3478:Rhetoric Review 3475: 3474: 3470: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3170: 3154: 3152:, 539 U.S. 234" 3142: 3141: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2916:White privilege 2897: 2869: 2845: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2694:heterosexuality 2675: 2662:Richard Sherman 2623:Chicano studies 2619:women's studies 2580:Clarence Thomas 2544: 2485: 2478:circumstances." 2475:Clarence Thomas 2470:PICS v. Seattle 2461: 2457: 2381: 2375: 2363:racial equality 2337:color blindness 2319: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2163:Polyculturalism 2059:Civil liberties 2031: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2000:Reappropriation 1900: 1899:Countermeasures 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1817:Racial steering 1783:Numerus clausus 1687: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1400:Ethnic conflict 1335:Corrective rape 1290: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 925: 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 865:minority Muslim 758: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744: 636:HIV/AIDS stigma 508: 500: 499: 498: 497: 496: 445:Mental disorder 387: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 348: 311: 300: 299: 298: 293: 282: 276: 273: 258: 245: 241: 230: 219: 213: 210: 167: 165: 159: 155:primary sources 143: 128: 117: 111: 108: 97: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7154:Reverse racism 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7124:Prisoner abuse 7121: 7116: 7114:Power distance 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7032:Ethnic penalty 7029: 7028: 7027: 7025:Neurodiversity 7022: 7012: 7010:Dehumanization 7007: 7002: 7000:Cisnormativity 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6978:Related topics 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6836:State religion 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6772:Nuremberg Laws 6769: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:Ghetto benches 6711: 6709:Gerrymandering 6706: 6701: 6696: 6694:Gender pay gap 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6651: 6648:Discriminatory 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6477:Lavender scare 6474: 6472:Kill Haole Day 6469: 6467:Indian rolling 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Eliminationism 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Cancel culture 6285: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6262: 6260: 6259:Manifestations 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Middle Eastern 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5890:Zoroastrianism 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5812:Untouchability 5809: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Leprosy stigma 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5350:Discrimination 5348: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265:Reverse racism 5262: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:Racial figleaf 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5156:Related topics 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5115:Middle Eastern 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4907:United Kingdom 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4659:Manifestations 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4493: 4492:External links 4490: 4488: 4487: 4474: 4437: 4417: 4404: 4380:(2): 219–238. 4365: 4348: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4293: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4251:(3): 504–554. 4235: 4216:(3): 396–418. 4200: 4185: 4174:(1): 139–159. 4155: 4140: 4087: 4066:(2): 319–355. 4045: 4018:(5): 383–386. 4001: 3983: 3976: 3956: 3949: 3929: 3924:10.1002/ss.258 3918:(120): 67–75. 3899: 3892: 3874: 3839: 3801: 3783: 3760: 3733: 3726: 3708: 3701: 3679: 3672: 3650: 3621: 3595: 3566: 3554: 3535:(4): 555–581. 3519: 3468: 3457:. p. A1. 3441: 3434: 3413: 3385: 3345: 3327: 3309: 3282: 3253: 3246: 3240:. p. 33. 3224: 3212: 3205: 3185: 3168: 3132: 3104: 3076: 3069: 3047: 3040: 3018: 3005: 2999:978-0190854959 2998: 2980: 2967: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2926:Equalized odds 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2868: 2865: 2844: 2841: 2815: 2814: 2797:September 2017 2773: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2711:Amy Ansell of 2674: 2671: 2642:naturalization 2568:I Have a Dream 2543: 2540: 2506:in the US and 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2465: 2444: 2433:Harry Blackmun 2374: 2371: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206:Reverse racism 2198: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178:Prisoner abuse 2175: 2170: 2168:Power distance 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2086:Ethnic penalty 2083: 2082: 2081: 2079:Neurodiversity 2076: 2066: 2064:Dehumanization 2061: 2056: 2054:Cisnormativity 2051: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2030:Related topics 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874:State religion 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810:Nuremberg Laws 1807: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752:Ghetto benches 1749: 1747:Gerrymandering 1744: 1739: 1734: 1732:Gender pay gap 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509:Lavender scare 1506: 1504:Kill Haole Day 1501: 1499:Indian rolling 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1385:Eliminationism 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320:Cancel culture 1317: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1289:Manifestations 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179:Middle Eastern 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 929: 928: 927: 926: 920: 919: 916: 915: 909: 908: 906:Zoroastrianism 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 871: 870: 869: 868: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 832: 831: 830: 828:Untouchability 825: 815: 810: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 778: 773: 768: 762: 761: 760: 759: 754: 753: 750: 749: 743: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 710: 709: 708: 703: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Leprosy stigma 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 463: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 390: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 352: 351: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 333: 332: 330:Discrimination 326: 325: 313: 312: 295: 294: 255:of the subject 253:worldwide view 248: 246: 239: 232: 231: 146: 144: 137: 130: 129: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7301: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7251: 7249: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208:Social stigma 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831:State atheism 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Jim Crow laws 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:One-drop rule 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Blood quantum 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Victimisation 6612: 6610: 6609:Trans bashing 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579:Religious war 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Racialization 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Glass ceiling 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Ethnic hatred 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Counter-jihad 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6091:United States 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5954:United States 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Protestantism 5873: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:LDS or Mormon 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Transmisogyny 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Gerontophobia 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Anti-intersex 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523:Anti-albinism 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Institutional 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5309: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:Wine industry 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4963:South America 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:United States 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941:North America 4939: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:Racialization 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Ethnic hatred 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Laissez-faire 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595:Institutional 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:Environmental 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432:(4): 857–891. 4431: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338:: 1230–1242. 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3654: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220:Ansell (2013) 3216: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3148:v. Bollinger 3147: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2800: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2774:This section 2772: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:black studies 2612: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2367:social equity 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341:Color evasion 2338: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260:Social stigma 2258: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1869:State atheism 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:Jim Crow laws 1803: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790:One-drop rule 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705:Blood quantum 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:Victimisation 1644: 1642: 1641:Trans bashing 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Religious war 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:Racialization 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1462:Glass ceiling 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1405:Ethnic hatred 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1340:Counter-jihad 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115:United States 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 979: 978:United States 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 924: 918: 917: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 891:Protestantism 889: 887: 884: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 804: 802: 801:LDS or Mormon 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 757: 752: 751: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 726: 724: 723:Transmisogyny 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 626:Gerontophobia 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 556:Anti-intersex 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Anti-albinism 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 504: 503: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 383: 382: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Institutional 354: 353: 344: 343: 339: 335: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 309: 306: 291: 288: 280: 270: 266: 262: 256: 254: 247: 238: 237: 228: 225: 217: 214:November 2017 206: 203: 199: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: – 174: 170: 169:Find sources: 163: 157: 156: 152: 147:This article 145: 141: 136: 135: 126: 123: 115: 112:November 2017 105: 101: 95: 94: 90: 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7138: 7042:Gender-blind 6929:Human rights 6757:Racial quota 6744: 6724:Jewish quota 6704:Gerontocracy 6699:Gender roles 6677:Disabilities 6662:Blood purity 6634:Wife selling 6624:White flight 6604:Slut-shaming 6584:Scapegoating 6502:Murder music 6175:Palestinians 6118:Anti-Zionism 5986:South Africa 5971:Black people 5949:South Africa 5765:Christianity 5755:Baháʼí Faith 5683:Sectarianism 5623:Heterosexism 5588:Ephebiphobia 5558:Anti-Masonry 5425:Hair texture 5258:in Australia 5248:Racial quota 4892:Soviet Union 4835:Saudi Arabia 4776:South Africa 4703:Ethnic slurs 4698:Ethnic jokes 4600:Internalized 4506: 4500: 4483:The Atlantic 4482: 4455:(4): 86–95. 4452: 4448: 4429: 4425: 4412: 4394:cite journal 4377: 4373: 4352: 4335: 4326: 4303: 4284: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4171: 4167: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4063: 4057: 4054:Fryer, R. G. 4048: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3966: 3959: 3939: 3932: 3915: 3911: 3883: 3877: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3817: 3813: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3749:(4): 22–37. 3746: 3742: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3690: 3682: 3661: 3653: 3643:November 18, 3641:. Retrieved 3637: 3624: 3612:. Retrieved 3598: 3586:. Retrieved 3579: 3569: 3557: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3484:(1): 25–41. 3481: 3477: 3471: 3454: 3444: 3425: 3404:. Retrieved 3398: 3388: 3353: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3295: 3285: 3275:December 29, 3273:. Retrieved 3268: 3233: 3227: 3215: 3195: 3188: 3149: 3145: 3058: 3050: 3031: 3021: 3008: 2989: 2983: 2972:, retrieved 2950: 2940: 2901:Gender-blind 2885: 2881: 2870: 2867:In education 2860: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2843:Alternatives 2837: 2828:Bard College 2825: 2821: 2818: 2803: 2794: 2775: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2721: 2713:Bard College 2710: 2699:Sociologist 2698: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2630: 2627: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2577: 2565: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2532: 2501: 2486: 2468: 2447: 2436: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2384: 2382: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2096:Gender-blind 1975:Human rights 1795:Racial quota 1782: 1762:Jewish quota 1742:Gerontocracy 1737:Gender roles 1715:Disabilities 1700:Blood purity 1666:Wife selling 1656:White flight 1636:Slut-shaming 1616:Scapegoating 1534:Murder music 1199:Palestinians 1142:Anti-Zionism 1010:South Africa 995:Black people 973:South Africa 781:Christianity 771:Baháʼí Faith 691:Sectarianism 631:Heterosexism 596:Ephebiphobia 566:Anti-Masonry 425:Hair texture 301: 283: 274: 250: 220: 211: 201: 194: 187: 180: 168: 148: 118: 109: 87: 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 6944:Nonviolence 6939:LGBT rights 6904:Empowerment 6872:Anti-racism 6794:Segregation 6739:No kid zone 6539:Persecution 6452:Hate speech 6403:Gay bashing 6378:Ethnic joke 6333:Dog whistle 6278:Blood libel 5966:Azerbaijani 5870:Neopaganism 5863:Persecution 5824:Persecution 5807:Persecution 5770:Catholicism 5705:Transphobia 5688:Supremacism 5643:Lesbophobia 5563:Aporophobia 5528:Anti-autism 5379:Taste-based 5374:Statistical 5173:Anti-racism 4914:Middle East 4808:South Korea 4803:North Korea 4718:Hate speech 4640:Substantive 4620:Neocolonial 3271:. PBS. 1997 2728:free market 2706:meritocracy 2660:cornerback 2554:(1978) and 2516:due process 2508:anti-racist 2437:color blind 2425:Byron White 2407:color blind 1990:Nonviolence 1985:LGBT rights 1950:Empowerment 1918:Anti-racism 1832:Segregation 1777:No kid zone 1571:Persecution 1484:Hate speech 1435:Gay bashing 1410:Ethnic joke 1365:Dog whistle 1310:Blood libel 990:Azerbaijani 886:Neopaganism 879:Persecution 840:Persecution 823:Persecution 786:Catholicism 713:Transphobia 696:Supremacism 651:Lesbophobia 571:Aporophobia 536:Anti-autism 371:Taste-based 366:Statistical 277:August 2022 7273:Categories 7218:Stereotype 7213:Speciesism 7094:Oppression 7089:Oikophobia 6985:Allophilia 6969:Toleration 6826:Sodomy law 6719:Internment 6639:Witch-hunt 6517:Blackhawks 6447:Hate group 6435:Hate crime 6408:Gendercide 6398:Freak show 6388:Excellence 6348:Employment 6318:Defamation 6250:Vietnamese 6245:Venezuelan 6135:Lithuanian 5797:Falun Gong 5732:Xenophobia 5727:Vegaphobia 5710:Non-binary 5668:Pedophobia 5633:Homophobia 5455:Skin color 5415:Disability 5388:Attributes 5369:Structural 5052:Vietnamese 4825:Arab world 4723:Hate group 4713:Hate crime 4650:Xenophobia 4630:Scientific 4615:Linguistic 4361:1654867222 3778:1757017932 3584:. New York 3581:Daily News 2932:References 2753:possible. 2596:Republican 2546:Professor 2538:obsolete. 2528:liberalism 2270:Stereotype 2265:Speciesism 2148:Oppression 2143:Oikophobia 2039:Allophilia 2015:Toleration 1864:Sodomy law 1757:Internment 1671:Witch-hunt 1549:Blackhawks 1479:Hate group 1467:Hate crime 1440:Gendercide 1430:Freak show 1420:Excellence 1380:Employment 1350:Defamation 1274:Vietnamese 1269:Venezuelan 1159:Lithuanian 813:Falun Gong 740:Xenophobia 735:Vegaphobia 718:Non-binary 676:Pedophobia 641:Homophobia 455:Skin color 415:Disability 386:Attributes 361:Structural 184:newspapers 151:references 89:neutrality 52:improve it 7191:Christian 7119:Prejudice 7067:Masculism 7015:Diversity 6809:religious 6784:Redlining 6383:Ethnocide 6343:Education 6235:Ukrainian 6170:Pakistani 6160:Mongolian 6081:Australia 6063:Hungarian 6018:Colombian 5998:Bulgarian 5880:Rastafari 5829:Ahmadiyya 5742:Religious 5720:Trans men 5678:Pregnancy 5613:Gayphobia 5608:Fatphobia 5513:Acephobia 5508:Arophobia 5492:Viewpoint 5233:Race card 5168:Alt-right 4968:Argentina 4929:Palestine 4847:Australia 4673:Apartheid 4661:of racism 4435:Full text 4344:664590421 4265:145014408 4230:144180704 4105:CiteSeerX 4068:CiteSeerX 3869:144244399 3834:143485250 3588:August 6, 3549:143829833 3514:144516819 3498:0735-0198 3463:0190-8286 3302:April 28, 3269:Frontline 2974:April 24, 2887:ignoring 2832:apartheid 2778:citations 2717:post-race 2673:Criticism 2489:sociology 2243:Christian 2173:Prejudice 2121:Masculism 2069:Diversity 1847:religious 1822:Redlining 1415:Ethnocide 1375:Education 1259:Ukrainian 1194:Pakistani 1184:Mongolian 1105:Australia 1087:Hungarian 1042:Colombian 1022:Bulgarian 896:Rastafari 845:Ahmadiyya 756:Religious 728:Trans men 686:Pregnancy 621:Gayphobia 616:Fatphobia 521:Acephobia 516:Arophobia 492:Viewpoint 265:talk page 100:talk page 58:talk page 7248:Category 7230:The talk 7166:Snobbery 7084:Net bias 6914:Feminism 6841:Ugly law 6682:Catholic 6650:policies 6497:Mortgage 6492:Lynching 6423:examples 6418:Genocide 6338:Economic 6323:Democide 6283:Bullying 6200:Romanian 6165:Nigerian 6108:Japanese 6043:Georgian 6028:Filipino 5961:Assyrian 5934:Armenian 5924:American 5919:Albanian 5901:National 5885:Yazidism 5802:Hinduism 5760:Buddhism 5663:Nepotism 5658:Misogyny 5653:Misandry 5578:Clannism 5573:Biphobia 5518:Adultism 5435:Language 5288:Category 5203:Lynching 5178:Casteism 5023:Japanese 4882:Portugal 4813:Thailand 4781:Zimbabwe 4645:Symbolic 4635:Societal 4625:Romantic 4590:Gendered 4570:Cultural 4560:Colorism 4555:Aversive 4469:11510433 4357:ProQuest 4327:The Tech 4135:11580845 4127:20876878 4040:15737940 4032:16683924 3774:ProQuest 3755:41675099 3638:HuffPost 3614:July 14, 3506:20176758 3352:Text of 3340:CBS News 2895:See also 2757:Research 2518:of law, 2282:The talk 2218:Snobbery 2138:Net bias 1960:Feminism 1879:Ugly law 1720:Catholic 1686:Policies 1529:Mortgage 1524:Lynching 1455:examples 1450:Genocide 1370:Economic 1355:Democide 1315:Bullying 1224:Romanian 1189:Nigerian 1132:Japanese 1067:Georgian 1052:Filipino 985:Assyrian 958:Armenian 948:American 943:Albanian 923:national 901:Yazidism 818:Hinduism 776:Buddhism 671:Nepotism 666:Misogyny 661:Misandry 586:Clannism 581:Biphobia 526:Adultism 435:Language 322:a series 320:Part of 259:You may 93:disputed 7258:Commons 7037:Figleaf 6462:Housing 6230:Turkish 6180:Pashtun 6150:Mexican 6130:Kurdish 6103:Italian 6053:Haitian 6038:Finnish 6013:Chinese 6008:Chechen 6003:Catalan 5993:Bengali 5914:African 5899:Ethnic/ 5858:Judaism 5844:Sunnism 5834:Shi'ism 5750:Atheism 5583:Elitism 5482:Species 5420:Genetic 5410:Dialect 5298:Commons 5208:Passing 5163:Ableism 5086:Mexican 5006:Chinese 4902:Ukraine 4867:Germany 4857:Denmark 4818:Vietnam 4355:: 6–7. 3361:Findlaw 2586:of the 2542:Support 2483:Outline 2348:evasion 2091:Figleaf 1494:Housing 1254:Turkish 1204:Pashtun 1174:Mexican 1154:Kurdish 1127:Italian 1077:Haitian 1062:Finnish 1037:Chinese 1032:Chechen 1027:Catalan 1017:Bengali 938:African 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