129:
32:
279:
To provide sufficient bandwidth for the chrominance signal, yet interfere only with the highest-frequency (and thus least perceptible) portions of the luminance signal, a chrominance subcarrier near 3.6 MHz was desirable. 227.5 = 455/2 times the line rate was close to the right number, and
248:
The original black and white NTSC television standard specified a frame rate of 30 Hz and 525 lines per frame, or 15750 lines per second. The audio was frequency modulated 4.5 MHz above the video signal. Because this was black and white, the video consisted only of luminance (brightness)
295:
While existing black and white receivers could not decode a signal with a different audio carrier frequency, they could easily use the copious timing information in the video signal to decode a slightly slower line rate. Thus, the new color television standard reduced the line rate by a factor of
291:
and the audio carrier frequency a half-integer multiple of the line rate. The sum of these two half-integers implies that the distance between the frequency of the luminance carrier and audio carrier must be an integer multiple of the line rate. However, the original NTSC standard, with a
271:
multiple of the line rate, its signal peaks would fit neatly between the peaks of the luminance data and interference was minimized. It was not eliminated, but what remained was not readily apparent to human eyes. (Modern televisions attempt to reduce this interference further using a
219:
uses a frequency of exactly 4.43361875 MHz, with its phase alternating between 135° and 225° from line to line. Since the colorburst signal has a known amplitude, it is sometimes used as a reference level when compensating for amplitude variations in the overall signal.
296:
1.001 to 1/286 of the 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier frequency, or about 15734.2657 Hz. This reduced the frame rate to 30/1.001 ≈ 29.9700 Hz, and placed the color subcarrier at 227.5/286 = 455/572 = 35/44 of the 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier.
1391:
249:
information. Although all of the space in between was occupied, the line-based nature of the video information meant that the luminance data was not spread uniformly across the
1384:
715:
1818:
1377:
1848:
1100:
626:
1403:
292:
4.5 MHz carrier spacing and a 15750 Hz line rate, did not meet this requirement: the audio was 285.714 times the line rate.
115:
2063:
1733:
1897:
53:
1868:
1697:
999:
582:
312:
128:
96:
1940:
1641:
1411:
68:
1838:
1236:
352:
49:
1738:
1676:
1464:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
852:
1300:
75:
42:
1651:
1970:
1843:
1215:
82:
319:
drove down the cost of colorburst crystals, so they were often used in various other applications, such as
1892:
1858:
1853:
1813:
1666:
1606:
287:. To minimize interference there, it was similarly desirable to make the distance between the chrominance
156:
152:
2058:
2027:
1764:
1030:
724:
562:
417:
320:
64:
1261:
2006:
1991:
1902:
1728:
1636:
340:
227:
1945:
1907:
1808:
1768:
1195:
523:
179:(color) signals, and in turn decode the color information. The most common use of colorburst is to
1833:
1783:
554:
316:
305:
257:
gave a signature that looked like the teeth of a comb or a gear, rather than smooth and uniform.
192:
1960:
1917:
1778:
1586:
1582:
1400:
1361:
288:
188:
168:
226:
is unique in not having a colorburst signal, since the chrominance signals are encoded using
1887:
1828:
1671:
1621:
574:
250:
160:
20:
1986:
1878:
1803:
1759:
1626:
1061:
348:
148:
267:(color) information, which had a similar spectrum, was modulated on a carrier that was a
1369:
89:
1965:
1793:
1707:
1596:
324:
2052:
1681:
1631:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1496:
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1484:
1480:
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1069:
925:
799:
783:
691:
667:
595:
472:
386:
344:
336:
332:
328:
253:; it was concentrated at multiples of the line rate. Plotting the video signal on a
2032:
1823:
1712:
1646:
1616:
1541:
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929:
894:
807:
791:
699:
476:
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284:
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133:
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1935:
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264:
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176:
31:
1301:
http://www.virtualdub.org/downloads/Altirra%20Hardware%20Reference%20Manual.pdf
1930:
1863:
1798:
1210:
937:
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707:
566:
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164:
280:
455's small factors (5 × 7 × 13) make a divider easy to construct.
2037:
2022:
1955:
1950:
1925:
1773:
1754:
1336:
172:
1311:
In normal (high speed) mode. The 1000 SX also has a slower 4.77 MHz mode (
1788:
1656:
1506:
425:
175:, a television receiver is able to restore the suppressed carrier of the
234:, thus the signal phase is immaterial and no reference point is needed.
1561:
1285:
180:
1536:
968:
456:
351:
circuits came to use a nominally 10.7 MHz intermediate frequency in
1702:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1157:
878: = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz = 4.43361875 MHz
756:
223:
127:
343:
frequency of 7.159 MHz is a common calling frequency in the
1531:
304:
An NTSC or PAL television's color decoder contains a colorburst
243:
204:
1373:
1546:
683:
260:
231:
216:
212:
25:
132:
Horizontal sync and color burst of the composite output of a
838:
Intermediate frequency of FM radio superheterodyne circuits
1237:"PRINCIPLES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEMS"
283:
However, additional interference could come from the
1299:
Altirra
Hardware Reference Manual, "Cycle Timings",
361:(generally only in the NTSC version of each device):
2015:
1979:
1916:
1877:
1747:
1721:
1690:
1575:
1524:
1410:
1357:
1355:
873:(generally only in the PAL version of each device):
428:
CPU (short cycles only, one in 65 cycles is longer)
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
871:Non-television uses of PAL colour burst frequency
359:Non-television uses of NTSC color burst frequency
518:interval timer in IBM PC (remains in use today)
183:equipment together as a common reference with a
207:, its frequency is exactly 315/88 = 3.579
1385:
8:
1295:
1293:
331:: 3.5795 MHz has since become a common
1280:
1278:
1392:
1378:
1370:
869:
357:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1819:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
1332:
1330:
590:TRS-80 Color Computer 3 CPU (fast mode)
238:Rationale for NTSC Color burst frequency
1351:
1227:
347:. Tripling this frequency is also how
16:Synchronisation signal in colour video
1849:Direct-broadcast satellite television
7:
1286:http://problemkaputt.de/2k6specs.htm
524:Fairchild Video Entertainment System
366: = 315 MHz/88 = 3.579
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1739:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
1324: ) for IBM PCjr compatibility.
1101:Super Nintendo Entertainment System
627:Super Nintendo Entertainment System
315:from the 1960s to the early 2000s,
777:(and many other IBM PC-XT clones)
19:For the instant camera range, see
14:
311:Because so many analog color TVs
30:
1734:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1072:CPU (FAST mode & CP/M mode)
598:CPU (FAST mode & CP/M mode)
41:needs additional citations for
1898:Television channel frequencies
1:
1869:Digital television transition
1698:Multichannel television sound
1000:Nintendo Entertainment System
583:Nintendo Entertainment System
1941:Field strength in free space
1642:Horizontal blanking interval
1262:"NTSC SIGNAL SPECIFICATIONS"
1235:Brown and Luck (June 1953).
163:signal. By synchronizing an
1839:Superheterodyne transmitter
802:Tx/Rx crystal for 40m band
694:Tx/Rx crystal for 80m band
167:with the colorburst at the
2082:
1677:Vertical blanking interval
1362:Repeating decimal notation
1284:Atari 2600 Specifications
853:High Precision Event Timer
244:NTSC § Color encoding
241:
18:
1652:Nominal analogue blanking
1099:
1038:
1035:
902:
899:
764:
761:
710:FM synthesis sound chips
675:
672:
625:
531:
528:
492:
489:
433:
430:
394:
391:
335:calling frequency in the
1337:NES DEV wiki: Clock Rate
1971:Television interference
1844:Television receive-only
1216:Glossary of video terms
718:power management timer
263:discovered that if the
2064:Television terminology
1893:Microwave transmission
1859:Terrestrial television
1854:Television transmitter
1814:Intermediate frequency
1607:Chrominance subcarrier
215:with a phase of 180°.
157:chrominance subcarrier
153:video-signal generator
151:signal generated by a
137:
1765:Broadcast transmitter
1031:Atari 8-bit computers
928:CPU (SLOW mode &
725:IBM Personal Computer
563:Atari 8-bit computers
475:CPU (SLOW mode &
418:TRS-80 Color Computer
242:Further information:
131:
2007:Zero reference pulse
1992:Field strength meter
1729:Frequency modulation
1637:Horizontal scan rate
171:(beginning) of each
50:improve this article
1946:Noise (electronics)
1809:Intercarrier method
1769:Transmitter station
1404:broadcasting topics
1196:Camera control unit
879:
708:Yamaha OPL and OPL2
420:CPU (normal speed)
371:
1834:Split sound system
1784:Differential phase
1106:2.6601712 MHz
1036:1.7734475 MHz
870:
358:
317:economies of scale
306:crystal oscillator
193:multi-camera setup
159:synchronized in a
138:
2046:
2045:
1961:Radiation pattern
1779:Differential gain
1401:Analog television
1269:Antique Radio.org
1187:
1186:
1131:3.546895 MHz
1005:1.662607 MHz
943:1.182298 MHz
932:compatible mode)
868:
867:
479:compatible mode)
289:carrier frequency
189:television studio
155:used to keep the
126:
125:
118:
100:
2071:
1888:Frequency offset
1829:Residual carrier
1774:Cavity amplifier
1672:Television lines
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1232:
1180:
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1177:
1174:
1171:
1163:7.09379 MHz
1148:
1146:
1145:
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1123:
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1120:
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917:
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914:
911:
908:
880:
858:14.3181 MHz
830:
828:
827:
824:
821:
794:synthesizer CPU
747:
745:
744:
741:
738:
649:
647:
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612:
609:
575:Commodore Plus/4
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251:frequency domain
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161:color television
121:
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58:
34:
26:
21:Kodak Colorburst
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2011:
1987:Distortionmeter
1975:
1912:
1873:
1804:Frequency mixer
1760:Antenna (radio)
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1686:
1627:Composite video
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1134:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:1.9704 MHz
1062:Dendy (console)
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
986:
983:
980:
979:
977:
974:1.1084 MHz
955:
952:
949:
948:
946:
912:
909:
906:
905:
903:
900:0.9852 MHz
874:
872:
825:
822:
819:
818:
816:
813:7.6705 MHz
762:7.1591 MHz
742:
739:
736:
735:
733:
730:4.7727 MHz
673:3.5795 MHz
657:3.5795 MHz
644:
641:
638:
637:
635:
632:2.6847 MHz
613:
610:
607:
606:
604:
601:2.0454 MHz
541:
538:
535:
534:
532:
529:1.7898 MHz
502:
499:
496:
495:
493:
490:1.1932 MHz
443:
440:
437:
436:
434:
431:1.0227 MHz
404:
401:
398:
397:
395:
392:0.8949 MHz
367:
362:
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353:superheterodyne
325:microprocessors
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149:composite video
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1794:Dipole antenna
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1708:Sound-in-Syncs
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1597:Blanking level
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1271:. 23 May 2018.
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1064:NES clone CPU
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106:September 2014
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1682:White clipper
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1632:Frame (video)
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1525:Color systems
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1201:Color framing
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1126:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:Commodore 128
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
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994:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:Commodore 128
924:
923:
920:
896:
893:
892:
889:Relationship
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
843:
840:
837:
836:
833:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
800:Amateur radio
798:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
784:TurboGrafx-16
781:
780:
776:
775:Tandy 1000 SX
772:
771:
768:
758:
754:
753:
750:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
697:
693:
692:Amateur radio
690:
689:
685:
682:
681:
678:
669:
668:Master System
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
634:
631:
628:
624:
621:
603:
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597:
596:Commodore 128
594:
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588:
584:
581:
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572:
568:
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549:
525:
522:
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486:
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482:
478:
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473:Commodore 128
471:
470:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
454:
451:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
412:
388:
387:Intellivision
385:
384:
381:Relationship
380:
377:
374:
373:
365:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:40-meter band
342:
338:
337:80-meter band
334:
330:
329:amateur radio
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:were produced
309:
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117:
109:
98:
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88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2059:Video signal
2033:Hanover bars
1824:Pre-emphasis
1748:Transmission
1713:Zweikanalton
1617:Color killer
1611:
1542:Clear-Vision
1321:
1307:
1268:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1230:
1206:Color killer
1181:
1149:
1124:
1093:
1054:
1023:
992:
961:
918:
895:Commodore 64
875:
862:
845:
841:10.7386 MHz
831:
808:Sega Genesis
792:Yamaha TX81Z
766:
748:
700:ColecoVision
676:
660:
650:
619:
547:
508:
465:Commodore 64
449:
410:
363:
355:conversion.
310:
303:
294:
285:audio signal
282:
278:
269:half-integer
259:
247:
230:rather than
222:
202:
185:vision mixer
140:
139:
134:Commodore 64
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:"Colorburst"
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2002:VIT signals
1997:Vectorscope
1936:Earth bulge
1918:Propagation
1881:& bands
1879:Frequencies
1662:Raster scan
1602:Chrominance
1592:Black level
1587:front porch
321:oscillators
274:comb filter
265:chrominance
255:spectrogram
199:Explanation
177:chrominance
2053:Categories
1931:Distortion
1864:Transposer
1799:Dummy load
1755:Amplifiers
1722:Modulation
1612:Colorburst
1583:Back porch
1250:: 155–156.
1244:RCA Review
1222:References
1211:Sync pulse
1156:Commodore
938:Atari 2600
755:Commodore
567:Atari 7800
516:Intel 8253
485:Atari 2600
370: MHz
339:, and its
169:back porch
165:oscillator
141:Colorburst
76:newspapers
2038:Sparklies
2023:Dot crawl
2016:Artifacts
1956:Path loss
1951:Null fill
1926:Beam tilt
1667:Safe area
886:Frequency
883:Component
855:(typical)
555:Odyssey 2
378:Frequency
375:Component
173:scan line
2028:Ghosting
1789:Diplexer
1657:Overscan
1622:Color TV
1515:System F
1511:System E
1507:819-line
1501:System N
1497:System L
1493:System K
1489:System I
1485:System H
1481:System G
1477:System D
1473:System C
1469:System B
1465:625-line
1459:System M
1455:525-line
1450:455-line
1445:441-line
1439:System A
1435:405-line
1430:375-line
1425:343-line
1420:180-line
1190:See also
426:Apple II
349:FM radio
300:Crystals
191:using a
136:computer
1980:Testing
1562:PALplus
1412:Systems
1316:⁄
1179:
1167:
1147:
1135:
1122:
1110:
1091:
1079:
1052:
1040:
1021:
1009:
990:
978:
959:
947:
916:
904:
829:
817:
773:CPU of
746:
734:
723:CPU of
648:
636:
617:
605:
545:
533:
506:
494:
447:
435:
408:
396:
341:doubled
327:or for
181:genlock
90:scholar
1537:NTSC-J
969:VIC-20
457:VIC-20
211:
145:analog
143:is an
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1703:NICAM
1691:Sound
1576:Video
1567:SECAM
1557:PAL-S
1552:PAL-M
1346:Notes
1265:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1158:Amiga
757:Amiga
224:SECAM
187:in a
97:JSTOR
83:books
1966:Skew
1647:Luma
1585:and
1532:NTSC
786:CPU
782:NEC
727:5150
716:ACPI
702:CPU
686:CPU
585:CPU
577:CPU
569:CPU
565:and
557:CPU
467:CPU
459:CPU
323:for
205:NTSC
147:and
69:news
1908:VHF
1903:UHF
1547:PAL
1248:XIV
1160:CPU
1103:CPU
1033:CPU
1002:CPU
971:CPU
940:CPU
930:C64
897:CPU
810:CPU
759:CPU
684:MSX
670:CPU
629:CPU
526:CPU
487:CPU
477:C64
389:CPU
333:QRP
276:.)
261:RCA
232:QAM
217:PAL
213:MHz
203:In
52:by
2055::
1513:,
1499:,
1495:,
1491:,
1487:,
1483:,
1479:,
1475:,
1471:,
1354:^
1329:^
1292:^
1277:^
1267:.
1246:.
1242:.
956:15
820:15
368:54
308:.
228:FM
209:54
195:.
1767:/
1517:)
1509:(
1503:)
1467:(
1461:)
1457:(
1441:)
1437:(
1393:e
1386:t
1379:v
1322:f
1318:3
1314:4
1182:f
1176:5
1173:/
1170:8
1150:f
1144:5
1141:/
1138:4
1125:f
1119:5
1116:/
1113:3
1094:f
1088:9
1085:/
1082:4
1055:f
1049:5
1046:/
1043:2
1024:f
1018:8
1015:/
1012:3
993:f
987:4
984:/
981:1
962:f
953:/
950:4
919:f
913:9
910:/
907:2
876:f
863:f
861:4
846:f
844:3
832:f
826:7
823:/
767:f
765:2
749:f
743:3
740:/
737:4
677:f
661:f
651:f
645:4
642:/
639:3
620:f
614:7
611:/
608:4
548:f
542:2
539:/
536:1
509:f
503:3
500:/
497:1
450:f
444:7
441:/
438:2
411:f
405:4
402:/
399:1
364:f
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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