73:, which are conceived as any form of human organization that emerges any time that collaboration takes place, whether it is formal or informal, intentional or unintentional. Whereas the groupware or collaborative software pertains to the technological elements of computer-supported cooperative work, collaborative work systems become a useful analytical tool to understand the behavioral and organizational variables that are associated to the broader concept of CSCW.
1329:
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collaborative session only remained while at least one user stayed active, and would have to be recreated if all six logged out. MITRE improved on that model by hosting the collaborative session on a server into which each user logged. Called the
Collaborative Virtual Workstation (CVW), it allowed the session to be set up in a virtual file cabinet and virtual rooms, and left as a persistent session that could be joined later.
380:
278:
refers to complex interdependent work toward a shared goal. A good metaphor is to think about a sports team; everyone has to contribute the right play at the right time as well as adjust their play to the unfolding situation - but everyone is doing something different - in order for the team to win.
176:
In 1978, Peter and Trudy
Johnson-Lenz coined the term groupware; their initial 1978 definition of groupware was, "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Later in their article they went on to explain groupware as "computer-mediated culture... an embodiment of social organization
449:
is an exchange of information between two or more participants where the primary purpose of the interaction is discovery or relationship building. There is no central entity around which the interaction revolves but is a free exchange of information with no defined constraints, generally focused on
205:
The complexity of groupware development is still an issue. One reason is the socio-technical dimension of groupware. Groupware designers do not only have to address technical issues (as in traditional software development) but also consider the organizational aspects and the social group processes
439:
Collaboration, with respect to information technology, seems to have several definitions. Some are defensible but others are so broad they lose any meaningful application. Understanding the differences in human interactions is necessary to ensure the appropriate technologies are employed to meet
214:
Authentication has always been a problem with groupware. When connections are made point-to-point, or when log-in registration is enforced, it is clear who is engaged in the session. However, audio and unmoderated sessions carry the risk of unannounced 'lurkers' who observe but do not announce
210:
Persistence is needed in some sessions. Chat and voice communications are routinely non-persistent and evaporate at the end of the session. Virtual room and online file cabinets can persist for years. The designer of the collaborative space needs to consider the information duration needs and
196:
really makes a difference in productivity long term, the very definition of an office may change. You will be able to work efficiently as a member of a group wherever you have your computer. As computers become smaller and more powerful, that will mean anywhere." In 1999, Achacoso created and
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began using truly collaborative applications in the early 1990s. One of the first robust applications was the Navy's Common
Operational Modeling, Planning and Simulation Strategy (COMPASS). The COMPASS system allowed up to 6 users to create point-to-point connections with one another; the
1184:
Casalino N., Draoli M. (2009), “Governance and
Organizational Aspects of an Experimental Groupware in the Italian Public Administration to Support Multi-Institutional Partnerships”, in Information Systems: People, Organizations, Institutions, and Trchnologies, D’Atri A., Saccà D. (Eds.),
242:
One approach for addressing these issues is the use of design patterns for groupware design. The patterns identify recurring groupware design issues and discuss design choices in a way that all stakeholders can participate in the groupware development process.
59:(CSCW). According to Carstensen and Schmidt (1999), groupware is part of CSCW. The authors claim that CSCW, and thereby groupware, addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems."
152:
used the PlaceWare engine in a commercial version of MITRE's CVW, calling it InfoWorkSpace (IWS). In 1998, IWS was chosen as the military standard for the standardized Air
Operations Center. The IWS product was sold to
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52:(also known as revision control and source control) platforms, which allow users to make parallel edits to a file, while preserving every saved edit by users as multiple files that are variants of the original file.
742:
Aparicio, M and Costa, C. (2012) Collaborative systems: characteristics and features. In
Proceedings of the 30th ACM international conference on Design of communication (SIGDOC '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 141-146.
467:, the main function of the participants' relationship is to alter a collaboration entity (i.e., the converse of transactional). When teams collaborate on projects it is collaborative project management.
148:, created PlaceWare, a server that simulated a one-to-many auditorium, with side chat between "seat-mates", and the ability to invite a limited number of audience members to speak. In 1997, engineers at
934:"SOFTWARE CATCHES THE TEAM SPIRIT New computer programs may soon change the way groups of people work together -- and start delivering the long-awaited payoff from office automation.fouttoune"
341:
systems (sometimes also known as 'project extranets') — collect, organize, manage, and share information associated with the delivery of a project (e.g., the construction of a building)
1427:
1062:
D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (2008). “Interdisciplinary
Aspects of Information Systems Studies”, pp. 1-416, Physica-Verlag, Springer, Germany, Doi 10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2
41:
designed to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them."
192:
appeared as a major example of that product category, allowing remote group collaboration when the internet was still in its infancy. Kirkpatrick and Losee (1992) wrote then: "If
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aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work."
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and others have shown that the distribution of efforts and benefits has to be carefully balanced in order to ensure that all required group members really participate.
1303:. Retrieved February 25, 2009. System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Volume, Issue, 6-9 Jan. 2003 Page(s): 12 pp
1038:
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and this term can be traced as far back as the late 1980s, when
Richman and Slovak (1987) wrote: "Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new
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98:
in full operational use by his research team by the mid-1960s. He held the first public demonstration of his work in 1968 in what is now referred to as "
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1413:
272:(or collaboration level, as it is called in academic papers) refers to interactive work toward a shared goal. Brainstorming and voting are examples.
813:
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involves the exchange of transaction entities where a major function of the transaction entity is to alter the relationship between participants.
1281:
1190:
1155:
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Till SchĂĽmmer and
Stephan Lukosch. 2007. Patterns for Computer-Mediated Interaction (Wiley Software Patterns Series). John Wiley & Sons.
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platforms that allow multiple users to engage in live, simultaneous, and reversible editing of a single file (usually a document); and
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Johnson-Lenz, Peter; Johnson-Lenz, Trudy (March 1991). "Post-mechanistic groupware primitives: rhythms, boundaries and containers".
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systems — quickly share company information via internet to members within a company (e.g., marketing and product info)
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Until recently, bandwidth issues at fixed location limited full use of the tools. These are exacerbated with mobile devices.
317:— share, review, approve, and reject web proofs, artwork, photos, or videos between designers, customers, and clients
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Lockwood, A. (2008). The
Project Manager's Perspective on Project Management Software Packages. Avignon, France.
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that should be supported with the groupware application. Some examples for issues in groupware development are:
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1000:"First Wireless Groupware Hits Palmtops: GroupServe Launches its Wireless-Accessible Discussion Service"
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There are three primary ways in which humans interact: conversations, transactions, and collaborations.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
295:
systems — help people work together on a single document or file to achieve a single final version
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in hyperspace." Groupware integrates co-evolving human and tool systems, yet is simply a single system.
95:
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Motivational issues are important, especially in settings without pre-defined group processes in place.
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In the early 1990s the first commercial groupware products were delivered, and big companies such as
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computer. As internet connections grew, so did the numbers of users and multi-user games. In 1978
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Wilson, P. (1991). Computer Supported Cooperative Work: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Pub.
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The design intent of collaborative software (groupware) is to transform the way documents and
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at once on their keyboards. The result: measurable productivity gains from desktop computing"
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1234:
1205:
Groupware, Workflow, and Intranets: Reengineering the Enterprise with Collaborative Software
1118:
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744:
675:
335:— collaborative bookmarking engine to tag, organize, share, and search enterprise data
154:
109:
Online collaborative gaming software began between early networked computer users. In 1975,
976:"HERE COMES THE PAYOFF FROM PCs New network software lets brainstormers around a table all
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Multiple input and output streams bring concurrency issues into the groupware applications.
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systems — schedule, track, and chart the steps in a project as it is being completed
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Real-time communication via groupware can lead to a lot of noise, over-communication, and
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49:
1308:
Managing Virtual Teams: Getting the Most from Wikis, Blogs, and Other Collaborative Tools
911:
288:
Collaborative management tools facilitate and manage group activities. Examples include:
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first envisioned collaborative computing in 1951 and documented his vision in 1962, with
1103:
818:
Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '90
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106:, the first computer network, enabling them to extend services to a broader userbase.
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software) — schedule events and automatically notify and remind group members
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can be thought of as unstructured interchange of information. A phone call and an
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Intelligence amplification § Douglas Engelbart: Augmenting Human Intellect
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Romano, N.C., Jr., Nunamaker, J.F., Jr., Fang, C., & Briggs, R.O. (2003).
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1039:"GroupServe markets "in-time communications" to wireless business customers"
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Regarding available interaction, collaborative software may be divided into
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Collaborative software is a broad concept that overlaps considerably with
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329:— collect, organize, manage, and share various forms of information
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Groupware can be divided into three categories depending on the level of
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Closely related to the motivation aspect is the question of reciprocity.
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695:"Computer supported cooperative work: new challenges to systems design"
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454:, and e-mail are generally sufficient for conversational interactions.
365:— interact and share with clients in a private online environment
103:
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M.Katerine (kit) Brown, Brenda Huetture, and Char James-Tanny (2007),
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Collaborative virtual environments for analysis and decision support
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started using electronic meeting systems for key internal projects.
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personal experiences. Communication technology such as telephones,
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887:"(Press Release) InfoWorkSpace saves lives in Iraq - Ezenia!, Inc"
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in the United Kingdom, created the game MUD (Multi-User Dungeon).
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are shared in order to enable more effective team collaboration.
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The use of collaborative software in the work space creates a
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1168:"Groupware - Communication, Collaboration and Coordination"
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
102:". The following year, Engelbart's lab was hooked into the
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Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 81-89,
1080:
A Case Study in Technology Transfer of Collaboration Tools
713:
Beyerlein, M; Freedman, S.; McGee, G.; Moran, L. (2002).
1288:
Pedersen, A.A. (2008). Collaborative Project Management.
1227:
Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective
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Ellis, Clarence A.; Gibbs, Simon J.; Rein, Gail (1991).
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Heritage of Delivering Successful Warfighting Solutions
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279:
It is complex interdependent work toward a shared goal.
1170:. Lotus Development Corporation. 1995. Archived from
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Beyond Teams: Building the Collaborative Organization
781:, Douglas C. Engelbart and William K. English, 1968.
165:
Collaborative software was originally designated as
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1541:
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1218:Dunbar, R. I.; Marriott, A.; Duncan, N. D. (1997).
932:Richman, Louis S; Slovak, Julianne (June 8, 1987).
353:
systems — organize social relations of groups
760:Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework
779:A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect
69:Collaborative software relates to the notion of
1301:A Collaborative Project Management Architecture
812:Bullen, Christine V.; Bennett, John L. (1990).
717:. The Collaborative Work Systems series, Wiley.
1019:"GroupServe gets $ 1M, new executive director"
908:"(Press Release) InfoWorkSpace - Ezenia!, Inc"
814:"Learning from user experience with groupware"
1421:
1357:
974:Kirkpatrick, D.; Losee, S. (March 23, 1992).
284:Collaborative management (coordination) tools
8:
668:International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
370:Collaborative software and human interaction
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532:Customer relationship management software
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:introduced the first wireless groupware.
1104:"Groupware: some issues and experiences"
1091:Collaborating securely - Can it be done?
792:"1968 Demo Overview and Links to Video"
658:
951:. Awakening Technology. Archived from
693:Carstensen, P.H.; Schmidt, K. (1999).
1017:Richardson, Jake (January 31, 2000).
949:"Rhythms, Boundaries, and Containers"
947:Johnson-Lenz, Peter (30 April 1990).
7:
820:. Portal.acm.org. pp. 291–302.
515:Integrated collaboration environment
1294:Pinnadyne, Collaboration Made Easy.
559:Massively distributed collaboration
510:Computer supported cooperative work
497:List of social bookmarking websites
57:computer-supported cooperative work
1193:, doi 10.1007/978-3-7908-2148-2_11
553:Other related type of applications
25:
601:Information technology management
64:collaborative working environment
1327:
1140:from the original on 2022-10-09.
586:Collaborative innovation network
378:
1675:Computer-mediated communication
1437:Computer-mediated communication
1310:, Worldware Publishing, Plano.
1220:"Human conversational behavior"
1024:American City Business Journals
46:real-time collaborative editing
606:Management information systems
492:List of collaborative software
1:
1332:The dictionary definition of
591:Commons-based peer production
542:Enterprise content management
1473:Virtual learning environment
1296:Retrieved November 15, 2009.
1290:Retrieved February 25, 2009.
1284:Retrieved February 24, 2009.
910:. Ezenia.com. Archived from
769:, Douglas C. Engelbart, 1962
680:10.1016/0020-7373(91)90027-5
631:Organizational Memory System
327:Knowledge management systems
27:Type of application software
1586:Voice chat in online gaming
1698:
626:Operational transformation
537:Document management system
477:Collaboration technologies
447:Conversational interaction
157:and then later to Ezenia.
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71:collaborative work systems
1483:Asynchronous conferencing
1443:
1380:
1111:Communications of the ACM
527:Content management system
465:collaborative interaction
458:Transactional interaction
215:themselves or contribute.
201:Design and implementation
1543:Synchronous conferencing
1207:. Boston: Digital Press.
266:discussion are examples.
144:, who had built MUDs at
1655:Collective intelligence
1496:Electronic mailing list
749:10.1145/2379057.2379087
247:Levels of collaboration
115:Colossal Cave Adventure
100:The Mother of All Demos
1670:Multimodal interaction
1650:Collaborative projects
1645:Collaborative software
1468:Social network service
1463:Collaborative software
1458:Communication software
1203:Chaffey, Dave (1998).
400:by rewriting it in an
333:Enterprise bookmarking
293:Document collaboration
211:implement accordingly.
31:Collaborative software
18:Collaboration software
1528:Bulletin board system
504:Closely related terms
621:Office of the future
521:Type of applications
299:Electronic calendars
236:information overload
39:application software
1561:Internet Relay Chat
1264:on 24 November 2014
1123:10.1145/99977.99987
1006:. December 7, 1999.
955:on 9 September 2011
826:10.1145/99332.99362
794:. Dougengelbart.org
596:Electronic business
581:Cloud collaboration
575:Other related terms
569:Online deliberation
564:Online consultation
440:interaction needs.
357:Online spreadsheets
127:University of Essex
1239:10.1007/BF02912493
765:2011-05-04 at the
402:encyclopedic style
389:is written like a
309:Project management
96:working prototypes
83:Multi-user dungeon
1660:Business software
1632:
1631:
1576:Videoconferencing
1556:Instant messaging
1551:Data conferencing
1453:Online discussion
1403:
1402:
1191:978-3-7908-2147-5
1174:on July 13, 2011.
1156:978-0-470-02561-1
1068:978-3-7908-2009-6
1043:RCR Wireless News
482:Enterprise portal
452:instant messaging
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264:instant messaging
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92:Douglas Engelbart
16:(Redirected from
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1598:Web conferencing
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1448:Online chat
636:Remote work
190:Lotus Notes
1639:Categories
1607:Publishing
1521:Imageboard
1268:3 December
1049:2019-11-11
918:2014-06-25
893:2014-06-25
849:2014-06-25
835:0897914023
798:2014-06-25
700:2023-01-30
653:References
611:Management
434:rich media
194:GROUPWARE
119:DEC PDP-10
81:See also:
1665:Groupware
1516:Textboard
1390:MediaWiki
1373:Groupware
1335:groupware
1117:: 39–58.
616:MediaWiki
171:groupware
167:groupware
161:Groupware
140:In 1996,
35:groupware
1593:Web chat
1395:TikiWiki
1375:software
1247:26196965
1135:Archived
1131:13597491
763:Archived
547:Intranet
471:See also
345:Intranet
339:Extranet
113:created
1501:FidoNet
1255:1151885
1004:merysis
959:27 July
844:5295874
646:Worknet
396:Please
104:ARPANET
77:History
66:(CWE).
1571:Talker
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182:Boeing
1491:Email
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1251:S2CID
1223:(PDF)
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840:S2CID
229:Ellis
117:on a
1624:Wiki
1614:Blog
1312:ISBN
1270:2014
1243:PMID
1187:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1064:ISBN
978:talk
961:2011
830:ISBN
728:ISBN
184:and
146:PARC
132:The
85:and
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186:IBM
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