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Full reservoir conditions coupled with a series of flood events throughout the 1980s and early 1990s resulted in flood releases that reached the delta. These flows reestablished an active floodplain and revegetated many areas of the floodplain within irrigation and flood control levels, and helped to
833:
only after the nation in which the site is located submits a nomination. Once designated, Biosphere
Reserves remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the countries where they are located. Federal Mexican governmental agencies with administrative authority over the Biosphere Reserve include the
774:
is indisputable, as it is the principal freshwater marsh in the region. A total of 358 bird species have been documented in the
Colorado River Delta and the upper Gulf of California region. From these, two are listed as endangered, six as threatened, and sixteen are under special protection in
494:
once covered 7,810 km (1,930,000 acres) and supported a large population of plant, bird, aquatic, and terrestrial life. Because most of the river's flow reached the delta at that time, its freshwater, silt, and nutrients helped create and sustain a complex system of estuarial
825:
in June 1993. Within this 12,000 km (3,000,000 acres), over 4,000 km (990,000 acres) nearest the
Colorado River Delta are designated as the Reserve "core area", with the remaining 8,000 km (2,000,000 acres) of open water and shoreline designated as a "buffer area".
716:
The delta supports a variety of wildlife, including several threatened and endangered species. Mexico's
Environmental Regulations on Endangered Species lists the following endangered species found in the terrestrial and aquatic regions of the delta (Diario Officiel, 1994):
670:
The loss of freshwater flows to the delta over the twentieth century has reduced delta wetlands to about 5 percent of their original extent, and non-native species have compromised the ecological health of much of what remains. Stress on ecosystems has allowed
631:
construction and water diversions in the United States and Mexico have reduced the delta to a remnant system of small wetlands and brackish mudflats. As reservoirs filled behind dams and captured floodwaters, freshwater could no longer reach the delta.
143:
594:
On the map the Delta was bisected by the river, but in fact the river was nowhere and everywhere, for he could not decide which of a hundred green lagoons offered the most pleasant and least speedy path to the
1186:
IBWC Minute 306 (Conceptual
Framework for U.S. – Mx Studies for Future Recommendations Concerning the Riparian and Estuarine Ecology of the Limitrophe Section of the Colorado River and its Associated Delta.)
815:
755:, now virtually extinct, a steel-blue fish that grows up to 2 m (7 ft) and 136 kg (300 pounds), and once supported a commercial fishery that closed in 1975 (Postel et al., n.d.).
2110:
1009:
748:
porpoise, the world's smallest marine cetacean, listed as a species of special concern by the U.S. Marine Mammal
Commission. There are thought to be 12 vaquitas left in the world.
846:
2029:
643:
filled behind the dam, virtually no freshwater reached the delta. Even spring flooding was captured. This ecologically devastating event was repeated from 1963 to 1981 as
845:
In addition to designation as a
Biosphere Reserve, 2,500 km (620,000 acres) within Colorado River Delta (Humedales del Delta del Río Colorado) are designated as a
200:
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from throughout the
Colorado River Basin were carried downstream, creating the vast Colorado River Delta and preventing intrusion of seawater into the
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651:. With these reservoirs now filled, the dams are used to regulate flow so that water can be reliably apportioned among the users of the
2004:
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853:. Ramsar Wetlands are wetlands of international importance in terms of their ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. The
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818:(UNESCO) designated over 12,000 km (3,000,000 acres) of Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve as a
401:. Historically, the interaction of the river's flow and the ocean's tide created a dynamic environment, supporting freshwater,
2100:
1450:
1027:
Briggs, Mark K.; Cornelius, Steve (1998). "Opportunities for ecological improvement along the lower
Colorado River and delta".
1916:
1208:
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811:. In 1974, the Mexican government designated portions of the upper Gulf and lower Colorado River Delta as a reserve zone.
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1981:
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655:, and its use maximized. Most flood flows can be contained, regulated, and added to the river's capacity to sustain the
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1961:
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made the first recorded contact with the Cucapá in 1540 and reported seeing many thousands. The Cucapá used the delta
417:. The use of water upstream and the accompanying reduction of freshwater flow has resulted in the loss of most of the
75:
1971:
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725:, also listed as an endangered species in the U.S., the largest remaining population anywhere is in the
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667:, the agency managing the dams, predicts flows that exceed the system's capacity for use and storage.
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Mexico. Two wintering species and five breeding species have been locally extirpated, including the
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in the 1930s marked the beginning of the modern era for the
Colorado River Delta. For six years, as
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in the world. Spread across the northernmost end of the Gulf of California, the Colorado River
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designation is considered following a nomination by the nation in which the site is located.
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reestablish riparian forests. A scheme is currently in place which aims to rejuvenate the
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Today, conditions in the delta have changed. Like other desert river deltas, such as the
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2019:
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A Delta Once More: Restoring Riparian and Wetland Habitat in the Colorado River Delta
987:"Two nations, one river: Managing ecosystem conservation in the Colorado River Delta"
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to out-compete native species along Colorado River riparian areas. Native forests of
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2014:
1926:
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961:"Where Colorado River no longer meets the sea, a pulse of water brings new life"
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24:
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International Boundary and Water Commission Site on Colorado River Operations
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region, the river split into multiple braided channels and formed a complex
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Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve website
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and have inhabited the delta for nearly a thousand years. Spanish explorer
838:) and the Secretary of the Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries (
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of the area, as well as drastic changes to the aquatic ecosystems - an
410:
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1118:"Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve"
1080:"As the Colorado River Basin Dries, Can an Accidental Oasis Survive?"
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552:, 1948}). Early explorers also encountered local people known as the
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habitat for fish and marine mammals. In contrast to the surrounding
1063:"Water, wildlife surge back into once-parched Colorado River delta"
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Until the early 20th century, the Colorado River ran free from its
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1195:
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816:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
556:, or the people of the river. The Cucapá are descendants of the
541:
529:
488:
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1204:
770:
Although not extensively studied, the delta's significance for
628:
578:), a wild grain that grows in salty soil, and for cultivating
469:
18:
683:
have yielded to sand and mudflats dominated by the nonnative
799:
lies within the jurisdictional boundaries of Mexico and its
609:, describing the Colorado River Delta as it existed in 1922
472:
along its route, the Colorado River fed one of the largest
397:. The delta is part of a larger geologic region called the
1093:"Only 12 vaquita porpoises remain, watchdog group reports"
762:, once an extremely abundant species and important in the
499:
that provided feeding and nesting grounds for birds, and
507:, the Colorado River delta's abundance was striking.
148:
Satellite view of the Colorado River Delta featuring
708:
by releasing a pulse of water down the river delta.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2111:Natural history of the Lower Colorado River Valley
2030:Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
1196:Colorado River Delta Research Coordination Network
1191:Proceedings of IBWC Colorado River Delta Symposium
16:River delta in Baja California and Sonora, Mexico
834:National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (
592:
572:extensively for harvesting Palmer's saltgrass (
536:in the delta, in addition to the abundance of
1216:
385:(also known as the Sea of Cortez) in eastern
8:
207:
171:
2025:International Boundary and Water Commission
1699:
1223:
1209:
1201:
829:UNESCO considers areas for designation as
317:7,810 hectares (19,300 acres) (historical)
122:
1171:Map of the Biosphere Reserve (in español)
663:. Floodwaters are released only when the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Location of the Colorado River Delta in
184:Location of the Colorado River Delta in
1010:"A trickle of water might save estuary"
891:
735:, also listed as endangered in the U.S.
453:. Significant quantities of nourishing
307:
269:
156:
140:
1082:. Arizona Public Media, April 10, 2019
900:"Humedales del Delta del Río Colorado"
322:
152:and the Ciénaga de Santa Clara wetland
1008:Clifford, Frank (21 September 2007).
354:
346:
338:
329:
312:
297:
287:
7:
1967:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
927:Alles, David A., ed. (28 May 2005).
405:, and saltwater species. Within the
343:Humedales del Delta del Río Colorado
47:adding citations to reliable sources
468:Prior to the construction of major
2141:Protected areas of Baja California
2005:Colorado River Board of California
1977:Lake Mead National Recreation Area
562:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
2076:River deltas of the United States
1575:Gulf of California/Sea of Cortez
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
934:. Western Washington University.
206:
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23:
2091:Flooded grasslands and savannas
34:needs additional citations for
2136:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
2126:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1917:Colorado River Storage Project
929:"Geology of the Salton Trough"
777:southwestern willow flycatcher
1:
1912:Colorado–Big Thompson Project
389:in the north of the state of
2131:Biosphere reserves of Mexico
2066:Landforms of Baja California
1982:Rocky Mountain National Park
687:(also known as salt cedar),
487:, freshwater, brackish, and
1962:Dead Horse Point State Park
1520:Lower Colorado River Valley
959:James, Ian (23 June 2022).
449:, where it flowed into the
2157:
2040:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
1972:Grand Canyon National Park
1957:Colorado National Monument
548:organisms (Spamer, 1990; {
1952:Canyonlands National Park
1321:
1148:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
991:Natural Resources Journal
907:Sites Information Service
520:Early explorers reported
363:
321:
235:
226:Show map of North America
157:
141:
132:
377:is the region where the
1876:Central Arizona Project
1866:Colorado River Aqueduct
1838:Theodore Roosevelt Lake
1798:Flaming Gorge Reservoir
985:Pitt, Jennifer (2000).
544:, and other marine and
2101:Ramsar sites in Mexico
2010:Colorado River Compact
1907:Boulder Canyon Project
870:
869:The region from orbit.
851:Convention on Wetlands
781:fulvous whistling duck
727:Ciénega de Santa Clara
653:Colorado River Compact
615:After dam construction
612:
58:"Colorado River Delta"
1999:Arizona v. California
1643:Little Colorado River
868:
665:Bureau of Reclamation
657:Western United States
606:A Sand County Almanac
387:Mexicali Municipality
381:once flowed into the
299:Offshore water bodies
2096:Ecoregions of Mexico
1947:Arches National Park
1793:Fontenelle Reservoir
1490:Colorado River Basin
1430:Middle Granite Gorge
659:' urban centers and
635:The construction of
375:Colorado River Delta
214:Colorado River Delta
178:Colorado River Delta
127:Colorado River Delta
43:improve this article
2106:Landforms of Mexico
2071:Landforms of Sonora
2035:Rapids and features
1803:Blue Mesa Reservoir
1435:Lower Granite Gorge
1041:1998Wetl...18..513B
946:"Science Plans RCL"
760:Colorado delta clam
699:High flows in 1980s
566:Hernando de Alarcón
251: /
2086:Wetlands of Mexico
2081:Gulf of California
2045:William Mulholland
1881:All-American Canal
1871:San Diego Aqueduct
1833:Imperial Reservoir
1653:Roaring Fork River
1049:10.1007/BF03161669
871:
831:Biosphere Reserves
797:Gulf of California
647:filled behind the
575:Distichlis palmeri
451:Gulf of California
423:ecosystem collapse
393:, in northwestern
383:Gulf of California
356:Reference no.
314: • Total
303:Gulf of California
190:Show map of Mexico
2053:
2052:
1935:
1934:
1598:Dirty Devil River
1535:Palo Verde Valley
1441:Grand Wash Canyon
1386:Horsethief Canyon
1097:news.mongabay.com
1067:Los Angeles Times
1014:Los Angeles Times
965:Los Angeles Times
791:Biosphere reserve
766:of the ecosystem.
625:Indus River Delta
560:-speaking Native
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119:
118:
111:
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1940:Designated areas
1922:Grand Valley AVA
1786:Major reservoirs
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1495:Colorado Plateau
1473:Natural features
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1395:Westwater Canyon
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1120:. Archived from
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1069:. 28 March 2014.
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463:Imperial Valleys
413:and terrestrial
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255:31.74°N 114.66°W
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1891:Coachella Canal
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1843:San Carlos Lake
1781:
1712:Shadow Mountain
1691:
1608:Escalante River
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1570:Montague Island
1560:Imperial Valley
1540:Colorado Desert
1485:Rocky Mountains
1468:
1434:
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1400:Cataract Canyon
1382:De Beque Canyon
1377:Glenwood Canyon
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1305:Baja California
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1150:. 29 July 2013.
1144:"Salton Trough"
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1124:on 8 April 2012
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805:Baja California
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772:migratory birds
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673:invasive plants
649:Glen Canyon Dam
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439:Rocky Mountains
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429:Natural history
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1035:(4): 513–529.
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847:Ramsar Wetland
823:Nature reserve
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723:desert pupfish
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293:Colorado River
290:
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260:31.74; -114.66
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2142:
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2119:
2117:
2116:Salton Trough
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1757:Headgate Rock
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1704:Mainstem dams
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1683:
1682:Williams Fork
1680:
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1667:Tapeats Creek
1664:
1663:Thunder River
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1603:Dolores River
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1530:Parker Valley
1528:
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1525:Mohave Valley
1523:
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1515:Mojave Desert
1513:
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1465:Mohave Canyon
1464:
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1447:Virgin Canyon
1446:
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1425:Granite Gorge
1423:
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1419:Marble Canyon
1416:
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1404:Narrow Canyon
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516:Early history
515:
511:Human history
510:
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399:Salton Trough
396:
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351:20 March 1996
350:
342:
340:Official name
334:
324:
320:
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294:
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284:
280:
276:
273:
264:
236:Coordinates:
234:
223:
222:North America
202:
187:
166:
151:
150:Isla Montague
145:
136:
131:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2015:Floyd Dominy
1997:
1927:Yuma Project
1727:Grand Valley
1672:Virgin River
1618:Fraser River
1564:
1480:River course
1456:Black Canyon
1413:Grand Canyon
1364:Byers Canyon
1147:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1003:
994:
990:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
954:
940:
922:
910:. Retrieved
903:
894:
844:
828:
813:
794:
769:
715:
702:
669:
634:
618:
604:
601:Aldo Leopold
593:
573:
550:Aldo Leopold
519:
467:
432:
374:
372:
326:Designations
120:
105:
99:October 2012
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2020:Lee's Ferry
1886:Alamo Canal
1861:Grand Ditch
1828:Lake Havasu
1823:Lake Mohave
1813:Lake Powell
1808:Navajo Lake
1737:Glen Canyon
1732:Price-Stubb
1696:Engineering
1648:Paria River
1638:Kanab Creek
1628:Green River
1613:Eagle River
1585:Tributaries
1545:Alamo River
1408:Glen Canyon
1390:Ruby Canyon
1369:Gore Canyon
693:iodine bush
661:agriculture
645:Lake Powell
258: /
135:River delta
2060:Categories
1762:Palo Verde
1623:Gila River
1593:Blue River
1555:Salton Sea
1500:Grand Lake
1279:New Mexico
1258:California
997:: 819–864.
886:References
783:, and the
689:arrow-weed
677:cottonwood
637:Hoover Dam
621:Nile Delta
570:floodplain
435:headwaters
415:ecosystems
348:Designated
69:newspapers
1818:Lake Mead
1722:Windy Gap
1687:Río Hardy
1550:New River
1373:Red Gorge
1164:Official
820:Biosphere
733:Yuma rail
641:Lake Mead
538:waterfowl
477:estuaries
1767:Imperial
1265:Colorado
1102:10 April
1029:Wetlands
912:25 April
880:Aral Sea
874:See also
840:SEMARNAP
706:wetlands
685:tamarisk
623:and the
598:—
582:(corn),
501:spawning
497:wetlands
492:wetlands
485:riparian
459:Mexicali
443:Colorado
419:wetlands
403:brackish
271:Location
246:114°40′W
1777:Morelos
1357:Canyons
1300:Mexico
1293:Wyoming
1251:Arizona
1037:Bibcode
970:24 June
753:totoaba
746:vaquita
712:Ecology
603:, from
546:estuary
534:coyotes
526:beavers
522:jaguars
481:delta's
437:in the
411:estuary
289:Part of
243:31°44′N
83:scholar
1854:canals
1772:Laguna
1752:Parker
1742:Hoover
1717:Granby
1312:Sonora
1272:Nevada
1234:system
1128:4 July
905:Ramsar
836:CONANP
809:Sonora
801:states
779:, the
740:bobcat
691:, and
681:willow
588:squash
586:, and
554:Cucapá
532:, and
474:desert
447:Mexico
395:Mexico
283:Mexico
279:Sonora
186:Mexico
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1747:Davis
1565:Delta
932:(PDF)
595:Gulf.
584:beans
580:maize
558:Yuman
489:tidal
483:vast
407:delta
90:JSTOR
76:books
1286:Utah
1130:2010
1104:2018
972:2022
914:2018
861:View
855:U.N.
814:The
807:and
795:The
758:the
751:the
744:the
738:the
731:the
721:the
679:and
542:fish
530:deer
470:dams
461:and
455:silt
373:The
309:Area
277:and
62:news
1045:doi
842:).
803:of
629:dam
441:of
359:814
45:by
2062::
1146:.
1095:.
1065:.
1043:.
1033:18
1031:.
1012:.
995:40
993:.
989:.
963:.
902:.
787:.
590:.
540:,
528:,
524:,
465:.
425:.
281:,
1665:/
1224:e
1217:t
1210:v
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1047::
1039::
1016:.
974:.
948:.
916:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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