1018:
manifest simple reflexes. It increases the cognitive performance of children indwelling with mothers who know the correct answer. This interaction proceeds without communication within the dyad using sensory cues. Professor Igor Val
Danilov argues that this performance succeeds due to sharing an essential stimulus during a single cognitive task in the shared ecological context. Furthermore, research shows that Shared intentionality can appear even in groups of more mature organisms due to their physiological synchrony and group dynamics. Therefore, this interaction can provide subliminal compliance of the participants to the group decisions, encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances. The hypothesis of neurobiological processes occurring during Shared intentionality explains how organisms can share relevant sensory stimuli without communication within the group using sensory cues.
975:– whereas the Contagion Theory states that crowds cause people to act in a certain way, Convergence theory states that people who want to act in a certain way come together to form crowds. Developed by Floyd Allport and later expanded upon by Neil Miller and John Dollard as "Learning Theory", the central argument of all convergence theories is that collective behavior reveals the otherwise hidden tendencies of the individuals who take part in the episode. It asserts that people with similar attributes find other like-minded persons with whom they can release these underlying tendencies. People sometimes do things in a crowd that they would not have the courage to do alone because crowds can diffuse responsibility but the behavior itself is claimed to originate within the individuals. Crowds, in addition, can intensify a sentiment simply by creating a critical mass of like-minded people.
969:. According to Le Bon crowds exert a hypnotic influence over their members. Shielded by their anonymity, large numbers of people abandon personal responsibility and surrender to the contagious emotions of the crowd. A crowd thus assumes a life of its own, stirring up emotions and driving people toward irrational, even violent action. Le Bon's Theory, although one of the earliest explanations of crowd behavior, is still accepted by many people outside of sociology. However, critics argue that the "collective mind" has not been documented by systematic studies. Furthermore, although collective behavior may involve strong emotions, such feelings are not necessarily irrational. Turner and Killian argue convincingly that the "contagion" never actually occurs and participants in collective behavior do not lose their ability to think rationally.
992:– professor Neil Smelser argues that collective behavior is actually a sort of release valve for built-up tension ("strain") within the social system, community, or group. If the proper determinants are present then collective behavior becomes inevitable. Conversely, if any of the key determinants are not present no collective behavior will occur unless and until the missing determinants fall into place. These are primarily social, although physical factors such as location and weather may also contribute to or hinder the development of collective behavior.
950:. Both books pushed the topic of collective behavior back into the consciousness of American sociologists and both theories contributed immensely to our understanding of collective behavior. Social disturbances in the U. S. and elsewhere in the late '60s and early '70s inspired another surge of interest in crowds and social movements. These studies presented a number of challenges to the armchair sociology of earlier students of collective behavior.
986:
in and begin looting merchandise. When people find themselves in a situation that is vague, ambiguous, or confusing new norms "emerge" on the spot and people follow those emergent norms, which may be at odds with normal social behavior. Turner and
Killian further argue that there are several different categories of participants, all of whom follow different patterns of behavior due to their differing motivations.
810:, in which the author interpreted the crowds of the French Revolution as irrational reversions to animal emotion, and inferred from this that such reversion is characteristic of crowds in general. LeBon believed that crowds somehow induced people to lose their ability to think rationally and to somehow recover this ability once they had left the crowd. He speculated, but could not explain how this might occur.
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741:. Collective behavior takes many forms but generally violates societal norms. Collective behavior can be tremendously destructive, as with riots or mob violence, silly, as with fads, or anywhere in between. Collective behavior is always driven by group dynamics, encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances.
900:. Thus, a public is not equivalent to all of the members of a society. Obviously, this is not the usual use of the word, "public." To Park and Blumer, there are as many publics as there are issues. A public comes into being when discussion of an issue begins, and ceases to be when it reaches a decision on it.
796:
is one of those who treats crowds and collective behavior as synonyms. Although some consider McPhail's work overly simplistic, his important contribution is to have gone beyond the speculations of others to carry out pioneering empirical studies of crowds. He finds them to form an elaborate set of
755:
Turner and
Killian were the first sociologists to back their theoretical propositions with visual evidence in the form of photographs and motion pictures of collective behavior in action. Prior to that sociologists relied heavily upon eyewitness accounts, which turned out to be far less reliable than
942:
For this reason, social movements are often considered a separate field of sociology. The books and articles about them are far more numerous than the sum of studies of all the other forms of collective behavior put together. Social movements are considered in many
Knowledge (XXG) articles, and an
985:
and Lewis
Killian, crowds begin as collectivities composed of people with mixed interests and motives. Especially in the case of less stable crowds—expressive, acting and protest crowds—norms may be vague and changing, as when one person decides to break the glass windows of a store and others join
1017:
through his insights into cognition evolution and, specifically, the knowledge development about the contribution of Shared intentionality to the formation of social reality. Shared
Intentionality provides unaware processes in mother-child dyads during social learning when young organisms can only
1002:
claims that contagion, convergence and emergent norms are just instances of the synergy, emergence and autopoiesis or self-creation of patterns and new entities typical for the newly discovered meta-category of complex adaptive systems. This also helps explain the key role of salient details and
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The social movement is the form of collective behavior which satisfies least well the first definition of it which was offered at the beginning of this article. These episodes are less fluid than the other forms, and do not change as often as other forms do. Furthermore, as can be seen in the
759:
Turner and
Killian's approach is based largely upon the arguments of Blumer, who argued that social "forces" are not really forces. The actor is active: He creates an interpretation of the acts of others, and acts on the basis of this interpretation.
868:, and others have proposed three corresponding forms of the crowd: the panic (an expression of fear), the craze (an expression of joy), and the hostile outburst (an expression of anger). Each of the three emotions can characterize either a
848:
A number of authors modify the common-sense notion of the crowd to include episodes during which the participants are not assembled in one place but are dispersed over a large area. Turner and
Killian refer to such episodes as
772:" episodes in Virginia in 1933–34 and Mattoon, IL in 1944. The claim that such diverse episodes all belong to a single field of inquiry is a theoretical assertion, and not all sociologists would agree with it. But Blumer and
912:
It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is defined not by a form of interaction but by the efforts of those who use the mass media to address an audience. The first mass medium was printing.
857:'s revivals, panics about sexual perils, witch hunts and Red scares. Their expanded definition of the crowd is justified if propositions which hold true among compact crowds do so for diffuse crowds as well.
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and
Herbert Blumer agreed with the speculations of LeBon and other that crowds are indeed emotional. But to them a crowd is capable of any emotion, not only the negative ones of anger and fear.
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Although there are several other schema that may be used to classify forms of collective behavior the following four categories from Blumer are generally considered useful by most sociologists.
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830:
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The study of collective behavior spun its wheels for many years, but began to make progress with the appearance of Turner and
Killian's "Collective Behavior" and Smelser's
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history of the labor movement and many religious sects, a social movement may begin as collective behavior but over time become firmly established as a social institution.
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Scholars differ about what classes of social events fall under the rubric of collective behavior. In fact, the only class of events which all authors include is crowds.
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We change intellectual gears when we confront Blumer's final form of collective behavior, the social movement. He identifies several types of these, among which are
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828:(1637), the prices of tulip bulbs rose to astronomical heights. An array of such crazes and other historical oddities is narrated in Charles MacKay's
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Here are some instances of collective behavior: the Los Angeles riot of 1992, the hula-hoop fad of 1958, the stock market crashes of 1929, and the "
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1784:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception"
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1214:. 1939. Collective Behavior. In Robert E. Park, Ed., An Outline of the Principles of Sociology. New York: Barnes and Noble. pp. 219-280.
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1751:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems"
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ones such as Alcoholics Anonymous. An active movement tries to change society; an expressive one tries to change its own members.
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1718:"A New Computer-Aided Method for Assessing Children's Cognition in Bioengineering Systems for Diagnosing Developmental Delay"
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1674:"A Bioengineering System for Assessing Children's Cognitive Development by Computerized Evaluation of Shared Intentionality"
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crowd, the result being a scheme of six types of crowds. Lofland has offered the most explicit discussion of these types.
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Castellano, C.; Fortunato, S., & Loreto, V. (2009). Statistical physics of social dynamics. Rev Mod Phys
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did agree, as did others, indicating that the formulation has satisfied some leading sociological thinkers.
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Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development.
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Collective behavior and public opinion – Rapid shifts in opinion and communication
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Mathematical modelling of collective behavior in socio-economic and life sciences
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To the crowd and the public Blumer adds a third form of collective behavior, the
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OBM Neurobiology 2023; 7(2): 167; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2302167.
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to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing
1394:. Leipzig, Vienna, Zurich: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
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Social scientists have developed theories to explain crowd behavior.
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196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-02-167
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Val Danilov, Igor; Svajyan, Araksia; Mihailova, Sandra (2023).
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Val Danilov, Igor; Mihailova, Sandra; Svajyan, Araksia (2022).
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Protest - Studies of Collective Behaviour and Social Movements
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Blumer, Herbert. "Collective Behavior," in A. M. Lee, ed.,
1326:, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2000 2d ed., 1985.
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Naldi, Giovanni, Lorenzo Pareschi, and Giuseppe Toscani,
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
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Introduction to Collective Behavior and Collective Action
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
965:– the Contagion Theory was formulated by French thinker
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New York, Barnes & Noble, 1951, pp. 67–121.
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1475:. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin, The Riverside Press.
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931:social movements such as the French Revolution and
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1348:, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
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1531:Val Danilov, Igor; Mihailova, Sandra (2022).
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817:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1862:Group Experiment Environments (GEE) project
1851:, Berkeley, University of California, 1988.
737:like birds and fish, and insects including
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1199:Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
1013:developed the psychological construct of
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1197:Introduction to the Science of Sociology
1590:Val Danilov, Igor (February 17, 2023).
1380:. Atlanta: Cherokee Publishing Company.
1167:
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244:
1378:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind
1183:. New York: Columbia University Press.
807:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind
1820:Socio Anthropology " Mendiola Manila.
1484:Miller, Neil and John Dollard. 1941.
1267:Gordon, Deborah M. (March 11, 2014).
7:
1515:Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny
1361:, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1991.
1269:"The Ecology of Collective Behavior"
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1488:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1009:– Cognitive psychologist professor
800:The classic treatment of crowds is
2057:Evolutionary developmental biology
1257:, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1962.
432:Evolutionary developmental biology
14:
1392:Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse
34:This article has multiple issues.
1866:Percepts and Concepts Laboratory
1003:path-dependence in rapid shifts.
166:
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2191:Ordinary differential equations
996:Complex Adaptive Systems theory
599:Ordinary differential equations
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2249:Partial differential equations
1801:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192
1768:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185
1735:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304189
1658:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203137
1609:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156
1150:Theories of political behavior
470:Partial differential equations
1:
1831:Lang, Kurt, and Gladys Lang,
1550:10.3390/jintelligence10020021
1486:Social Learning and Imitation
1359:The Myth of the Madding Crowd
1255:Theory of Collective Behavior
1195:and Ernest W. Burgess. 1921.
954:Theories developed to explain
948:Theory of Collective Behavior
1686:10.1109/CSCI58124.2022.00284
1622:Val Danilov I, Mihailova S.
1517:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1504:, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2003.
1286:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001805
1007:Shared intentionality theory
981:– according to sociologists
814:expressed a similar view in
1999:Particle swarm optimization
1095:Keeping up with the Joneses
319:Particle swarm optimization
192:the claims made and adding
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2244:Reaction-diffusion systems
1969:Self-organized criticality
1849:Theories of Civil Violence
1782:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
1749:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
1672:Val Danilov, Igor (2022).
920:
824:. In Holland, during the
751:Collective animal behavior
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466:Reaction–diffusion systems
295:Self-organized criticality
2027:Artificial neural network
1871:December 5, 2006, at the
407:Artificial neural network
2105:Evolutionary game theory
2032:Evolutionary computation
1964:Collective consciousness
1826:Principles of Sociology,
1519:Harvard University Press
1235:, and Lewis M. Killian,
1130:Social comparison theory
1065:Complex adaptive systems
1045:Collective effervescence
1040:Collective consciousness
658:Evolutionary game theory
548:Second-order cybernetics
412:Evolutionary computation
328:Collective consciousness
2123:Social network analysis
2062:Artificial intelligence
1994:Ant colony optimization
1954:Collective intelligence
1537:Journal of Intelligence
1399:Freud, Sigmund (1922).
1050:Collective intelligence
884:Boom distinguishes the
853:crowds, examples being
717:and Lewis Killian, and
703:Franklin Henry Giddings
436:Artificial intelligence
350:Social network analysis
315:Ant colony optimization
287:Collective intelligence
2254:Dissipative structures
2095:Rational choice theory
1875:at Indiana University.
1680:. pp. 1583–1590.
1471:Allport, Floyd. 1924.
705:and employed later by
649:Rational choice theory
474:Dissipative structures
2383:Sociological theories
2067:Evolutionary robotics
1984:Agent-based modelling
1397:English translation:
1125:Shared intentionality
1060:Collective narcissism
1015:Shared intentionality
896:, which discusses a
839:University of Chicago
749:Further information:
577:Theory of computation
440:Evolutionary robotics
307:Agent-based modelling
99:"Collective behavior"
2226:Coupled map lattices
2186:Time series analysis
2128:Small-world networks
979:Emergent-norm theory
888:, which expresses a
709:and Ernest Burgess,
628:Coupled map lattices
594:Time series analysis
354:Small-world networks
84:improve this article
2206:Population dynamics
2100:Bounded rationality
2042:Genetic programming
1864:, sponsored by the
1843:Birkhauser, (2010).
1833:Collective Dynamics
1346:Collective Behavior
1237:Collective Behavior
1055:Collective hysteria
917:The social movement
729:, conventions, and
699:collective behavior
653:Bounded rationality
611:Population dynamics
520:Conversation theory
420:Genetic programming
345:Scale-free networks
277:Collective behavior
16:Sociological theory
2352:Computation theory
2347:Information theory
2302:Operationalization
2178:Nonlinear dynamics
2090:Prisoner's dilemma
2037:Genetic algorithms
1390:Freud, S. (1921).
1344:Locher, David A.,
1322:Miller, David L.,
1175:Giddings, Franklin
1070:Crowd manipulation
990:Value-added theory
973:Convergence theory
745:Defining the field
701:was first used by
644:Prisoner's dilemma
589:Nonlinear dynamics
544:Operationalization
540:Information theory
416:Genetic algorithms
177:possibly contains
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2264:Cellular automata
2236:Pattern formation
2168:Adaptive networks
1959:Collective action
1929:Self-organization
1695:979-8-3503-2028-2
1498:Jaap van Ginneken
1473:Social Psychology
1415:MacKay, Charles.
1253:Smelser, Neil J.
1135:Spiral of silence
1011:Michael Tomasello
1000:Jaap van Ginneken
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1979:Phase transition
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998:– Dutch scholar
963:Contagion theory
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2143:Graph theory
2072:Evolvability
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1701:November 16,
1699:. Retrieved
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978:
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898:single issue
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862:Neil Smelser
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855:Billy Graham
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731:institutions
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445:Evolvability
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366:Graph theory
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94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2342:Autopoiesis
2337:Cybernetics
2327:Sensemaking
2297:Homeostasis
2259:Percolation
2221:Bifurcation
2196:Phase space
2082:Game theory
1939:Collective
1794:(4): 1–17.
1761:(4): 1–17.
1728:(4): 1–15.
1110:Penis panic
1100:Moral panic
843:Robert Park
826:tulip mania
707:Robert Park
639:Game theory
623:Bifurcation
603:Phase space
568:Sensemaking
536:Homeostasis
515:Autopoiesis
510:cybernetics
478:Percolation
2367:Categories
2153:Robustness
2133:Centrality
2019:adaptation
1917:Background
1651:(3): 1–8.
1602:(1): 156.
1162:References
933:expressive
880:The public
780:Four forms
607:Attractors
402:adaptation
374:Robustness
358:Centrality
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2201:Attractor
2014:Evolution
1924:Emergence
1559:2079-3200
1543:(2): 21.
1273:PLOS Biol
1180:Sociology
892:, from a
788:The crowd
398:Evolution
265:Emergence
202:July 2012
190:verifying
140:June 2014
45:talk page
2307:Feedback
2115:Networks
1941:behavior
1869:Archived
1577:35466234
1434:(1985).
1376:. 1896.
1305:24618695
1023:See also
904:The mass
764:Examples
528:Feedback
461:Fractals
340:Networks
2332:Entropy
2148:Scaling
1568:9036231
1521:; 2019.
1421:, 1841.
1296:3949665
1120:Sheeple
874:diffuse
870:compact
851:diffuse
837:At the
797:types.
572:Variety
524:Entropy
370:Scaling
184:Please
124:scholar
2138:Motifs
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929:active
894:public
362:Motifs
252:Topics
126:
119:
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2211:Chaos
910:mass.
886:crowd
872:or a
812:Freud
615:Chaos
131:JSTOR
117:books
2016:and
1703:2023
1690:ISBN
1573:PMID
1555:ISSN
1440:ISBN
1301:PMID
739:ants
727:laws
508:and
400:and
103:news
1796:doi
1763:doi
1730:doi
1682:doi
1653:doi
1604:doi
1563:PMC
1545:doi
1291:PMC
1281:doi
188:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
