Coldrum Long Barrow

948: 1317: 1191: 612: 545: 873: 575: 1117: 894: 885: 42: 442:". These long barrows often served as tombs, housing the physical remains of the dead within their chamber. Individuals were rarely buried alone in the Early Neolithic, instead being interred in collective burials with other members of their community. These chambered tombs were built all along the Western European seaboard during the Early Neolithic, from southeastern Spain up to southern Sweden, taking in most of the British Isles; the architectural tradition was introduced to Britain from continental Europe in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE. Although there are stone buildings—like 932:". The scholar of religion Ethan Doyle White argued that these sites in particular were interpreted as having connections to the ancestors both because they were created by Neolithic peoples whom modern Pagans view as their "own spiritual ancestors" and because the sites were once chambered tombs, and thus held the remains of the dead, who themselves may have been perceived as ancestors. On this latter point, Pagan perspectives on these sites are shaped by older archaeological interpretations. The Pagans also cited the Megaliths as spots marking sources of "earth energy", often aligned on 494: 798:, and one cranium), with osteoarchaeological specialists suggesting that these had been created post-mortem as the bodies were dismembered and the bones removed from their attached ligaments. They further suggested that the absence of cut-marks on certain bones suggested that the body had already undergone partial decomposition or the removal of soft tissues prior to dismemberment. The precision of the cut-marks suggests that this dismemberment was done carefully; "they do not suggest frenzied hacking or mutilation." None of the criteria that osteoarchaeologists deem diagnostic of 423: 583:

northern side of the chamber is made up of two slabs. One is 2.4 metres (8 ft) long, 2.29 metres (7 ft 6 in) deep, and 0.53 metres (1 ft 9 in) thick; the other is 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, nearly 1.8 metres (6 ft) deep, and 0.61 metres (2 ft) thick. Conversely, the chamber's southern side consists of a single slab, measuring 3.45 metres (11 ft 4 in) in length, 2.21 metres (7 ft 3 in) in depth, and 0.53 metres (1 ft 9 in) in thickness at its eastern end.

1276:, excavation resumed in early September. In 2009, the archaeologists Martin Smith and Megan Brickley noted that Bennett's excavations had taken heed of Pitt-Rivers's advice that excavations should be recorded in full. They noted that Bennett had provided "clear plan and section drawings, photographs of the monument and careful attempts to consider site formation processes." Suggesting that the monument was constructed on agricultural land, in his published report Bennett cited the ideas of anthropologist 1215:. Payne described the Coldrum Stones as "the finest monument of its class in the county, and one worthy of every care and attention." Comparing it to other monuments of its type in Britain, he stated that it was undoubtedly "of sepulchral origin, belonging to a period anterior to the Roman domination of Britain." Payne also noted a folk tradition that there were stone avenues connecting Coldrum to the Addington Long Barrow, but added that he was unable to discover any physical evidence of this feature. 351: 1224:, in which he referred to the Coldrum Stones as "at once the most remarkable and the least known of the whole series." Suggesting that its design indicates that it was built during "a late date in the neolithic age", he compared the workmanship in producing the megaliths to that at Stonehenge, although noted that they differed in that the Coldrum Stones clearly represented "a sepulchral pile". Ultimately, he ended his note by urging for the site to be protected under the 62: 1113:, the Reverend Lambert B. Larking, and proceeded to visit them with him. Describing the Coldrums, Wright mentioned "a smaller circle of stones" to the others in the area, with "a subterranean cromlech in the middle". He further added that "it is a tradition of the peasantry that a continuous line of stones ran from Coldrum direct to the well-known monument called Kit's Cotty House", attributing this belief to various megaliths scattered throughout the landscape. 562:

possible. The monument's axis points toward both the North Downs and the Medway Valley, which is similar to the other Medway Megaliths. The archaeologist Sian Killick suggested that the Coldrum Long Barrow might have been built within view of a nearby settlement, and that this "may have been a key factor in the experience of ceremonies and rituals taking place at the tombs and may also have defined a link between the tomb builders and the landscape."

1262:"Some young man was selected, one of a family perhaps set apart, and had a very merry time during his year of god-ship, at the end of this, he was sacrificed at the dolmen , being led up the ascent, and his body was dismembered and the limbs and blood scattered over the fields to ensure fertility. His wife or wives may have been killed, too, and any child born during that year also, and their bones gathered together and buried within the dolmen." 824:

fallen apart over the six millennia since its original construction. Most prominently, the eastern side has largely collapsed, with the stones that once helped to hold up the side of the barrow having fallen to the bottom of the slope. Conversely, it is possible that the sarsens at the bottom of the slope were not part of the original monument, but were stones found in nearby fields which were deposited there by farmers.

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chronology of the Coldrum population". Disputing earlier conclusions, their report stated that the minimum number of individuals was seventeen. These were identified as probably belonging to nine adults (probably five males and four females), two sub-adults (probably 16 to 20 years old), four older children, and two younger children (one around five years old, the other between 24 and 30 months old).

1035:, with hundreds of ribbons in various colours having been tied to their branches. This is a folk custom that some Pagans engage in, although it is also carried out by many other individuals; one Pagan has been recorded as saying that she tied a ribbon to the tree with her young son, both to make a wish for an improved future and as an offering to the "spirit of place". As of early 2014, 1203:, Payne noted that although it had first been described in print in 1844, "since that time no one seems to have taken the trouble to properly record them or make a plan", an unusual claim given that a copy of Petrie's published plan existed in his library. For this reason, after gaining permission from the landowner, he convinced Major A. O. Green, Instructor in Survey at 1345:

by Pagans as well as non-Pagans, and the Trust warden responsible for the site has decided to leave it there rather than seeding it over, in order to encourage any who do light fires to do so in the same spot rather than nearer to the stones themselves. The site also faces a problem from litter left by visitors, with Pagans who regularly visit the site cleaning this up.

755:, which grew over time. Although this data is difficult to interpret, the investigative team believed that it probably reflected that these individuals had had a terrestrial diet high in animal protein that over time was increasingly supplemented with freshwater river or estuarine foods. In the case of the older individuals whose remains were interred in the tomb, the 1257:; on that day they discovered pieces of a human skull, which they were able to largely reconstruct. A few days later he returned to excavate on the north-west corner of the chamber with the architect E. W. Filkins; that day, they found a second skull, further bones, a flint tool, and pieces of pottery. This pottery was later identified as being Anglo-Saxon in date. 69: 553:

built using about 50 stones. The barrow is sub-rectangular in plan, and about 20 metres (66 ft) in length. At its broader, eastern end, where the chamber is located, the monument measures 15 metres (50 ft), while at the narrower, western end, it is 12 metres (40 ft) in breadth. As such, the barrow is a "truncated wedge-shape".

1182:, Lewis noted that while many tourists visited Kit's Coty House, "very few goes to or ever hears of a yet more curious collection of stones at Colderham or Coldrum Lodge". He believed that the monument consisted of both a "chamber" and an "oval" of stones, suggesting that they were "two distinct erections". In 1880, the archaeologist 566:

located in a hollow at the foot of the downs just under a quarter of a mile north of the Coldrum Stones. It may be that this represents the remnants of another such monument which has had its stones removed or buried. Several large sarsens south of the Coldrums might represent the remnants of a further such tomb, since destroyed.

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reminiscent of the megalithic tomb-shrine traditions of continental Northern Europe, and emphasised that the Medway Megaliths were a regional manifestation of a tradition widespread across Early Neolithic Europe. He nevertheless stressed that a precise place of origin was "impossible to indicate" with the available evidence.

1303:. It is also recorded that at some point between 1939 and 1945 human remains that had been found at the site were reburied in the churchyard at Trottiscliffe. This excavation revealed all the existing sarsens surrounding the monument, several which had previously been buried. The stones of the chamber were shored up with 700:—the Coldrum tomb could have housed the remains of over a hundred individuals. Excavations conducted in the early 20th century have led to the methodical discovery and removal of what was believed to be the remains of twenty-two humans. These remains were examined by Sir Arthur Keith, the conservator of the museum at the 587:

largely rectangular slab at the bottom of the slope had once been part of the chamber's eastern end. Excavation has revealed that flint masonry was used to pack around the chamber and support its sarsens; 20th-century renovation has seen this largely replaced with cement, allowing the stones to continue standing upright.

454:, they constitute the most southeasterly group of megalithic monuments in the British Isles, and the only megalithic group in eastern England. The archaeologists Brian Philp and Mike Dutto deemed the Medway Megaliths to be "some of the most interesting and well known" archaeological sites in Kent, while the archaeologist 908:" motif is not unique to the Medway region, and can be found at various other megalithic monuments in Britain. The earliest textual evidence for it is found in an early 16th-century document, where it applies to the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, although in an early 17th-century document it was applied to 1228:. In that same issue, Lewis included an added note in which he rejected the idea that the monument had once been covered by an earthen tumulus because he could see "no evidence that anything of that kind ever existed", and instead he interpreted the site as a stone circle, comparing it to the examples at 828:

during the late 13th or early 14th century, by Christians seeking to obliterate non-Christian monuments. Conversely, the archaeologist John Alexander—who excavated Chestnuts in 1957—suggested that the Medway tombs were destroyed by robbers looking for treasure within them. As evidence, he pointed to the

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BCE (95% probability) or 3670–3560 cal BCE (68% probability). The radiocarbon dating of the human remains does not necessarily provide a date for the construction of Coldrum Long Barrow itself, because it is possible that the individuals died some time either before or after the monument's construction.

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Among the Pagans who use the Coldrum Stones for their ritual activities, there is general satisfaction with the Trust's management of the site, although some frustration at the poor access for disabled visitors. A patch of scorched earth exists on the grass in the centre of the monument, perhaps used

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A concave line of abrasion and polishing can be found both on one of the central kerb-stones on the western end of the monument and on a kerb-stone on the south-east of the monument. These have been attributed to the sharpening of flint and other stone axe-blades on these sarsens. It is possible that

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The Coldrum Long Barrow originally consisted of a sarsen stone chamber, covered by a low earthen mound, which was bounded by prostrate slabs. As such, Ashbee asserted that the monument could be divided into three particular features: the chamber, the barrow, and the sarsen stone surround. It had been

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in south-western Britain—there are also various idiosyncrasies in the different monuments, such as Coldrum's rectilinear shape, the Chestnut Long Barrow's facade, and the long, thin mounds at Addington and Kit's Coty. These variations might have been caused by the tombs being altered and adapted over

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on multiple occasions. On 16 April 1910, the amateur archaeologist F. J. Bennett began excavation at the site, having previously uncovered Neolithic stone tools from Addington Long Barrow. He soon discovered human bones "under only a few inches of chalky soil" at Coldrum. He returned to the site for

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Martin Smith and Megan Brickley cautioned that this did not necessarily mean that all of the individuals in any given barrow were members of a single family group, for such shared cranial traits would also be consistent with "a population that was still relatively small and scattered", in which most

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Coldrum Long Barrow is comparatively isolated from the other Medway Megaliths; in this it is unique, given that the other surviving examples are clustered into two groups. It is possible that another chambered tomb was located nearby; a razed, elongated earthen mound with an east–west orientation is

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BCE (95% probability) or 3960–3880 cal BCE (68% probability). It further suggested that after an interval of either 60–350 years (95% probability) or 140–290 years (68% probability), additional depositions of human remains were made inside the tomb. This second phase probably began in 3730–3540 cal

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Within the chamber were placed human remains, which have been discovered and removed at intervals during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Early twentieth century excavation found two separate deposits of bone, each buried atop a stone slab, one higher than the other. Also buried within

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noted that the tombs would have served as one of various landscape markers that conveyed information on "territory, political allegiance, ownership, and ancestors". Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb-shrines were territorial markers between different tribes; others have

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that venerated the spirits of the dead, believing that they could intercede with the forces of nature for the benefit of their living descendants. The archaeologist Robin Holgate stressed that rather than simply being tombs, the Medway Megaliths were "communal monuments fulfilling a social function

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included the existence of the stones at "Coldreham" in his list of Kentish earthworks; although noting that a previous commentator had described the stones as being in the shape of an oval, he instead described them as forming "a rectilinear enclosure" around the chamber. He then included a small,

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Excavation of Chestnuts Long Barrow revealed that it had been systematically destroyed in one event, and Ashbee suggested that the same may have happened to the Coldrum Stones. He believed that the kerb-stones around the barrow were toppled, laid prostrate in the surrounding ditch, and then buried

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All the surviving megalithic tombs from the Early Neolithic period have suffered from neglect and the ravages of agriculture. Ashbee noted that the Coldrum Stones represent "Kent's least damaged megalithic long barrow", however it too has suffered considerable damage, having become dilapidated and

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suggested that the construction of these monuments reflects an attempt to mark control and ownership over the land, thus reflecting a change in mindset brought about by the transition from the hunter-gatherer Mesolithic to the pastoralist Early Neolithic. Others have suggested that these monuments

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these tools were sharpened for use in cutting and carving the timber levers and struts which would have been used in erecting the stones and constructing the tomb. Similar evidence for the sharpening of tools has been found at West Kennet Long Barrow, as well as later prehistoric monuments such as

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The western end of the chamber is closed off with a slab measuring about 1.37 metres (4 ft 6 in) wide, with a thickness of 0.30 metres (1 ft) and a depth of around 2.4 metres (8 ft). A collapsed, broken slab lies at the chamber's opening, eastern end. It is also possible that a

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societies; it is unclear to what extent this can be attributed to an influx of migrants or to indigenous Mesolithic Britons adopting agricultural technologies from the continent. The region of modern Kent would have been key for the arrival of continental European settlers and visitors, because of

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foundations where Filkins deemed it necessary. Although Filkins' excavation was comprehensive, it ignored stone holes, packing stones, and their relationship to the mound. In 1998, Ashbee noted that while from "a present-day perspective, it is possible to see shortcomings in terms of the general

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The inclusion of occupational debris like ceramic sherds over the bones was not unique to the site but common in chambered tombs from southern England. On the basis of an example discovered at Kit's Coty House, Ashbee thought it apparent that the contents of the Coldrum's chamber would have been

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This cut-marked human bone assemblage represented the largest yet identified from within a Neolithic long barrow in southern Britain, although similar evidence for dismemberment has been found from other Neolithic British sites, such as West Trump, Eyford, Aldestrop, and Haddenham. There are two

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instead believed that the same evidence showed an influence from Scandinavia. John H. Evans instead suggested an origin in Germany, and Ronald F. Jessup thought that their origins could be seen in the Cotswold-Severn megalithic group. Ashbee noted that their close clustering in the same area was

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The inner chamber measures 4.0 metres (13 ft) in length, and 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) in width, although it was potentially much larger when originally constructed. The chamber's internal height would have been at least 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 in). In its current state, the

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The Medway long barrows all conformed to the same general design plan, and are all aligned on an east to west axis. Each had a stone chamber at the eastern end of the mound, and they each probably had a stone facade flanking the entrance. They had internal heights of up to 3.0 metres (10 feet),

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Keith believed that the crania he examined displayed similar features to one another, suggesting that this meant that they all belonged to "one family—or several families united by common descent." Similar observations have been made regarding the crania from other long barrows in Britain. The

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scarp, although it is difficult to ascertain what views would have been possible from the monument at the time of construction, due to a lack of information on how densely forested the vicinity was. If the area was not highly wooded, then 360° views of the surrounding landscape would have been

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expressed the view that "it is hoped that this error may be rectified in the near future". Still owned by the Trust, the site is open to visitors all year round, free of charge. On their website, the Trust advises visitors to look for "stunning views from the top of the barrow". John H. Evans

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in search for treasure, a practice which may have spread to Kent around the same time. Alexander believed that the destruction in Kent may have been brought about by a special commissioner, highlighting that the "expertness and thoroughness of the robbery" at Chestnuts would have necessitated

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Michael Wysocki, the results of which were published in 2013. Wysocki's team conducted "osteological analysis, Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis" in order to discover more about the "demography, burial practices, diet and subsistence, and

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The earthen mound that once covered the tomb is now visible only as an undulation approximately 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) in height. In the 19th century, the mound was higher on the western end of the tomb, although during the 1920s this was removed by excavation to reveal the sarsens

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Although now all in a ruinous state and not retaining their original appearance, at the time of construction the Medway Megaliths would have been some of the largest and most visually imposing Early Neolithic funerary monuments in Britain. Grouped along the River Medway as it cuts through the

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or exposed to the elements, followed by a secondary burial within the tomb. The second is that they were placed in the tomb, where the flesh decomposed, before the bodies were then rearranged within the tomb itself. These practices may have been accompanied by other ritualistic or ceremonial

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The people who built these monuments were probably influenced by pre-existing tomb-shrines that they were already aware of. Whether those people had grown up locally, or moved into the Medway area from elsewhere is not known. Based on a stylistic analysis of their architectural designs, the

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and White Horse Stone, may also have been parts of such structures. It is not known if they were all built at the same time, or whether they were constructed in succession, while similarly it is not known if they each served the same function or whether there was a hierarchy in their usage.

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In August 1889, two amateur archaeologists, George Payne and A. A. Arnold, came across the monument, which they noted was known among locals as the "Coldrum Stones" and "Druid Temple"; according to Payne, "the huge stones were so overgrown with brambles and brushwood that they could not be

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resident Charles Gilbert. Their project was financed through grants provided by the British Association and the Society of Antiquaries, with Filkins noting that at the time of its commencement, "a miniature jungle" had grown up around the site which had to be cleared. Excavation continued

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John H. Evans recorded the existence of a local folk belief that a battle was fought at the site of the Coldrum Stones, and that a "Black Prince" was buried within its chamber. He suggested that the tales of battles taking place at this site and at other Medway Megaliths had not developed

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The kerb-stones around the tomb display some patterning; those on the northern side are mostly rectilinear, while those on the southern side are smaller and largely irregular in shape. It is probable that there was an ancillary dry-stone wall constructed using blocks of

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Wysocki's team noted that in all but one case, the fracture morphologies of the bones are consistent with dry-bone breakage. Three of the skulls displayed evidence that they had experienced violence; a probable adult female had an unhealed injury on the left

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organisation, gave their "oath of profession" to the group at the Coldrum Stones because they felt a particularly positive energy exists there. Politically motivated rituals have also been held at the site. In the late 1990s, the South London branch of the

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These common architectural features among the Medway Megaliths indicate a strong regional cohesion with no direct parallels elsewhere in the British Isles. Nevertheless, as with other regional groupings of Early Neolithic long barrows—such as the

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religions are practiced at the Medway Megaliths, with Pagan activity having taken place at the Coldrum Stones from at least the late 1980s. These Pagans commonly associated the sites both with a concept of ancestry and of their being a source of

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Evans also recorded a local folk belief applied to all the Medway Megaliths and which had been widespread "up to the last generation"; this was that it was impossible for anyone to successfully count the number of stones in the monuments. This

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to Britain from continental Europe. Part of an architectural tradition of long barrow building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe, the Coldrum Stones belong to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the vicinity of the

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in proposing that the Coldrum Stones "may at one time have been dedicated, though not necessarily initially so, to the worship of the corn god and of agriculture." He believed that the human remains found at the site were the victims of

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in order to "sing up the sun". This consists of dances performed within the stones on top of the barrow, followed by a song performed at the base of the monument. The trees overhanging the Coldrum Stones on its northern side have become

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analysis of these remains has shown them to be those of at least seventeen individuals, a mixture of men, women, and children. At least one of the bodies had been dismembered before burial, potentially reflecting a funerary tradition of

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resources beyond that which a local community could probably muster. Ashbee further suggested that in subsequent centuries, locals raided the damaged Coldrum tomb for loamy chalk and stone, which was then re-used as building material.

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atop the chamber, as was apparent at Kit's Coty House and Lower Kit's Coty House. Many of the larger slabs of stone that have fallen down the slope on the eastern end of the monument may have been parts of this facade or portal.

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The megalithic builders responsible for the Coldrum Stones positioned it on the top of a small ridge adjacent to the North Downs, and constructed it facing eastward, towards the River Medway. It is located on the edge of a large

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chiefs were interred there. He further reported that in both 1804 and 1825, skulls had been found at the site. In 1844, an antiquarian named Thomas Wright published a note on the Coldrum Stones and other Medway Megaliths in

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In 1869, the antiquarian A. L. Lewis first visited the site, and was informed by locals that several years previously a skull had been uncovered from inside or near to the chamber, but that they believed it to be that of a

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Britain's Early Neolithic communities placed greater emphasis on the ritual burial of the dead than their Mesolithic forebears. Archaeologists have suggested that this is because Early Neolithic Britons adhered to an

1172:. A later account elaborated on this, stating that two individuals who excavated in the centre of the chamber without permission discovered a human skeleton, the skull of which was re-buried in the churchyard at 916:. Later records reveal that it had gained widespread distribution in England, as well as a single occurrence each in Wales and Ireland. The folklorist S. P. Menefee suggested that it could be attributed to an 1336:, a charity which dedicated it as a memorial to the Kentish prehistorian Benjamin Harrison. A plaque was erected to mark this, which erroneously termed the monument a stone circle; in 1953, the archaeologist 338:. The tomb can be reached along a pathway known as Coldrum Lane, which is accessible only on foot. The nearest car park to Coldrum Lane can be found off Pinesfield Lane in Trottiscliffe. The village of 410:. Throughout most of Britain, there is little evidence of cereal or permanent dwellings from this period, leading archaeologists to believe that the island's Early Neolithic economy was largely 259:

enclosed by kerb-stones. Within the eastern end of the tumulus was a stone chamber, into which human remains were deposited on at least two separate occasions during the Early Neolithic.

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to the east, with the distance between the two clusters measuring at between 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). The western group includes Coldrum Long Barrow,

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Later that month, George Payne and F. W. Reader met with Bennett to discuss his finds. With the aid of two other interested amateur archaeologists, Mr Boyd and Miss Harker, both from

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The Coldrum Stones are named after a nearby farm, Coldrum Lodge, which has since been demolished. The monument lies in a "rather isolated site" north-east of the nearby village of

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argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society. Instead it has been suggested that they represent markers along herding pathways. The archaeologist

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pottery at the site, and noted that as well as being called the Coldrum Stones, the monument also had the name of the Adscombe Stones, which Kemble believed originated with the

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In Britain, these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the landscape, perhaps at the junction between different territories. The archaeologist

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In 1857, the antiquarian J. M. Kemble excavated at the site with the help of the Reverend Larking, providing a report of their findings to the Central Committee of the

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After the Early Neolithic, the long barrow fell into a state of ruined dilapidation, perhaps experiencing deliberate destruction in the Late Medieval period, either by

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The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British history. Between 4500 and 3800 BCE, it saw a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living in the

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Keith, A. (January–June 1913). "Report on the Human Remains Found by F. J. Bennett, Esq., F.G.S., in the Central Chamber of a Megalithic Monument at Coldrum, Kent".

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The earliest antiquarian accounts of Coldrum Long Barrow were never published. There are claims that at the start of the 19th century, the Reverend Mark Noble,

741:, an adult of indeterminate sex had an unhealed fracture on the left frontal, and a second adult female had a healed depressed fracture on the right frontal. 426:

The construction of long barrows and related funerary monuments took place in various parts of Europe during the Early Neolithic (known distribution pictured)

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beneath. It is probable that in the Early Neolithic, the mound had a quarry ditch surrounding it, and it is inside this ditch that the kerb-stones now sit.

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Across Western Europe, the Early Neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape. These structures included

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which had a chamber built into one end. Some of these chambers were constructed out of timber, while others were built using large stones, now known as "

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characterised the site as "the most impressive" of the Medway Megaliths, while Grinsell described it as "the finest and most complete" of the group.

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epoch. Early Neolithic builders would have selected blocks from the local area, and then transported them to the site of the monument to be erected.

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killed in fertility rites; conversely, Evans later stated that "we have no means of knowing" whether human sacrifice had taken place at the site.

114: 4749: 272:. As with other barrows, Coldrum has been interpreted as a tomb to house the remains of the dead, perhaps as part of a belief system involving 654:

for the communities who built and used them". Thus, it has been suggested that Early Neolithic people entered into the tombs—which doubled as

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in modern Turkey—which predate them, the chambered long barrows constitute humanity's first widespread tradition of construction using stone.

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independently among the local population but had "percolated down from the theories of antiquaries" who believed that the fifth-century

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Wysocki, Michael; Griffiths, Seren; Hedges, Robert; Bayliss, Alex; Higham, Tom; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Whittle, Alasdair (2013).

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discerned". He returned the next year, noting that the brushwood had since been cut away to reveal the megaliths. In his 1893 book

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values that were typical of those found at many other southern British Neolithic sites, they had significantly higher values of

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group known as Roharn's Grove hold regular rites at the site, particularly during the eight festivals that make up the Pagan

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further excavation in August 1910, this time with his niece and her husband, both of whom were dentists with an interest in

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sporadically until at least 1926. Human remains were discovered, and placed into the possession of Sir Arthur Keith of the

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compartmentalised by medial slabs, which served the same purpose as the side chambers of West Kennet and Wayland's Smithy.

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It is possible that there was a facade in front of the chamber, as is evident at other chambered tombs in Britain, such as

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through the Medway Valley landscape. Another politically motivated Pagan rite was carried out there in the early 2010s by

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The Medway Megaliths can be divided into two separate clusters: one to the west of the River Medway and the other on

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In 1904, George Clinch published a note on the Medway Megaliths in the Royal Anthropological Institute's journal,

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Collectanea Cantiana: Or, Archæological Researches in the Neighbourhood of Sittingbourne, and Other Parts of Kent

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The eastern side of the monument, showing the surviving stone burial chamber at the top of the slope and fallen

4759: 3761:

Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths".

1249: 1001: 1000:

organisation held a ritual at the Coldrum Stones in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the construction of the

3613: 3578: 3543: 3508: 506:, a dense, hard, and durable stone that occurs naturally throughout Kent, having formed out of sand from the 4707: 4588: 1074: 1065: 1005: 591: 1086:, in which he described the monument. This remained unpublished at the time. Associating the site with the 1051:; these had probably been carved by Heathens, members of a religious movement that worships these deities. 4715: 4694: 4558: 4479: 697: 696:

Ashbee suggested that—taking into account both its size and comparisons with other long barrows, such as

502:

making them taller than most other chambered long barrows in Britain. The chambers were constructed from

4651: 4646: 4528: 4470: 1316: 964: 941: 860: 629: 470: 466: 431: 225: 221: 186: 170: 662:—to perform rituals honouring the dead and requesting their assistance. For this reason, the historian 4676: 4553: 1208: 515: 474: 458:

described them as "the most grandiose and impressive structures of their kind in southern England".

4666: 4583: 4548: 4543: 1153: 1110: 1095: 855: 595: 478: 273: 260: 229: 3790:

Evans, John H. (1946). "Notes on the Folklore and Legends Associated with the Kentish Megaliths".

4256: 4208: 4175: 4111: 3807: 3778: 3740: 3669: 770: 766: 391: 379: 334:. The site is also positioned about 500 metres (550 yards) from a prehistoric track known as the 178: 4601: 997: 422: 390:

Britain was then largely forested; widespread forest clearance did not occur in Kent until the

4681: 4372: 4225: 4088: 4056: 4037: 3958: 3705: 3686: 3637: 1325: 1043:

alphabet were also evident on the trunks of these trees, spelling the names of the Norse gods

972: 799: 493: 395: 241: 806:

possibilities for how this material developed. The first is that the bodies of the dead were

4641: 4593: 4578: 4439: 4355: 4248: 4200: 4167: 3981: 3919: 3898: 3799: 3770: 3732: 3655:(Report). Oxford: Oxford Wessex Archaeology Joint Venture (London and Continental Railways). 1282: 1091: 1078:, although no copies have been produced to verify this. Between 1842 and 1844, the Reverend 976: 905: 744: 335: 288: 269: 217: 4475: 1320:

The National Trust epigraph at the site which erroneously refers to it as a "stone circle".

769:

of the human remains suggested that some were brought to the site between either 3980–3800

4484: 1337: 1329: 1288: 1183: 1149: 937: 670: 544: 371: 339: 4346:

Piggott, Stuart (1935). "A Note on the Relative Chronology of the English Long Barrows".

3972:

Grinsell, Leslie V. (1986). "The Christianisation of Prehistoric and Other Pagan Sites".

1207:, to conduct a survey of the monument in August 1892. He also wrote to the archaeologist 443: 299:

took place in the early 20th. In 1926, ownership was transferred to heritage charity the

527:

thought that the plan behind the Medway Megaliths had originated in the area around the

519:

the course of their use; in this scenario, the monuments would be composite structures.

4460: 4277: 4081: 1333: 1211:, encouraging him to schedule the Coldrum Stones as a legally protected site under the 1204: 1023: 782: 729: 524: 462: 300: 200: 3651:

Barclay, Alistair; Fitzpatrick, Andrew P.; Hayden, Chris; Stafford, Elizabeth (2006).

1826: 1824: 719: 711:

In the early 21st century, these bones were re-analysed by a team led by the forensic

4738: 3782: 1040: 837: 663: 650: 548:

Plan of the monument; the darker green area represents the area of the earthen mound.

528: 407: 363: 327: 174: 96: 4428:"Dates, Diet and Dismemberment: Evidence from the Coldrum Megalithic Monument, Kent" 1022:

In the early 21st century, a tradition developed in which the Hartley Morris Men, a

4656: 3985: 1277: 1273: 1133: 968: 929: 924: 756: 738: 599: 486: 403: 384: 315: 311: 280: 237: 213: 4466: 4252: 3803: 3774: 4030: 1294:

In September 1922, Filkins again excavated at Coldrum, this time with the aid of

4573: 1137: 1079: 988: 807: 712: 705: 532: 455: 451: 414:, relying on herding cattle, with people living a nomadic or semi-nomadic life. 411: 367: 355: 303:. Open without charge to visitors all year around, the stones are the site of a 292: 265: 208: 204: 149: 723:

The northern kerb stones in the foreground, with the chamber in the background.

4624: 4614: 4538: 4359: 4134:. Vol. 130. Kent Archaeological Society. pp. 339–349. Archived from 3923: 3902: 1254: 850: 829: 637: 375: 17: 3660:

Bennett, F. J. (January–June 1913). "Coldrum Monument and Exploration 1910".

2508: 2506: 2504: 2491: 2489: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 1867: 1865: 1863: 129: 116: 1295: 1233: 1032: 933: 917: 625: 304: 4388:"Report to the Central Committee of the British Archaeological Association" 679:

were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.

485:, while various stones on the eastern side of the river, most notably the 4369:

People of the Long Barrows: Life, Death and Burial in the Early Neolithic

4160:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4032:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

3700:

Champion, Timothy (2007). "Prehistoric Kent". In John H. Williams (ed.).

1304: 1179:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

1009: 956: 913: 795: 439: 399: 284: 252: 4444: 3931:

Garwood, P. (2012). "The Medway Valley Prehistoric Landscapes Project".

1308:

standards of the early part of this century, there is much to commend."

350: 220:. Of these, it is in the best surviving condition. It lies near to both 4260: 4212: 4179: 4115: 3811: 3744: 3673: 1229: 1173: 1069: 1027: 760: 752: 748: 558: 308: 256: 3704:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press and Kent County Council. pp. 67–133. 3366: 3364: 1160:

by Yorkshire antiquary Charles Moore Jessop, who believed it to be a "

704:. He published his results in 1913, in a paper largely concerned with 228:

on the western side of the river. Two further surviving long barrows,

4199:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 395. 1099: 1016: 833: 791: 666:

termed these monuments "tomb-shrines" to reflect their dual purpose.

659: 655: 507: 503: 435: 248: 47: 4239:

Menefee, S. P. (1975). "The 'Countless Stones': A Final Reckoning".

4204: 4188: 4171: 4155: 3736: 3720: 3459:"The Excavation of the Chestnuts Megalithic Tomb at Addington, Kent" 1267:— Bennett's interpretation of human sacrifice at the Coldrums, 1913. 1315: 1189: 1161: 1115: 1094:, Poste's suggestion was that the name "Coldrum" derived from the 1087: 1036: 984: 946: 781: 718: 610: 578:

The chamber of the Coldrum Stones, as seen from their western side

573: 543: 492: 421: 349: 4427: 394:(c.1000 to 700 BCE). Environmental data from the vicinity of the 287:, the site became associated with the burial of a prince and the 1510: 1498: 1048: 1044: 960: 331: 194: 182: 100: 4488: 3653:

The Prehistoric Landscape at White Horse Stone, Aylesford, Kent

936:, an idea probably derived ultimately from the publications of 3436: 3434: 2808: 2806: 688:

the chamber were flint tools and small quantities of pottery.

2697: 2695: 2512: 2495: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2432: 2384: 2307: 1871: 1854: 1727: 1668: 1324:

In his 1924 publication dealing with Kent, the archaeologist

955:

Pagans sometimes visit the site alone or in pairs, there to

3397: 3395: 920:

understanding that these megaliths had lives of their own.

786:

One of the kerb stones on the northern side of the monument

342:

is located 2.012 kilometres (1 mi 440 yd) away.

4125:"Neolithic Landscape and Experience: The Medway Megaliths" 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 2582: 2580: 963:, or perform rituals, and some have reported experiencing 3231: 3229: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2049: 2047: 1894: 1892: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1770: 1768: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 255:, the long barrow consisted of a sub-rectangular earthen 3339: 3337: 3197: 3195: 2990: 2988: 1703: 1701: 1581: 1579: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1109:. Wright had been alerted to their existence by a local 2975: 2973: 2523: 2521: 2287: 2285: 2172: 2170: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2109: 2107: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1624: 1622: 811:

practices, direct evidence for which does not survive.

4008:. Kent Archaeological Society: 221–234. Archived from 3834:. Kent Archaeological Society: 130–139. Archived from 3612:. Kent Archaeological Society: 319–345. Archived from 3577:. Kent Archaeological Society: 269–284. Archived from 763:

had become exposed on the chewing area of the crowns.

3507:. Kent Archaeological Society: 57–112. Archived from 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1328:, then working as the archaeological officer for the 1156:. That year, the monument was described in a copy of 370:

as their primary form of subsistence, abandoning the

3910:

Filkins, E. (1928). "Excavations at Coldrum, Kent".

3869:. Kent Archaeological Society: 63–81. Archived from 1240:, suggesting that the central chamber was a shrine. 987:

marriage ceremony—was held there. One member of the

790:

Cut-marks were identified on some of the bones (two

4633: 4520: 4317:. Kent Archaeological Society: 8–16. Archived from 3542:. Kent Archaeological Society: 1–44. Archived from 3472:. Kent Archaeological Society: 1–57. Archived from 497:

Map of the Medway Megaliths around the River Medway

145: 106: 92: 84: 4341:(third ed.). Kent: Kent Archaeological Trust. 4080: 4029: 3754:The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of England and Wales 3889:Filkins, E. (1924). "Coldrum Exploration, 1923". 747:of the remains revealed that while the bones had 4070:Jessop, C. M. (1863). "Celtic Remains in Kent". 3918:(3). Society of Antiquaries of London: 356–357. 3897:(3). Society of Antiquaries of London: 356–357. 358:is in the foreground and the chamber to the rear 203:have established that the monument was built by 27:Neolithic chambered long barrow in Kent, England 4055:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3933:PAST: The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society 3721:"Coldrum, Kent, and Its Relation to Stonehenge" 1260: 706:discerning racial characteristics of the bodies 374:lifestyle that had characterised the preceding 4421:. British Archaeological Association: 262–264. 4104:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3821:"A Disciple of the Druids; the Beale Post Mss" 3662:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 354:View of the monument from the west of it; the 207:communities shortly after the introduction of 4500: 3259: 2420: 2408: 2351: 845:Folklore, folk tradition, and modern Paganism 378:period. This came about through contact with 8: 4166:. Royal Anthropological Institute: 140–142. 3948:(second ed.). London: Methuen & Co. 3564:"The Medway Megaliths in a European Context" 1148:—which was holding its week-long meeting in 1055:Antiquarian and archaeological investigation 951:Morris Men dance at the Stones, May Day 2009 244:, are located on the Medway's eastern side. 236:, as well as possible survivals such as the 32: 4110:. Royal Anthropological Institute: 86–100. 3440: 3425: 2824: 2812: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2686: 2674: 1152:—visited the site, guided by the antiquary 1120:View looking west at the chamber from below 68: 4507: 4493: 4485: 3731:. Royal Anthropological Institute: 20–23. 3668:. Royal Anthropological Institute: 76–85. 1998: 1418: 1401: 858:, which was recorded in the ninth-century 291:motif. The ruin attracted the interest of 283:iconoclasts or treasure hunters. In local 247:Built out of earth and around fifty local 31: 4443: 3995:"The Medway Megaliths and Neolithic Kent" 2586: 975:. The Coldrums have also witnessed Pagan 330:, in the south-eastern English county of 4401:. British Archaeological Institute: 404. 3955:Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain 3756:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3401: 3370: 3328: 2626: 1838: 1803: 1759: 1743: 1723: 1656: 1644: 1522: 1015:by invoking "the traditional spirits of 4515:Early Neolithic long barrows in Britain 4367:Smith, Martin; Brickley, Megan (2009). 3316: 3295: 3271: 3247: 3235: 3220: 3138: 3118: 3066: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2077: 2065: 2053: 1910: 1898: 1850: 1815: 1786: 1774: 1692: 1680: 1640: 1474: 1430: 1358: 598:. It is also possible that there was a 193:, today it survives only in a state of 4432:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4348:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4247:(3–4). The Folklore Society: 146–166. 3599:"The Medway's Megalithic Long Barrows" 3386: 3374: 3355: 3343: 3201: 3186: 3174: 3122: 3102: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3030: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2868: 2852: 2836: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2527: 2335: 2319: 2303: 2291: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2192: 2176: 2161: 2149: 2132: 2113: 2098: 2038: 2019: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1922: 1883: 1834: 1830: 1755: 1739: 1719: 1707: 1628: 1613: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1570: 1558: 1554: 1542: 1538: 1526: 1486: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1442: 1372: 832:of 1237, which ordered the opening of 3685:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3494:"The Medway Megaliths in Perspective" 3413: 3283: 3162: 3150: 3134: 3114: 3090: 3078: 3062: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2979: 2892: 2880: 2864: 2848: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2444: 2396: 2363: 2347: 2331: 1934: 1226:Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900 1213:Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 1194:Stones that have fallen down the bank 1132:, they asserted that they discovered 1026:side, meet at the site at dawn every 878:The rag tree overhanging the monument 7: 4354:. The Prehistoric Society: 115–126. 3946:The Ancient Burial-Mounds of England 2539: 2204: 2188: 387:and its proximity to the continent. 4036:. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell. 2932: 383:its position on the estuary of the 4337:Philp, Brian; Dutto, Mike (2005). 4156:"On a Rude Stone Monument in Kent" 3798:(1). The Folklore Society: 36–43. 1126:British Archaeological Association 1072:, prepared a plan of the site for 912:, a set of three stone circles in 25: 4770:National Trust properties in Kent 3702:The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800 1144:. In August 1863, members of the 4755:Buildings and structures in Kent 3529:"Coldrum Revisited and Reviewed" 1312:Management by the National Trust 892: 883: 871: 615:The western edge of the monument 473:. The eastern group consists of 191:Britain's Early Neolithic period 67: 60: 40: 4765:Megalithic monuments in England 4302:Petrie, W. M. Flinders (1880). 3957:. London: David & Charles. 3939:. The Prehistoric Society: 1–3. 1176:. In an 1878 note published in 1128:. Describing the monument as a 4408:"Proceedings of the Committee" 4297:. London: Mitchell and Hughes. 3986:10.1080/01433768.1986.10594395 1060:Early antiquarian descriptions 434:, rectangular or oval earthen 185:. Probably constructed in the 1: 4750:Barrows in the United Kingdom 4463:at the National Trust website 4438:. Prehistoric Society: 1–30. 4371:. Stroud: The History Press. 4304:"Notes on Kentish Earthworks" 4253:10.1080/0015587x.1975.9716017 4222:Neolithic Britain and Ireland 4087:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3804:10.1080/0015587x.1946.9717805 3775:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152 1248:The Coldrum Stones have been 1008:, a group seeking to prevent 531:, while fellow archaeologist 91: 4745:Archaeological sites in Kent 4724:Preston Candover Long Barrow 4620:Thickthorn Down Long Barrows 4564:Stoney Littleton Long Barrow 3953:Grinsell, Leslie V. (1976). 3944:Grinsell, Leslie V. (1953). 1187:basic plan of the monument. 1084:Druidical Remains at Coldrum 173:located near the village of 4610:The Grey Mare and her Colts 398:, a putatively prehistoric 295:in the 19th century, while 4806: 4690:Jacket's Field Long Barrow 4415:The Archaeological Journal 4395:The Archaeological Journal 4079:Jessup, Ronald F. (1970). 2867:, pp. 130, 132, 137; 1106:The Archaeological Journal 864:, took place in the area. 733:people were interrelated. 4360:10.1017/s0079497x00022246 4220:Malone, Caroline (2001). 3924:10.1017/s0003581500092970 3903:10.1017/s0003581500092970 3752:Daniel, Glynn E. (1950). 3634:Kent in Prehistoric Times 3260:Smith & Brickley 2009 2421:Smith & Brickley 2009 2409:Smith & Brickley 2009 2352:Smith & Brickley 2009 1301:Royal College of Surgeons 1244:Archaeological excavation 802:were found on the bones. 702:Royal College of Surgeons 607:The mound and kerb-stones 297:archaeological excavation 55: 39: 4700:Shrub's Wood Long Barrow 3856:"Kentish Megalith Types" 3457:Alexander, John (1961). 2752:, pp. 351, 360–361. 1146:Archaeological Institute 1039:carvings written in the 1002:Channel Tunnel Rail Link 4785:Stone Age sites in Kent 4775:Neo-druidism in Britain 4708:Badshot Lea Long Barrow 4672:Little Kit's Coty House 4589:West Kennet Long Barrow 4051:Hutton, Ronald (2013). 4028:Hutton, Ronald (1991). 3993:Holgate, Robin (1981). 3912:The Antiquaries Journal 3891:The Antiquaries Journal 3854:Evans, John H. (1950). 3819:Evans, John H. (1949). 3719:Clinch, George (1904). 1140:word for funeral pile, 819:Damage and dilapidation 592:West Kennet Long Barrow 540:Design and construction 483:Little Kit's Coty House 234:Little Kit's Coty House 4716:Long Burgh Long Barrow 4559:Nympsfield Long Barrow 4480:The Modern Antiquarian 4293:Payne, George (1893). 4189:"The Coldrum Monument" 4123:Killick, Sian (2010). 1999:Philp & Dutto 2005 1402:Philp & Dutto 2005 1321: 1264: 1195: 1121: 952: 787: 778:Post-mortem deposition 759:was worn away and the 724: 616: 579: 549: 498: 432:chambered long barrows 427: 359: 4790:Tonbridge and Malling 4652:Chestnuts Long Barrow 4647:Addington Long Barrow 4529:Cotswold-Severn Group 4471:The Megalithic Portal 4311:Archaeologia Cantiana 4187:Lewis, A. L. (1904). 4154:Lewis, A. L. (1878). 4132:Archaeologia Cantiana 4002:Archaeologia Cantiana 3863:Archaeologia Cantiana 3828:Archaeologia Cantiana 3681:Burl, Aubrey (1981). 3632:Ashbee, Paul (2005). 3606:Archaeologia Cantiana 3597:Ashbee, Paul (2000). 3571:Archaeologia Cantiana 3562:Ashbee, Paul (1999). 3536:Archaeologia Cantiana 3527:Ashbee, Paul (1998). 3501:Archaeologia Cantiana 3492:Ashbee, Paul (1993). 3466:Archaeologia Cantiana 2459:, pp. 12–14, 21. 1319: 1193: 1119: 1098:"Gael-Dun", and that 1096:linguistically Celtic 1013:in the United Kingdom 950: 861:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 849:In a 1946 paper, the 785: 722: 614: 577: 547: 516:Cotswold-Severn group 496: 471:Chestnuts Long Barrow 467:Addington Long Barrow 425: 353: 226:Chestnuts Long Barrow 222:Addington Long Barrow 187:fourth millennium BCE 179:south-eastern English 171:chambered long barrow 4554:Notgrove Long Barrow 4339:The Medway Megaliths 4072:Gentleman's Magazine 3065:, pp. 137–138; 1837:, pp. 325–326; 1789:, pp. 223, 225. 1612:, pp. 103–104; 1209:Augustus Pitt-Rivers 1201:Collectanea Cantiana 1158:Gentleman's Magazine 1075:Gentleman's Magazine 628:from the geological 380:continental European 161:, also known as the 76:Location within Kent 4695:Julliberrie's Grave 4662:Coldrum Long Barrow 4549:Lugbury Long Barrow 4544:Parc Cwm long cairn 4476:Coldrum Long Barrow 4467:Coldrum Long Barrow 4461:Coldrum Long Barrow 4445:10.1017/ppr.2013.10 4406:Wright, T. (1844). 3165:, pp. 140–141. 3093:, pp. 137–138. 2827:, pp. 359–360. 2800:, pp. 368–369. 2776:, pp. 362–363. 2728:, pp. 356–357. 2716:, pp. 354–355. 2629:, pp. 63, 123. 2513:Wysocki et al. 2013 2496:Wysocki et al. 2013 2481:Wysocki et al. 2013 2469:Wysocki et al. 2013 2457:Wysocki et al. 2013 2433:Wysocki et al. 2013 2385:Wysocki et al. 2013 2308:Wysocki et al. 2013 2306:, pp. 22, 26; 2219:, pp. 106–107. 1872:Wysocki et al. 2013 1855:Wysocki et al. 2013 1728:Wysocki et al. 2013 1669:Wysocki et al. 2013 1511:Barclay et al. 2006 1499:Barclay et al. 2006 1477:, pp. 230–231. 1154:Charles Roach Smith 856:Battle of Aylesford 730:osteoarchaeologists 644:Meaning and purpose 274:ancestor veneration 261:Osteoarchaeological 216:, now known as the 159:Coldrum Long Barrow 126: / 36: 33:Coldrum Long Barrow 4721:Hampshire Barrows: 4594:Whispering Knights 4274:The National Trust 4224:. Stroud: Tempus. 4083:South-East England 4074:. Part I: 636–638. 3636:. Stroud: Tempus. 2566:, pp. 63–64; 1722:, pp. 60–61; 1525:, pp. 73–74; 1322: 1196: 1122: 1092:Britain's Iron Age 1006:The Warrior's Call 953: 788: 767:Radiocarbon dating 725: 617: 580: 550: 499: 428: 360: 130:51.3216°N 0.3728°E 4732: 4731: 4682:White Horse Stone 4677:Smythe's Megalith 4599:Dartmoor Barrows: 4231:978-0-7524-1442-3 4094:978-0-500-02068-5 4043:978-0-631-17288-8 3974:Landscape History 3964:978-0-7153-7241-8 3763:Material Religion 3683:Rites of the Gods 3331:, pp. 34–35. 3250:, pp. 81–82. 2574:, pp. 38–39. 2279:, pp. 39–40. 2243:, pp. 42–43. 2164:, pp. 17–18. 1937:, pp. 77−80. 1746:, pp. 76–77. 1513:, pp. 25–26. 1465:, pp. 34–35. 1445:, pp. 16–17. 1326:O. G. S. Crawford 973:Wheel of the Year 475:Smythe's Megalith 396:White Horse Stone 322:Name and location 242:White Horse Stone 155: 154: 16:(Redirected from 4797: 4780:Religion in Kent 4667:Kit's Coty House 4642:Medway Megaliths 4584:Wayland's Smithy 4579:Uley Long Barrow 4509: 4502: 4495: 4486: 4449: 4447: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4392: 4386:Way, A. (1856). 4382: 4363: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324:on 17 April 2016 4323: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4280:on 25 March 2015 4276:. Archived from 4270:"Coldrum Stones" 4268:National Trust. 4264: 4235: 4216: 4183: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4129: 4119: 4098: 4086: 4075: 4066: 4062:978-0-300-197716 4047: 4035: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3989: 3968: 3949: 3940: 3927: 3906: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3825: 3815: 3786: 3757: 3748: 3715: 3696: 3677: 3656: 3647: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3618: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3549:on 25 March 2016 3548: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3513: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3444: 3441:Doyle White 2016 3438: 3429: 3426:Doyle White 2016 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3132: 3126: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3060: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2825:Doyle White 2016 2822: 2816: 2813:Doyle White 2016 2810: 2801: 2798:Doyle White 2016 2795: 2789: 2786:Doyle White 2016 2783: 2777: 2774:Doyle White 2016 2771: 2765: 2762:Doyle White 2016 2759: 2753: 2750:Doyle White 2016 2747: 2741: 2738:Doyle White 2016 2735: 2729: 2726:Doyle White 2016 2723: 2717: 2714:Doyle White 2016 2711: 2705: 2702:Doyle White 2016 2699: 2690: 2687:Doyle White 2016 2684: 2678: 2675:Doyle White 2016 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2310:, pp. 3, 5. 2301: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2136: 2130: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2036: 2023: 2017: 2002: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1763: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1731: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1552: 1546: 1536: 1530: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1405: 1399: 1376: 1370: 1283:The Golden Bough 1268: 1164:" stone circle. 979:; circa 2000, a 977:rites of passage 940:proponents like 906:countless stones 896: 887: 875: 745:Isotope analysis 596:Wayland's Smithy 479:Kit's Coty House 418:Medway Megaliths 289:countless stones 270:secondary burial 230:Kit's Coty House 218:Medway Megaliths 141: 140: 138: 137: 136: 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 71: 70: 64: 44: 37: 35:(Coldrum Stones) 21: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4760:History of Kent 4735: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4713:Sussex Barrows: 4705:Surrey Barrows: 4629: 4607:Dorset Barrows: 4602:Spinsters' Rock 4516: 4513: 4457: 4452: 4425: 4410: 4405: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4267: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4205:10.2307/2839987 4186: 4172:10.2307/2841379 4153: 4144: 4142: 4141:on 20 July 2020 4138: 4127: 4122: 4101: 4095: 4078: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4012: 3997: 3992: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3943: 3930: 3909: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3876:on 18 July 2020 3873: 3858: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3841:on 18 July 2020 3838: 3823: 3818: 3789: 3760: 3751: 3737:10.2307/2840863 3718: 3712: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3619:on 20 July 2020 3616: 3601: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3584:on 20 July 2020 3581: 3566: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3531: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3514:on 18 July 2020 3511: 3496: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3479:on 15 July 2020 3476: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373:, p. 194; 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3208: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137:, p. 138; 3133: 3129: 3117:, p. 138; 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3061: 3057: 3045: 3041: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2963:, p. 637; 2959: 2955: 2951:, pp. 3–4. 2947: 2943: 2935:, p. 404; 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907:, p. 263; 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2863: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2483:, pp. 7–8. 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2139: 2131: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2026: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1861: 1853:, p. 225; 1849: 1845: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1758:, p. 101; 1754: 1750: 1742:, p. 101; 1738: 1734: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643:, p. 225; 1639: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1553: 1549: 1537: 1533: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1461:, p. 272; 1453: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1400: 1379: 1371: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1338:Leslie Grinsell 1330:Ordnance Survey 1314: 1289:human sacrifice 1270: 1266: 1246: 1184:Flinders Petrie 1062: 1057: 938:Earth Mysteries 901: 900: 899: 898: 897: 889: 888: 880: 879: 876: 847: 821: 780: 698:Fussell's Lodge 694: 685: 676:Richard Bradley 671:Caroline Malone 646: 630:Folkestone beds 609: 572: 542: 420: 392:Late Bronze Age 372:hunter-gatherer 348: 324: 167:Adscombe Stones 135:51.3216; 0.3728 134: 132: 128: 125: 120: 117: 115: 113: 112: 88:Early Neolithic 80: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 51: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687:Stour Barrows: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Arthur's Stone 4524: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4456: 4455:External links 4453: 4451: 4450: 4423: 4403: 4383: 4378:978-0752447339 4377: 4364: 4343: 4334: 4299: 4290: 4265: 4236: 4230: 4217: 4184: 4151: 4120: 4099: 4093: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4025: 4015:on 5 June 2020 3990: 3969: 3963: 3950: 3941: 3928: 3907: 3886: 3851: 3816: 3787: 3769:(3): 346–372. 3758: 3749: 3716: 3710: 3697: 3692:978-0460043137 3691: 3678: 3657: 3648: 3643:978-0752431369 3642: 3629: 3594: 3559: 3524: 3489: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3443:, p. 366. 3430: 3428:, p. 364. 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 194. 3391: 3379: 3360: 3348: 3333: 3321: 3319:, p. 357. 3300: 3298:, p. 265. 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3225: 3206: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3153:, p. 139. 3143: 3127: 3121:, p. 76; 3107: 3095: 3083: 3081:, p. 138. 3071: 3055: 3049:, p. 17; 3039: 3033:, p. 14; 3023: 3021:, p. 141. 3011: 3009:, p. 140. 2999: 2997:, p. 140. 2984: 2969: 2953: 2941: 2925: 2923:, p. 263. 2913: 2897: 2895:, p. 137. 2885: 2883:, p. 132. 2873: 2857: 2851:, p. 69; 2841: 2829: 2817: 2815:, p. 359. 2802: 2790: 2788:, p. 368. 2778: 2766: 2764:, p. 363. 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 360. 2730: 2718: 2706: 2704:, p. 354. 2691: 2689:, p. 362. 2679: 2677:, p. 351. 2667: 2665:, p. 148. 2655: 2653:, p. 147. 2643: 2641:, p. 146. 2631: 2625:, p. 38; 2615: 2603: 2591: 2587:Alexander 1961 2576: 2570:, p. 18; 2556: 2544: 2532: 2517: 2500: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2368: 2356: 2340: 2334:, p. 86; 2324: 2312: 2296: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2231:, p. 107. 2221: 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 103. 2191:, p. 61; 2181: 2166: 2154: 2137: 2118: 2103: 2082: 2080:, p. 347. 2070: 2068:, p. 346. 2058: 2056:, p. 343. 2043: 2024: 2003: 1997:, p. 17; 1987: 1975: 1963: 1961:, p. 271. 1951: 1949:, p. 111. 1939: 1927: 1925:, p. 161. 1915: 1913:, p. 122. 1903: 1901:, p. 227. 1888: 1876: 1859: 1843: 1833:, p. 58; 1820: 1818:, p. 339. 1808: 1791: 1779: 1777:, p. 223. 1764: 1748: 1732: 1726:, p. 78; 1712: 1710:, p. 269. 1697: 1695:, p. 221. 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1633: 1618: 1602: 1590: 1588:, p. 103. 1575: 1563: 1557:, p. 19; 1547: 1541:, p. 19; 1531: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1457:, p. 16; 1447: 1435: 1423: 1419:National Trust 1406: 1377: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1334:National Trust 1313: 1310: 1259: 1245: 1242: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1024:morris dancing 1019:" against it. 969:modern Druidic 891: 890: 882: 881: 877: 870: 869: 868: 867: 866: 846: 843: 820: 817: 779: 776: 693: 690: 684: 681: 645: 642: 608: 605: 571: 568: 541: 538: 525:Stuart Piggott 523:archaeologist 463:Blue Bell Hill 419: 416: 347: 344: 323: 320: 314:, and various 301:National Trust 201:Archaeologists 163:Coldrum Stones 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 110: 104: 103: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 75: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 45: 26: 24: 18:Coldrum Stones 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4802: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053:Pagan Britain 4049: 4045: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3711:9780851155807 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3416:, p. 37. 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402:Grinsell 1953 3398: 3396: 3392: 3389:, p. 33. 3388: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Grinsell 1953 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358:, p. 35. 3357: 3352: 3349: 3346:, p. 16. 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329:Grinsell 1986 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3286:, p. 40. 3285: 3280: 3277: 3274:, p. 83. 3273: 3268: 3265: 3262:, p. 34. 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 84. 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3223:, p. 81. 3222: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3204:, p. 23. 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3189:, p. 22. 3188: 3183: 3180: 3177:, p. 21. 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3141:, p. 76. 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3069:, p. 76. 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2982:, p. 39. 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627:Grinsell 1976 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613:, p. 43. 2612: 2607: 2604: 2601:, p. 42. 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589:, p. 25. 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2554:, p. 20. 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542:, p. 63. 2541: 2536: 2533: 2530:, p. 34. 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2471:, p. 12. 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2447:, p. 91. 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435:, p. 21. 2434: 2429: 2426: 2423:, p. 93. 2422: 2417: 2414: 2411:, p. 92. 2410: 2405: 2402: 2399:, p. 86. 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2366:, p. 98. 2365: 2360: 2357: 2354:, p. 34. 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338:, p. 20. 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2322:, p. 25. 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2294:, p. 22. 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267:, p. 39. 2266: 2261: 2258: 2255:, p. 43. 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2207:, p. 61. 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179:, p. 18. 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2152:, p. 19. 2151: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2135:, p. 15. 2134: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2116:, p. 14. 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2101:, p. 13. 2100: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041:, p. 11. 2040: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022:, p. 17. 2021: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1985:, p. 12. 1984: 1979: 1976: 1973:, p. 57. 1972: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1886:, p. 60. 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1841:, p. 78. 1840: 1839:Champion 2007 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1806:, p. 78. 1805: 1804:Champion 2007 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1762:, p. 78. 1761: 1760:Champion 2007 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744:Champion 2007 1741: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Champion 2007 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1659:, p. 76. 1658: 1657:Champion 2007 1653: 1650: 1647:, p. 78. 1646: 1645:Champion 2007 1642: 1637: 1634: 1631:, p. 41. 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616:, p. 41. 1615: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1600:, p. 40. 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1573:, p. 19. 1572: 1567: 1564: 1561:, p. 40. 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1545:, p. 37. 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1529:, p. 33. 1528: 1524: 1523:Champion 2007 1519: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1501:, p. 20. 1500: 1495: 1492: 1489:, p. 37. 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1433:, p. 76. 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Coldrum Long Barrow

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