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Theuwissen says "Previously, the color filter was fabricated on a separate glass plate and glued to the CCD (Ishikawa 81), but nowadays, all single-chip color cameras are provided with an imager which has the color filter on-chip processed (Dillon 78) and not as a hybrid." He provides a bibliography
702:
per inch (PPI). However, due to the CFA, the resolution of the device drops when displaying color images, say to 100 PPI. When the image to be displayed consists of both a colored and a black and white section, for example when a book page comprises plain text as well as a color photo, some e book
513:
An RGBW matrix (from red, green, blue, white) is a CFA that includes "white" or transparent filter elements that allow the photodiode to respond to all colors of light; that is, some cells are "panchromatic", and more of the light is detected, rather than absorbed, compared to the Bayer matrix.
610:
line), where a low-temperature regime must be rigidly observed (due to the low melting temperature of the aluminum metalized "wires" and the substrate mobility of the dopants implanted within the bulk silicon), organics would be preferred over glass. On the other hand, some CVD silicon oxide
598:
Filter materials are manufacturer specific. Adams et al. state "Several factors influence the CFA's design. First, the individual CFA filters are usually layers of transmissive (absorptive) organic or pigment dyes. Ensuring that the dyes have the right mechanical properties—such as ease of
587:
Some sources indicate that the CFA can be manufactured separately and affixed after the sensor has been manufactured, while other sensors have the CFA manufactured directly on the surface of the imager. Theuwissen makes no mention of the materials utilized in CFA manufacture.
158:
uses a different structure such that a pixel utilizes properties of multi-junctions to stack blue, green, and red sensors on top of each other. This arrangement does not require a demosaicing algorithm because each pixel has information about each color.
706:
The third method, as in ClearInk, uses a CFA consisting of a front layer of wells with hemispherical bottoms above a layer of fluid containing black charged spheres. When the spheres are away from the hemispheres, the hemispheres reflect brightly due to
691:. This method suffers from often slow refresh rates as with several pigments the display must perform refreshes for each pigment. As with grey scale units, after the display is updated the device does not require power to keep the image on screen.
686:
There are three primary methods for reproducing color on e paper displays. One uses micro spheres in various pigments, such as the limited color range three pigment
Spectra displays or more faithful four pigment Advanced Color ePaper, both by
109:(shown by the image) gives information about the intensity of light in red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelength regions. The raw image data captured by the image sensor is then converted to a full-color image (with intensities of all three
557:
light needed to properly expose the polymer, though solutions have been found for this problem. Color photoresists sometimes used include those with chemical monikers CMCR101R, CMCR101G, CMCR101B, CMCR106R, CMCR106G, and CMCR106B.
518:
announced several RGBW CFA patents in 2007, all of which have the property that when the panchromatic cells are ignored, the remaining color filtered cells are arranged such that their data can be processed with a standard Bayer
711:. When the black spheres are moved near to the hemispheres, the amount of reflection drops. The refresh rate on video versions of these devices is fast enough for video playback (33 Hz on the device, compared to 25 Hz for
572:. Pigment based CFAs have become the dominant option because they offer higher heat resistance and light resistance compared to dye based CFAs. In either case, thicknesses ranging up to 1 micrometre are readily available.
642:
In U.S.P.# 4,808,501, Carl
Chiulli cites the use of 5 chemicals, three of which are C.I. #12715, AKA Solvent Red 8; Solvent Yellow 88; and C.I. # 61551, Solvent Blue 36. In U.S.P. # 5,096,801 Koya
646:, of Fuji Photo Film company, list some 150-200 chemical structures, mainly azo dyes and pyrazolone-diazenyl, but fail to provide chemical names, CAS Registry numbers, or Colour Index numbers.
703:
devices may display the photo at the reduced resolution while the text is at the normal resolution. As the CFA is LCD based, the CFA requires constant power to run and uses more energy.
599:
application, durability, and resistance to humidity and other atmospheric stresses—is a challenging task. This makes it difficult, at best, to fine-tune the spectral responsivities.".
981:
2397:
666:
array. Further, a short discussion of anti-reflection films is offered, though
Janesick's work appears is more concerned with photon–silicon interaction. Early work on
1098:"Color filter array for CCD and CMOS image sensors using a chemically amplified, thermally cured, pre-dyed, positive-tone photoresist for 365 nm lithography"
909:
933:
499:
Used in the automotive industry. Similar to the Bayer sensor except the green pixels are clear, providing more low-light sensitivity and less noise.
2548:
770:
561:
A few sources discuss other specific chemical substances, attending optical properties, and optimal manufacturing processes of color filter arrays.
2402:
105:
filter the light by wavelength range, such that the separate filtered intensities include information about the color of light. For example, the
2538:
1767:
553:
is one material used as the carrier for making color filters from color dyes or pigments. There is some interference between the dyes and the
1202:
824:
754:
1436:
481:
sensor is desired for maximum sensitivity, with the red channel required for regions of interest such as traffic lights and rear lights.
2614:
1581:
Murakami; et al. (August 2000). "Technologies to
Improve Photo-Sensitivity and Reduce VOD Shutter Voltage for CCD Image Sensors".
1625:
869:
808:
595:, and subsequently dyed. Aoki reveals that a CYWG arrangement was used, with the G filter being an overlap of the Y and C filters.
1484:
2559:
607:
591:
At least one early example of an on-chip design utilized gelatin filters (Aoki et al., 1982). The gelatin is sectionalized, via
535:, again to allow more of the incident light to be detected rather than absorbed. Other variants include CMY and CMYW matrices.
2784:
2738:
678:
system, as a whole, benefits from careful consideration of CFA technologies and their interplay with other sensor properties.
31:
The Bayer color filter mosaic. Each two-by-two submosaic contains 2 green, 1 blue, and 1 red filter, each filter covering one
2554:
2543:
2619:
1151:
694:
The second common method uses a typical grey scale e paper display behind a transparent color layer. The color layer is a
78:
devices where it means a mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the grey scale display panel to reproduce color images.
1699:
2810:
1253:
Takizawa; et al. (1983). "Field
Integration Mode CCD Color Television Camera Using Frequency Interleaving Method".
1509:
2805:
2422:
2082:
1856:
1028:
1724:
167:
distinguishes the approaches as "vertical color filter" for the Foveon X3 versus "lateral color filter" for the CFA.
982:"Samsung's 108Mp ISOCELL Bright HM1 Delivers Brighter Ultra-High-Res Images with Industry-First Nonacell Technology"
957:
719:
television). They require more energy to operate than a plain E Ink display but much less than a LCD based display.
2624:
2211:
1760:
2389:
2282:
1940:
1641:
Ishihara, Y.; Tanigaki, K. (1983). "A high photosensitive IL-CCD image sensor with monolithic resin lens array".
708:
132:, thus all visible colors can be distinguished. The responses of the filters do not generally correspond to the
2599:
2417:
2067:
1800:
2594:
2589:
2584:
121:
of the CFA elements along with the demosaicing algorithm jointly determine the color rendition. The sensor's
2651:
2604:
1218:
Ishikawa; et al. (1981). "Color
Reproduction of a Single Chip Color Camera with a Frame Transfer CCD".
417:
371:
136:
2609:
695:
478:
886:"Sony Releases Stacked CMOS Image Sensor for Smartphones with Industry's Highest 48 Effective Megapixels"
698:
based CFA. When displaying grey scale images the device runs at its native resolution, for instance, 300
2533:
2288:
1832:
1753:
1163:
663:
2007:
1287:
Knop and Morf (August 1985). "A New Class of Mosaic Color
Encoding Patterns for Single-Chip Cameras".
2506:
2189:
2177:
1590:
1547:
1401:
1339:
1296:
1227:
1109:
564:
For instance, Nakamura said that materials for on-chip color filter arrays fall into two categories:
148:
133:
885:
2221:
2153:
1538:
Agranov; et al. (January 2003). "Crosstalk and
Microlens Study in a Color CMOS Image Sensor".
840:
543:
365:
95:
86:
Color filters are needed because the typical photosensors detect light intensity with little or no
910:"How Tetracell delivers crystal clear photos day and night | Samsung Semiconductor Global Website"
468:
436:
Similar to Quad Bayer filter, but with RYYB instead of RGGB. i.e. 4x blue, 4x red, and 8x yellow.
2636:
2042:
1950:
1844:
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1417:
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2002:
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1198:
1125:
865:
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750:
140:
859:
744:
217:
2694:
2689:
2669:
2664:
2427:
2194:
2072:
2022:
2017:
1989:
1955:
1945:
1815:
1681:
1646:
1598:
1555:
1451:
1409:
1374:
1347:
1304:
1258:
1235:
1117:
1097:
812:
592:
384:
295:
228:
Bayer-like with one of the green filters modified to "emerald"; used in a few Sony cameras.
155:
129:
75:
1330:
Dillon; et al. (February 1978). "Color
Imaging System Using a Single CCD Area Array".
2724:
2714:
2709:
2674:
2576:
2412:
2359:
2249:
2182:
1997:
1913:
1891:
1176:
615:
532:
205:
102:
40:
674:/prism cameras stress the importance of a fully integrated design solution for CFAs. The
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1488:
1405:
1343:
1300:
1231:
1113:
490:
27:
2774:
2719:
2704:
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2462:
2276:
2271:
2099:
2077:
2012:
1884:
1849:
1822:
1152:"Microelectronics Fabrication Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"
91:
90:
specificity and therefore cannot separate color information. Since sensors are made of
2799:
2659:
2244:
2130:
2055:
2032:
1972:
1896:
1879:
1785:
1137:
654:
Nakamura provides a schematic and bibliographic items illustrating the importance of
118:
110:
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1421:
1270:
2494:
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2256:
2239:
2231:
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2164:
2027:
1871:
1316:
454:
439:
431:
409:
397:
325:
199:
106:
64:
32:
17:
790:
2631:
2489:
2266:
2261:
2125:
2094:
2060:
1965:
1861:
1827:
1068:
631:
554:
550:
520:
281:
261:
223:
144:
114:
1155:
2641:
2484:
2321:
2312:
2216:
2204:
2144:
1960:
1923:
1918:
1901:
1239:
443:
87:
1650:
1567:
1129:
2501:
2474:
2469:
1978:
1559:
1517:
1413:
1351:
1308:
1262:
1045:
671:
667:
655:
619:
1029:"Interfacing Red/Clear Sensors to ADSP-BF609® Blackfin Processors (EE-358)"
805:
Adaptive
Colorimetric Characterization of Digital Camera with White Balance
1392:
Aoki; et al. (1982). "2/3-Inch Format MOS Single-Chip Color Imager".
2756:
2479:
2087:
659:
627:
581:
577:
376:
286:
One cyan, one yellow, one green, and one magenta; used in a few cameras.
122:
958:"Part 4: Non-Bayer CFA, Phase Detection Autofocus (PDAF) | TechInsights"
816:
117:
algorithm which is tailored for each type of color filter. The spectral
2528:
1810:
565:
547:
531:
A CYGM matrix (cyan, yellow, green, magenta) is a CFA that uses mostly
413:
266:
One cyan, two yellow, and one magenta; used in a few cameras of Kodak.
1602:
1455:
1378:
1121:
459:
Similar to Bayer filter, however with 9x blue, 9x red, and 18x green.
128:
and span of the CFA's spectral responses are typically wider than the
2751:
2354:
2344:
675:
602:
Given that the CFAs are deposited on the image sensor surface at the
402:
Similar to Bayer filter, however with 4x blue, 4x red, and 8x green.
164:
1700:"Everything you need to know about e INK Kaleido 2 and Kaleido Plus"
1008:
1685:
1672:
Murata; et al. (1983). "Development of a 3-MOS Color Camera".
861:
Handbook of Holographic Interferometry: Optical and Digital Methods
2379:
2374:
2364:
2334:
1805:
1776:
699:
688:
515:
68:
60:
26:
1365:
Tanaka; et al. (1990). "HDTV Single-Chip CCD Color Camera".
2369:
2349:
2329:
2199:
2116:
1725:"Don't Buy an Ereader Yet: 6 Upcoming Color Epaper Technologies"
791:
Comparison of the spectral response of a Nikon D70 vs. Canon 10D
716:
603:
405:
1749:
1745:
1108:(2). International Society for Optical Engineering: 1083–1090.
2445:
2339:
2104:
1485:"Dichroic Filter Array Patented Patterned Coatings Technology"
803:
Soo-Wook Jang; Eun-Su Kim; Sung-Hak Lee; Kyu-Ik Sohng (2005).
712:
623:
569:
380:
746:
Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras
584:
patterns, and spatial frequencies of the absorptive filters.
514:
Sugiyama filed for a patent on such an arrangement in 2005.
841:"Digital Photography Essentials #003: "Color Separation""
630:) can be applied to spectroscopic CCDs. Gersteltec sells
322:
Three example RGBW filters from Kodak, with 50% white. (
383:
filter, with a large pattern, studied for diminishing
304:
Traditional RGBW similar to Bayer and RGBE patterns.
59:), is a mosaic of tiny color filters placed over the
1104:. Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XVI.
2737:
2650:
2575:
2568:
2519:
2438:
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2320:
2311:
2230:
2163:
2152:
2041:
1988:
1870:
1793:
1784:
934:"Product Releases | News & Events | OmniVision"
2398:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
1510:"Swiss made SU-8 Photoepoxy Functional Products"
1195:Solid-State Imaging with charge coupled devices
614:Ocean Optics has indicated that their patented
208:filter. With one blue, one red, and two green.
811:. Vol. 3656. Springer. pp. 712–719.
1761:
1096:Miller Harris R. (1999). Conley, Will (ed.).
8:
1643:1983 International Electron Devices Meeting
1471:Introduction to Semiconductor Manufacturing
1069:"IISS Image Pipe for Alternate CFA Formats"
638:Some pigment and dye molecules used in CFAs
606:(back end of line, the later stages of the
2780:
2572:
2317:
2160:
1790:
1768:
1754:
1746:
1367:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
1255:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
611:processes are low temperature processes.
2549:International Commission on Illumination
778:Image Sensor Solutions: Application Note
634:that possesses color filter properties.
174:
1282:
1280:
1188:
1186:
780:. Revision 2.0. Kodak. 27 October 2003.
728:
2539:Color Association of the United States
1172:
1161:
890:Sony Global - Sony Global Headquarters
738:
736:
734:
732:
650:Optically efficient CFA implementation
74:The term is also used in reference to
1583:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1540:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1437:"Color Processing in Digital Cameras"
1394:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1332:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1289:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1063:
1061:
1003:
1001:
662:, and the interplay with the CFA and
7:
1220:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
771:"Color Correction for Image Sensors"
539:Manufacture of the image sensor CFA
477:Used in the automotive industry. A
246:One red, two yellow, and one blue;
2403:Blue–green distinction in language
25:
1618:Scientific Charge Coupled Devices
1085:US Patent Application 20050231618
809:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
2779:
2770:
2769:
2560:International Colour Association
2143:
1514:Gersteltec Engineering Solutions
608:integrated circuit manufacturing
489:
467:
364:
349:
337:
312:
294:
274:
254:
236:
216:
192:
113:represented at each pixel) by a
576:focusing on the number, types,
2555:International Color Consortium
2544:International Colour Authority
1487:. Ocean Optics. Archived from
1197:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1:
2620:List of Crayola crayon colors
2423:Traditional colors of Japan
2200:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2083:Multi-primary color display
1857:Spectral power distribution
1435:Adams; et al. (1998).
1193:Theuwissen, Albert (1995).
715:television or 29.97 Hz for
171:List of color filter arrays
143:is required to convert the
2827:
743:Nakamura, Junichi (2005).
326:Bayer filter#Modifications
2765:
2283:Color realism (art style)
2141:
1941:Evolution of color vision
1240:10.1109/JSSC.1981.1051549
709:total internal reflection
618:CFA process (alternating
423:
331:
321:
2600:List of colors (compact)
2418:Color in Chinese culture
2068:Digital image processing
1801:Electromagnetic spectrum
1651:10.1109/IEDM.1983.190552
1616:Janesick, James (2001).
137:color matching functions
2605:List of colors by shade
1560:10.1109/ted.2002.806473
1414:10.1109/T-ED.1982.20772
1352:10.1109/T-ED.1978.19046
1309:10.1109/T-ED.1985.22134
1263:10.1109/TCE.1983.356322
2610:List of color palettes
1171:Cite journal requires
187:Pattern size (pixels)
147:values into a common,
36:
2534:Color Marketing Group
2289:On Vision and Colours
2222:Tinctures in heraldry
1833:Structural coloration
1009:"RAW Files | imatest"
858:Thomas Kreis (2006).
845:Digital Outback Photo
82:Image sensor overview
30:
2615:List of color spaces
2507:Tint, shade and tone
2390:Cultural differences
2205:Polychromatic colors
2190:Complementary colors
2178:Monochromatic colors
1645:. pp. 497–500.
446:series smartphones.
149:absolute color space
2811:Digital photography
2595:List of colors: N–Z
2590:List of colors: G–M
2585:List of colors: A–F
1595:2000ITED...47.1566M
1552:2003ITED...50....4A
1406:1982ITED...29..745A
1344:1978ITED...25..102D
1301:1985ITED...32.1390K
1232:1981IJSSC..16..101I
1114:1999SPIE.3678.1083M
1102:Proceedings of SPIE
817:10.1007/11559573_87
544:Diazonaphthoquinone
96:solid-state physics
53:color filter mosaic
18:Color filter mosaic
2806:Color filter array
2642:List of web colors
2637:List of RAL colors
2043:Color reproduction
2008:Lüscher color test
1845:Color of chemicals
1046:"Sensor | imatest"
438:First used in the
126:quantum efficiency
45:color filter array
37:
2793:
2792:
2733:
2732:
2515:
2514:
2307:
2306:
2297:Theory of Colours
2139:
2138:
2051:Color photography
2003:Color preferences
1946:Impossible colors
1936:Color vision test
1931:Color temperature
1909:Color calibration
1838:Animal coloration
1706:. 21 January 2021
1680:(12): 1270–1273.
1603:10.1109/16.853032
1456:10.1109/40.743681
1379:10.1109/30.103163
1204:978-0-7923-3456-9
1122:10.1117/12.350159
826:978-3-540-29069-8
793:, Christian Buil.
756:978-0-8493-3545-7
506:
505:
141:color translation
16:(Redirected from
2818:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2573:
2439:Color dimensions
2428:Human skin color
2318:
2195:Analogous colors
2161:
2147:
2073:Color management
1990:Color psychology
1956:Opponent process
1872:Color perception
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1606:
1589:(8): 1566–1572.
1578:
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1535:
1529:
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1526:
1525:
1516:. Archived from
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1295:(8): 1390–1395.
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1243:
1215:
1209:
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1190:
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1154:. Archived from
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593:photolithography
533:secondary colors
493:
471:
408:, also known as
368:
353:
341:
316:
298:
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196:
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156:Foveon X3 sensor
130:visible spectrum
21:
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2434:
2413:Blue in culture
2384:
2303:
2250:Secondary color
2226:
2183:black-and-white
2155:
2148:
2135:
2037:
2023:National colors
2018:Political color
1998:Color symbolism
1984:
1914:Color constancy
1892:Color blindness
1866:
1823:Spectral colors
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1744:
1743:
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1704:goodereader.com
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432:RYYB Quad Bayer
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41:digital imaging
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1885:Sonochromatism
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1400:(4): 745–750.
1384:
1373:(3): 479–485.
1357:
1338:(2): 102–107.
1322:
1276:
1257:(3): 358–364.
1245:
1226:(2): 101–103.
1210:
1203:
1182:
1173:|journal=
1158:on 2011-07-21.
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111:primary colors
92:semiconductors
83:
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63:sensors of an
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2463:Pastel colors
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2245:Primary color
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2131:Color mapping
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2056:Color balance
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2033:Chromotherapy
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1973:Tetrachromacy
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1897:Achromatopsia
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1794:Color physics
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1786:Color science
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1674:SMPTE Journal
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1627:0-8194-3698-4
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1549:
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1534:
1531:
1520:on 2010-10-10
1519:
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1491:on 2008-12-04
1490:
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1469:Xiao (2001).
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871:3-527-60492-8
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864:. Wiley-VCH.
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749:. CRC Press.
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119:transmittance
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72:
71:information.
70:
66:
62:
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50:
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42:
34:
29:
19:
2495:Fluorescence
2458:Colorfulness
2451:Dichromatism
2295:
2287:
2257:Chromaticity
2240:Color mixing
2232:Color theory
2165:Color scheme
2028:Chromophobia
1977:
1733:. Retrieved
1731:. 2020-04-06
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1642:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1470:
1464:
1450:(6): 20–31.
1447:
1443:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1292:
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1254:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1194:
1164:cite journal
1156:the original
1146:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1080:
1049:. Retrieved
1040:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
989:. Retrieved
985:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:
952:
941:. Retrieved
937:
928:
917:. Retrieved
913:
904:
893:. Retrieved
889:
880:
860:
853:
844:
835:
804:
798:
786:
777:
765:
745:
705:
693:
685:
653:
643:
641:
632:photoresists
613:
601:
597:
590:
586:
574:
563:
560:
542:
530:
512:
440:Leica camera
437:
403:
385:Moiré effect
323:
243:RYYB filter
204:Very common
200:Bayer filter
161:Dick Merrill
153:
107:Bayer filter
100:
94:, they obey
85:
73:
65:image sensor
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:pixel sensor
2632:Color chart
2490:Iridescence
2322:Basic terms
2313:Color terms
2267:Color wheel
2262:Color solid
2126:Color space
2112:subtractive
2095:Color model
1966:Unique hues
1862:Colorimetry
1828:Chromophore
1546:(1): 4–11.
938:www.ovt.com
682:E-paper CFA
670:and on the
668:microlenses
656:microlenses
555:ultraviolet
551:photoresist
527:CYGM sensor
523:algorithm.
521:demosaicing
509:RGBW sensor
301:RGBW Bayer
282:CYGM filter
262:CYYM filter
224:RGBE filter
184:Description
145:tristimulus
115:demosaicing
67:to capture
2800:Categories
2652:Shades of:
2485:Brightness
2217:Web colors
2173:Color tool
2156:philosophy
2061:Color cast
1961:Afterimage
1951:Metamerism
1924:Color code
1919:Color task
1902:Dichromacy
1735:2021-04-12
1710:2021-04-12
1524:2010-11-01
1495:2008-11-17
1444:IEEE Micro
1051:2021-01-03
1014:2021-01-03
991:2020-02-14
967:2019-08-16
943:2019-08-16
919:2019-08-16
895:2019-08-16
723:References
620:thin films
479:monochrome
444:Huawei P30
418:OmniVision
398:Quad Bayer
381:RGB matrix
379:-specific
101:The color
88:wavelength
2502:Grayscale
2475:Lightness
2470:Luminance
2279:(fashion)
1979:The dress
1568:0018-9383
1138:109585024
1130:0277-786X
672:three-CCD
580:effects,
410:Tetracell
2775:Category
2757:Lighting
2480:Darkness
2300:(Goethe)
2100:additive
2088:Quattron
1659:25401214
1620:. SPIE.
1422:47298619
1271:29448168
660:f-number
658:, their
628:Cryolite
578:aliasing
455:Nonacell
404:Used by
377:Fujifilm
356:RGBW #3
344:RGBW #2
319:RGBW #1
123:passband
2739:Related
2700:Magenta
2625:history
2529:Pantone
1816:Visible
1811:Rainbow
1591:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1317:8503745
1297:Bibcode
1228:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
566:pigment
548:novolac
414:Samsung
372:X-Trans
139:, so a
103:filters
76:e paper
2752:Qualia
2747:Vision
2695:Purple
2690:Violet
2670:Yellow
2665:Orange
2360:Orange
2355:Purple
2345:Yellow
1779:topics
1657:
1624:
1566:
1420:
1315:
1269:
1201:
1136:
1128:
868:
823:
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700:pixels
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