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254:, trade marks consisting of colours or combinations of colours can be registered. However, an applicant's ability to register colour trade marks is limited by several considerations, in line with European Union jurisprudence. Thus, for example, while a trade mark described simply as a colour is registrable, a trade mark described as consisting "predominantly" of a particular colour is not. In a recent case, the High Court of Justice, Court of Chancery held that an application to register such a trade mark was permissible in
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because objects colored black appear smaller than they do when they are painted other lighter or brighter colors. The evidence shows that people who buy outboard motors for boats like the colors of the motors to be harmonious with the colors of their vessels, and that they also find it desirable under some circumstances to reduce the perception of the size of the motors in proportion to the boats."
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305:, the purple colour was considered functional for coated abrasives, because “n the field of coated abrasives, color serves a myriad of functions, including color coding, and the need to color code lends support for the basic finding that color, including purple, is functional in the field of coated abrasives having paper or cloth backing.” The
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lthough the color black is not functional in the sense that it makes these engines work better, or that it makes them easier or less expensive to manufacture, black is more desirable from the perspective of prospective purchasers because it is color compatible with a wider variety of boat colors and
295:
The Lanham Act specifically states that "o trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it (e) Consists of a mark which (5) comprises any matter that, as a whole, is
321:
the board denied registration for the colours orange and yellow for public telephones and telephone booths, because it confers the goods better visibility under any lighting condition. Also, the colour coral was held functional for earplugs, because it makes them easier to see in safety checks.
373:. Deere & Co. tried to establish exclusive use of its John Deere green colour as a trademark, in order to enjoin Farmhand from applying it to its products. Although the John Deere green colour does not provide any specific function to the good to which it is applied, the
377:"found that farmers prefer to match their loaders to their tractor". Therefore, if Deere & Co. were awarded exclusive use of the John Deere green, its competitors would be disadvantaged by reasons unrelated to the functional quality or price of its products.
222:
may consist") relevantly states that any CTM may consist of "any signs capable of being represented graphically...provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings". In
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In India, a colour mark can be registered provided the consumers directly link the colour with the brand. The application might be refused if a single colour is claimed as it is difficult to prove distinctiveness with just a single colour.
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in their insulation products, thus making Owens
Corning the first company in the United States to trademark a colour. In 1995, the United States Supreme Court further acknowledged that a colour could be used as a trademark in the case of
231:(case C-273/00) that graphical representation preferably means by images, lines or characters, and that the representation must be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective.
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This category of trade marks is distinguished from conventional (word or logo) trade marks that feature a specific colour or combination of colours; the latter category of trade marks present different legal issues.
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609:"(Trade marks - Approximation of laws - Directive 89/104/EEC - Signs of which a trade mark may consist - Distinctive character and graphic representability - Unsuitability of olfactory signs as trade marks)"
158:. However, it has traditionally been difficult to protect colours as trademarks through registration, as a colour as such was not considered to be a distinctive 'trademark'. This issue was addressed by the
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This definition generally encompasses colour marks, and therefore an applicant for a CTM or a national trademark in the EC may define their colour trademark using an international colour code such as
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165:, which broadened the legal definition of trademark to encompass "any sign...capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings" (article 15(1)).
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782:— the non-traditional trade marks archives of Ralf Sieckmann include i.a. a database of trade marks in the field of colour, sound, smell, motion, hologram, aroma, texture.
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of such marks sometimes constitutes a problem for trademark owners seeking to protect their marks, and different countries have different methods for dealing with this issue.
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287:. The trademark owner must show that the trademark colour has acquired substantial distinctiveness, and the colour indicates source of the goods to which it is applied.
315:, held that the colour pink for wound dressings was functional and not registrable, as its colour resembles human skin and was selected for this specific purpose. In
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Even though there is no direct function for the colour black in this case, protection was denied under the argument that consumers prefer it for aesthetic purposes.
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242:. In most cases, a colour trademark will be registered only after an enhanced distinctiveness through use in the EC has been proved.
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functional." If a colour is held functional for any product, then it is not registrable or protectable as a trademark.
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which sets down minimum standards of protection and regulation for most forms of
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The fresh version of Non-Traditional Trade Mark
Archives under publications
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In recent times colours have been increasingly used as trade marks in the
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held that the black colour was not registrable for outboard motors:
227:(case C-104/01) dated May 6, 2003 the ECJ repeats the criteria from
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Agreement on Trade-Related
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Type of trade mark for the association of a colour with a brand
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had the right to prevent competitors from using the colour
634:"Cadbury's attempt to trademark Dairy Milk purple blocked"
766:., 560 F. Supp. 85, 98 (U.S. Dist. Court S.D. Iowa, 1982)
272:, the United States Court of Appeals ruled in 1985 that
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Société des
Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited
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200:
Trade Marks Office Manual of
Practice and Procedure
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
780:Welcome to the non-traditional Trade Mark Archives
2063:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
346:
1426:
981:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
806:
8:
751:In re Howard S. Leight & Associates Inc.
677:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc.
284:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc.
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375:United States District Court for S.D. Iowa
338:United States Patents and Trademark Office
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2214:International Commission on Illumination
652:"Color Branding & Trademark Rights"
553:
384:
356:British Seagull Ltd. v. Brunswick Corp.
218:of 20 December 1993 ("signs of which a
2204:Color Association of the United States
225:Libertel Groep v Benelux Merkenbureau
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1249:International Trademark Association
367:A similar judgement was entered in
2068:Blue–green distinction in language
712:, 90 USPQ2d 1425, 1447 (TTAB 2007)
333:Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull
25:
737:In re Orange Communications, Inc.
318:In re Orange Communications, Inc.
216:Council Regulation (EC) No. 40-94
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2225:International Colour Association
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764:Deere & Co. v. Farmhand, Inc
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342:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
307:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
229:Sieckmann v German Patent Office
198:Requirements are set out in the
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1269:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1155:Protected designation of origin
359:, 28 USPQ 2d 1197, 1199 (1993).
45:needs additional citations for
2220:International Color Consortium
2209:International Colour Authority
1:
2285:List of Crayola crayon colors
1300:Unregistered trademark symbol
1135:Electronic registration marks
326:Aesthetical functionality bar
754:, 39 USPQ2d 1058 (TTAB 1996)
740:, 41 USPQ2d 1036 (TTAB 1996)
726:, 59 USPQ2d 1587 (TTAB 2000)
709:Saint-Gobain Corp. v. 3M Co.
302:Saint-Gobain Corp. v. 3M Co.
2088:Traditional colors of Japan
1865:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1748:Multi-primary color display
1522:Spectral power distribution
1290:Registered trademark symbol
541:member countries of the WTO
370:Deere & Co. v. Farmhand
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881:Initial interest confusion
531:TRIPs is an international
472:Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
2476:Intellectual property law
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1948:Color realism (art style)
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1606:Evolution of color vision
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564:. Xeno.ipaustralia.gov.au
2265:List of colors (compact)
2083:Color in Chinese culture
1733:Digital image processing
1466:Electromagnetic spectrum
202:issued by IP Australia.
170:graphical representation
160:World Trade Organization
140:(American English) is a
2270:List of colors by shade
1150:Geographical indication
2275:List of color palettes
1390:Category:Trademark law
1377:World Trademark Review
1362:Trademark infringement
1094:Unregistered trademark
876:Functionality doctrine
362:
2199:Color Marketing Group
1954:On Vision and Colours
1887:Tinctures in heraldry
1498:Structural coloration
1125:Collective trademarks
911:Reputation parasitism
866:Coexistence agreement
537:intellectual property
491:United Parcel Service
136:(British English) or
2280:List of color spaces
2172:Tint, shade and tone
2055:Cultural differences
1870:Polychromatic colors
1855:Complementary colors
1843:Monochromatic colors
1130:Defensive trademarks
1079:Registered trademark
976:Community Trade Mark
926:Well-known trademark
871:Confusing similarity
220:Community Trade Mark
54:improve this article
2471:Color organizations
2260:List of colors: N–Z
2255:List of colors: G–M
2250:List of colors: A–F
1336:Washington Redskins
1295:Service mark symbol
1178:Hologram trademarks
1115:Certification marks
896:Secondary liability
886:Good faith doctrine
682:514 U.S. 159 (1995)
336:, for example, the
147:where at least one
69:"Colour trade mark"
2307:List of web colors
2302:List of RAL colors
1708:Color reproduction
1673:LĂĽscher color test
1510:Color of chemicals
1357:Trademark examiner
1352:Trademark attorney
723:In re Ferris Corp.
640:. October 4, 2013.
312:In re Ferris Corp.
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1962:Theory of Colours
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1716:Color photography
1668:Color preferences
1611:Impossible colors
1601:Color vision test
1596:Color temperature
1574:Color calibration
1503:Animal coloration
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1400:WP:MOS/Trademarks
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1183:Motion trademarks
1173:Colour trademarks
846:Generic trademark
697:§ 1052(e)(5)
436:Tiffany & Co.
291:Functionality bar
134:colour trade mark
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16:(Redirected from
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1655:Color psychology
1621:Opponent process
1537:Color perception
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1198:Sound trademarks
1193:Shape trademarks
1188:Scent trademarks
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1688:National colors
1683:Political color
1663:Color symbolism
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1579:Color constancy
1557:Color blindness
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1372:Trademark troll
1367:Trademark share
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1120:Chartered marks
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916:Cybersquatting
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908:
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901:Nominative use
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868:
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861:Priority right
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856:Concurrent use
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789:
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774:External links
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693:15 U.S.C.
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2481:Trademark law
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2187:organizations
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2128:Pastel colors
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1984:
1981:
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1964:
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1910:Primary color
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1877:Light-on-dark
1875:
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1796:Color mapping
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1721:Color balance
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1698:Chromotherapy
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1562:Achromatopsia
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1545:Chromesthesia
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1459:Color physics
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1451:Color science
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1052:United States
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906:Disparagement
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822:Trademark law
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669:
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656:Color Matters
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557:
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279:
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274:Owens Corning
271:
270:United States
264:United States
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110:November 2014
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2160:Fluorescence
2123:Colorfulness
2116:Dichromatism
1960:
1952:
1922:Chromaticity
1905:Color mixing
1897:Color theory
1830:Color scheme
1693:Chromophobia
1642:
1172:
1108:Non-standard
1084:Service mark
763:
759:
749:
745:
735:
731:
721:
717:
707:
703:
688:
675:
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:
646:
638:the Guardian
637:
628:
616:. Retrieved
603:
591:. Retrieved
578:
566:. Retrieved
556:
528:
368:
366:
363:
354:
347:
331:
329:
316:
310:
300:
298:
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282:
267:
255:
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197:
188:
174:
169:
167:
153:
137:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2297:Color chart
2155:Iridescence
1987:Basic terms
1978:Color terms
1932:Color wheel
1927:Color solid
1791:Color space
1777:subtractive
1760:Color model
1631:Unique hues
1527:Colorimetry
1493:Chromophore
1326:Stolichnaya
1145:Ghost marks
1089:Trade dress
1042:Philippines
851:Passing off
661:January 25,
618:29 November
593:29 November
568:29 November
516:power tools
156:marketplace
2465:Categories
2317:Shades of:
2150:Brightness
1882:Web colors
1838:Color tool
1821:philosophy
1726:Color cast
1626:Afterimage
1616:Metamerism
1589:Color code
1584:Color task
1567:Dichromacy
614:. Copat.de
589:. Copat.de
548:References
470:Orange of
454:Orange of
419:-chocolate
145:trade mark
80:newspapers
2167:Grayscale
2140:Lightness
2135:Luminance
1944:(fashion)
1644:The dress
1395:Case laws
1331:Ugg boots
1316:Budweiser
1017:Hong Kong
997:Australia
194:Australia
2440:Category
2422:Lighting
2145:Darkness
1965:(Goethe)
1765:additive
1753:Quattron
1309:Disputes
1099:Wordmark
1071:Standard
944:Treaties
891:Fair use
841:Dilution
829:Concepts
458:scissors
395:T-Mobile
381:Examples
352:—
2404:Related
2365:Magenta
2290:history
2194:Pantone
1481:Visible
1476:Rainbow
1345:Related
1283:Symbols
1207:Related
1027:Ireland
990:Country
539:in all
456:Fiskars
440:Pantone
399:magenta
268:In the
250:In the
240:Pantone
210:In the
94:scholar
2417:Qualia
2412:Vision
2360:Purple
2355:Violet
2335:Yellow
2330:Orange
2025:Orange
2020:Purple
2010:Yellow
1444:topics
1237:Bodies
1219:Emblem
1002:Canada
695:
533:treaty
514:DeWalt
506:yellow
149:colour
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2450:Index
2390:Black
2380:White
2375:Brown
2340:Green
2242:Lists
2234:Names
2216:(CIE)
2185:Color
2045:Brown
2040:White
2030:Black
2000:Green
1819:Color
1515:Water
1471:Light
1442:Color
1264:ICANN
1259:USPTO
1254:EUIPO
1214:Brand
1062:Types
1032:Japan
1022:India
1007:China
966:TRIPS
612:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
522:Notes
510:black
487:Brown
417:Milka
413:Lilac
309:, in
185:India
101:JSTOR
87:books
2385:Gray
2370:Pink
2350:Blue
2345:Cyan
2035:Gray
2015:Pink
1995:Blue
1782:CMYK
1274:CIPO
1244:WIPO
1224:Logo
1037:Oman
663:2016
620:2014
595:2014
570:2014
508:and
504:The
442:1837
432:Blue
278:pink
73:news
2325:Red
2111:Hue
2005:Red
1770:RGB
489:of
434:of
415:of
397:'s
340:'s
238:or
236:RAL
56:by
2467::
680:,
654:.
636:.
438:,
132:A
1434:e
1427:t
1420:v
814:e
807:t
800:v
665:.
622:.
597:.
572:.
543:.
474:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
