147:
1162:. In these cooperatives, tens of households pooled land and draft animals. Adult members of the cooperative were credited with work points based on how much labor they had provided at which tasks. At the end of the year, the collective deducted taxes and fixed-price sales to the state, and the cooperative retained seed for the next year as well as some investment and welfare funds. The collective then distributed to the households the remainder of the harvest and some of the money received from sales to the state. The distribution was based partly on work points accrued by the adult members of a household, and partly at a standard rate by age and sex. These cooperatives also lent small amounts of land back to households individually on which the households could grow crops to consume directly or sell at market. Apart from the large-scale communization during the Great Leap Forward, higher-level agricultural producers' collective were generally the dominant form of rural collectivization in China.
651:
1140:, individual families in China owned the land they farmed, paid taxes as households, and sold grain at prices set by the state. Rural collectivization began soon after the CCP announced its 1953 "general line for the transition to socialism". Over the next six years, collectivization took several incrementally progressing forms: mutual aid groups, primitive cooperatives, and people's communes. As London School of Economics and Political Science Professor Lin Chun notes, researchers agree that communization proceeded on a largely voluntary basis that avoided both the violence and sabotage that occurred during the Soviet collectivization. Like Professor
1251:
feeling for the stones". This statement refers to the
Chinese people who called for the reforms they wanted by "placing the stones at his feet" and he would then just approve the reforms the people wanted. The peasants started their own "household responsibility system" apart from the government. After Chinese trade was privately deemed successful, all Deng had to do was approve its legalization. This increased competition between farmers domestically and internationally, meaning the low wage working class began to be known worldwide, increasing the Chinese FDI.
1400:(Agricultural Production Cooperatives). Farmers were encouraged to sell their land to the state for the establishment of a cooperative farm, receiving payments for a period of 20 years while also sharing in the fruits of the CPA. Joining a CPA allowed individuals who were previously dispersed throughout the countryside to move to a centralized location with increased access to electricity, medical care, housing, and schools. Democratic practice tends to be limited to business decisions and is constrained by the centralized economic planning of the Cuban system.
1284:. Estimates of deaths due to starvation ranged into the millions, although the government did not allow outside observers to survey the extent of the famine. Aggravating the severity of the famine, the government was accused of diverting international relief supplies to its armed forces. Agriculture in North Korea has suffered tremendously from natural disasters, a lack of fertile land, and government mismanagement, often causing the nation to rely on foreign aid as its primary source of food.
666:
inevitably created dilemmas and contributions that led to violence. Kligman and
Verdery state "The violence collectivization, emerges then, less, as an abhoration than as a product of sociocultural shaping and of deep problems with how the soviet blueprint came to be implemented... instead of a gradual and integrated process of moving from one form of society to another, Romanian society in the Soviet orbit was being completely rearticulated, a process in which violence was inevitable."
2400:
319:
898:
agriculture into cities, the government started to massively subsidize the cooperatives in order to make the standard of living of farmers equal to that of city inhabitants; this was the long-term official policy of the government. Funds, machinery, and fertilizers were provided; young people from villages were forced to study agriculture; and students were regularly sent (involuntarily) to help in cooperatives.
2404:
135:
504:
766:
339:. He maintained possession of the land as long as he continued to actively cultivate and tend the fields. Once he abandoned the land, it reverted to communal ownership, and anyone could take it up for themselves. While the Huron did seem to have lands designated for the individual, the significance of this possession may be of little relevance; the placement of corn storage vessels in the
38:
902:
The price of this success was a huge waste of resources because the cooperatives had no incentive to improve efficiency. Every piece of land was cultivated regardless of the expense involved, and the soil became heavily polluted with chemicals. Also, the intensive use of heavy machinery damaged topsoil. Furthermore, the cooperatives were infamous for over-employment.
1452:) eroded the sustainability of communal projects. In order for the communal farms to be successful, each member of the village would have to contribute to the best of their ability. Due to lack of sufficient foreign exchange, mechanization of the labour was impossible, therefore it was essential that every villager contributed to manual labour.
355:' Council gathered. Those clans that abused their allocated land or otherwise did not take care of it would be warned and eventually punished by the Clan Mothers' Council by having the land redistributed to another clan. Land property was really only the concern of the women, since it was the women's job to cultivate food and not the men's.
830:, centralized land reforms after World War I allowed for the distribution of most of the land to peasants and the poor, and created large groups of relatively well-to-do farmers (though village poor still existed). These groups showed no support for communist ideals. In 1945, immediately after World War II, new land reform started with the
1444:. Since the majority of the rural population was spread out, and agriculture was traditionally undertaken individually, the rural population had to be forced to move together, to farm communally. Following forced migration, incentive to participate in communal farming activities was encouraged by government recognition.
1250:
and 2) because the reform process began from the bottom and later expanded to the top. Throughout the reform process, the
Communist Party reacted positively to the bottom-up reform initiatives that emerged from the rural population. Deng Xiaoping described the reform process as "fording the river by
924:
in 1989 subsidies to agriculture were halted with devastating effect. Most of the cooperatives had problems competing with technologically advanced foreign competition and were unable to obtain investment to improve their situation. Quite a large percentage of them collapsed. The others that remained
665:
In
Romania, force sometimes had to be used to enforce collective agricultural practices. Collective farming in Romania was an attempt to implement the USSR's communist blueprint. These attempts often fell short. By strictly adhering to this Soviet blueprint, the implementation of communism in Romania
436:
and distance from the village. Each household had the right to claim one or more strips from each section depending on the number of adults in the household. The purpose of this allocation was not so much social (to each according to his needs) as it was practical (that each person pay his taxes).
1190:
of 1959," where nearly 30 million people died of hunger. The party officially blamed floods and droughts for the famine; however, it was clear to the party members at the party meetings that famine was caused mostly by their own policies. Recent studies also demonstrate that it was career incentives
1306:
private ownership existed. Starting in 1958 collective farming was pushed such that by 1960, 85% of farmers and 70% of farmlands were collectivized including those seized by force. Collectivization however was seen by the communist leadership as a half-measure when compared to full state ownership.
1254:
A 2017 study found that
Chinese peasants slaughtered massive numbers of draft animals as a response to collectivization, as this would allow them to keep the meat and hide, and not transfer the draft animals to the collectives. The study estimates that "the animal loss during the movement was 12 to
901:
Subsidies and constant pressure destroyed the remaining private farmers; only a handful of them remained after the 1960s. The lifestyle of villagers had eventually reached the level of cities, and village poverty was eliminated. Czechoslovakia was again able to produce enough food for its citizens.
1519:
In Indian villages a single field (normally a plot of three to five acres) may be farmed collectively by the villagers, who each offer labour as a devotional offering, possibly for one or two days per cropping season. The resulting crop belongs to no one individual, and is used as an offering. The
636:
acres), making them roughly 40 times more efficient than collective farms. In 1935, the establishment of
Personal Subsidiary Farms (LPH) on collective land was allowed- in the range of .25-1 hectare. Private cattle ownership existed after 1935, but was severely restricted by decree in 1956.
1423:
to the workers of the UBPC in line with its goal of linking the workers to the land. It established material incentives for increased production by tying workers' earnings to the overall production of the UBPC, and increased managerial autonomy and workers' participation in the management of the
350:
had a similar communal system of land distribution. The tribe owned all lands but gave out tracts to the different clans for further distribution among households for cultivation. The land would be redistributed among the households every few years, and a clan could request a redistribution of
1577:
Collective farming in Israel differs from collectivism in communist states in that it is voluntary. However, including moshavim, various forms of collective farming have traditionally been and remain the primary agricultural model, as there are only a small number of completely private farms in
1367:
has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports and foreign investment. However, the power of the
Communist Party of Vietnam over all organs of government remains firm, preventing full land ownership. Conflicts between the state and private
1245:
reformed the collective farming method. From this time, nearly all
Chinese crops began to blossom, not just grain. The reform included the removal of land from rich land owners for use of agricultural land for peasants, but not ownership. This policy increased production and helped reverse the
1230:. These areas generally underwent collectivization in the form of agricultural producers' cooperatives during winter of 1957 through 1958, having skipped the small peasant landholder stage that had followed land reform elsewhere in China. Central Tibet was under the joint administration of the
635:
The efficiency of collective farms in the USSR is debatable. A Soviet article in March 1975 found that 27% of the total value of Soviet agricultural produce was produced by privately farmed plots despite the fact that they only consisted of less than 1% of arable land (approximately 20 million
1371:
Despite the reforms however, over 50% of all farms in
Vietnam remain collective cooperatives (over 15,000 farming cooperatives in Vietnam), and almost all farmers being members of some kind of cooperative. The state also heavily encourages collective cooperative farming over private farming.
669:
On the other hand, as
Kligman and Verdery explain, "Collectivization brought undeniable benefits to some rural inhabitants, especially those who had owned little or no land. It freed them from laboring on the fields of others, and it increased their control over wages, lending to their daily
897:
Many early cooperatives collapsed and were recreated. Their productivity was low since they provided tiny salaries and no pensions, and they failed to create a sense of collective ownership; small-scale pilfering was common, and food became scarce. Seeing the massive outflow of people from
751:
opted for a more gradual collectivization drive. The main wave of collectivization occurred between 1959 and 1961, and at the end of this period more than 95% of agricultural land in Hungary had become the property of collective farms. In February 1961, the Central Committee declared that
1144:, she observes that China's collectivization proceeded smoothly in part because, unlike the Soviet experience, a network of state institutions already existed in the countryside. Similarly, Professor Edward Friedman describes China's collectivization process as a "miracle of miracles".
1017:
promised to allow large landowners to keep their land, they were expelled as the LPG were introduced in 1953. After 1959 all farmers were required to surrender independently owned land and join the LPGs. Similarly to the Soviet Union, ultimately most of the land was transferred into
913:, and the state-owned companies were unable to deal with advent of modern technologies. A few agricultural companies (where the rules were less strict than in state companies) used this situation to start providing high-tech products. For example, the only way to buy a
1528:(labour contributed as devotional offering) is the key instrument for generation of internal resources. The benefits of the harvest are most often redistributed in the village for common good as well as individual need – not as loan or charity, but as divine grace (
334:
described the fundamentals. The Huron had "as much land as they need." As a result, the Huron could give families their own land and still have a large amount of excess land owned communally. Any Huron was free to clear the land and farm on the basis of
1447:
These incentives, in addition to encouraging a degree of participation, also lured those whose primary interests were not the common good to the Ujamaa villages. This, in addition to the Order of 1973 dictating that all people had to live in villages
1339:
of farms and factories. Private land ownership was "transformed" to subsume under State and collective ownership. Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime.
858:(after the Communist Minister of Agriculture), in fact meant a complete revision of the pre-war land reform and tried to reduce maximal private property to 150 hectares (370 acres) of agricultural land and 250 hectares (620 acres) of any land.
925:
were typically insufficiently funded, lacking competent management, without new machinery and living from day to day. Employment in the agricultural sector dropped significantly (from approximately 25% of the population to approximately 1%).
1563:), where production and services are managed collectively, as in a kibbutz, but consumption decisions are left to individual households. In terms of cooperative organization, moshav shitufi is distinct from the much more common
146:
2146:
1151:). In the complex system of beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, farmers received a share of the harvest based on a combination of how much labor and how much land they contributed to the cooperative.
1319:
1411:(Basic Unit of Cooperative Production). The law authorizing the creation of UBPCs was passed on 20 September 1993. It has been used to transform many state farms into UBPCs, similar to the transformation of Russian
1177:
to a socialist society through rapid industrialization and large scale collectivization. Later, the country was hit by massive floods and droughts. This, combined with the usage of severely flawed policies of
1194:
Collectivization of land via the commune system facilitated China's rapid industrialization through the state's control of food production and procurement. This allowed the state to accelerate the process of
1097:, by taking away land from wealthy pre-war owners and limiting possessions in private ownership first to 25, and later to 10 hectares. The large, state-owned farms were known as "Agricultural cooperatives" (
437:
Strips were periodically re-allocated on the basis of a census, to ensure equitable share of the land. This was enforced by the state, which had an interest in the ability of households to pay their taxes.
2596:
Kung, James Kai-Sing, and Shuo Chen. "The tragedy of the nomenklatura: Career incentives and political radicalism during China's Great Leap famine". American Political Science Review 105, no. 1 (2011):
1334:
on 2 July 1976. Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned other political parties, arrested suspects believed to have collaborated with the United States and embarked on a mass campaign of
1363:). With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private enterprise, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. Land ownership nonetheless is the sole prerogative of the state. The
1639:. The idea spread throughout the United States and less than 10 years later this particular type of incidental, spontaneous, social-media driven collective farming was reported in over 70 places.
553:
743:
In the spring of 1955 the drive for collectivization was renewed, again using physical force to encourage membership, but this second wave also ended in dismal failure. After the events of the
498:
1042:
2756:
2950:
2093:
2029:
559:
in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms (
650:
890:, JRD). The collectivization was implemented in three stages (1949–1952, 1953–1956, 1956–1969) and officially ended with the 1960 implementation of the constitution establishing the
1500:, cooperative agriculture represents 40% of the national food industry's production and nearly 90 Billion € in gross revenue, covering one out of three food brands in the country.
868:. Farms started to be collectivized, mostly under the threat of sanctions. The most obstinate farmers were persecuted and imprisoned. The most common form of collectivization was
2150:
1056:
1234:
and the Dalai Lama's theocracy until 1959, and consequently did not experience land reform or collectivization until 1960 in agricultural areas and 1966 in pastoral areas.
724:, agricultural collectivization was attempted a number of times between 1948 and 1956 (with disastrous results), until it was finally successful in the early 1960s under
1246:
effects of The Great Leap Forward. The two main reasons why China succeeded was because 1) the government chose to make gradual changes, which kept the monopoly of the
843:
450:
632:, the present-day capital city of Moldova. Most of the directors who regulated and conducted the process of collectivization were placed by officials from Moscow.
2822:
1009:("Junker land into farmer's hand!") to promote land reform, which was initially pledged to be more moderate than full-scale collectivization. Although the ruling
861:
The third and final phase forbade possession of land above 50 hectares (120 acres) for one family. This phase was carried out in April 1948, two months after the
1110:) and farmers working on them had to meet production quotas in order to satisfy the needs of the populace. This system was largely abolished in the 1950s. See:
946:
934:
165:
are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms:
2726:
1624:
had a centralised wheat board where farmers were usually obligated to sell their wheat to the province which sold the product at a high collective price.
1147:
During 1954–1955, farmers in many areas began pooling their land, capital resources, and labor into beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives (
835:
2920:
1520:
labour input is the offering of the peasant in their role as priests. The wealth generated by the sale of the produce belongs to the Gods and hence is
1390:, government authorities experimented with agricultural and farming production cooperatives. Between 1977 and 1983, farmers began to collectivize into
1014:
3273:
2999:
1090:
2764:
577:
358:
The Clan Mothers' Council also reserved certain areas of land to be worked by the women of all the different clans. Food from such lands, called
2136:
Kligman, G., & Verdery, K. (2011). Peasants under siege: the collectivization of Romanian agriculture, 1949–1962. Princeton University Press.
1211:
during that period, the dramatic increase in irrigated land. For example, collectivization was a factor that contributed to the introduction of
2615:
2117:
A. Sarris and D. Gavrilescu, "Restructuring of farms and agricultural systems in Romania", in: J. Swinnen, A. Buckwell, and E. Mathijs, eds.,
3229:
2633:
2540:
2506:
2470:
1940:
1913:
1840:
748:
740:, but large numbers opted instead to leave their villages. By the early 1950s, only one-quarter of peasants had agreed to join cooperatives.
2278:
1830:
3263:
494:
260:
252:
2306:
243:, which were units of local administration concerned with farming as well as education and religion. A calpulli consisted of a number of
951:(LPG), and corresponded closely to the Soviet kolkhoz. East Germany also had a few state-owned farms which were equivalent to the Soviet
3288:
1698:
1037:
921:
906:
865:
847:
787:
613:
573:
55:
173:; and state farms, which are owned and directly run by a centralized government. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called
3253:
3121:
1485:
1086:
2804:
343:, which contained multiple families in one kinship group, suggests the occupants of a given longhouse held all production in common.
3162:
2005:
862:
813:
121:
1930:
1628:
currently has a milk board which obliges most milk producers to sell their milk to the province at a regulated quality and price.
413:("Rural community", official term in the 19th and 20th century) were peasant communities, as opposed to individual farmsteads, or
1010:
679:
102:
3293:
3027:
1508:
1208:
891:
736:
agricultural policy was undertaken in July 1948. Both economic and direct police pressure were used to coerce peasants to join
721:
74:
432:
within a mir community, which acted as a village government and a cooperative. Arable land was divided into sections based on
3268:
2462:
1299:
1080:
791:
59:
1255:
15 percent, or 7.4-9.5 million dead. Grain output dropped by 7 percent due to lower animal inputs and lower productivity."
563:). At the same time, Joseph Stalin argued that collectivization would free poor peasants from economic servitude under the
3278:
1331:
1154:
By June 1956, over 60% of rural households had been collectivized into higher-level agricultural producers' cooperatives (
659:
470:
446:
81:
3197:
2856:
600:
507:
3298:
3283:
2657:
2260:
1137:
839:
301:
2880:
2830:
2535:. Mark Selden, Victor D. Lippit, Association for Asian Studies. Meeting. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 1982. p. 205.
662:, land collectivization began in 1948 and continued for over more than a decade until its virtual eradication in 1962.
3258:
3248:
831:
827:
715:
645:
1231:
1068:
776:
458:
88:
3303:
2564:
2292:
2120:
2056:"The agricultural sphere of production in the USSR: from the practice of socialism to the farmstead and the market"
1344:
1275:
1219:
1094:
940:
340:
2734:
917:
in the late 1980s was to get it (for an extremely high price) from one agricultural company acting as a reseller.
795:
780:
48:
3188:
1026:
state controlled entities with the former farmers becoming employees – now of the state instead of the erstwhile
744:
696:
518:
352:
2786:
1552:. The concept has faced occasional criticism as economically inefficient and over-reliant on subsidized credit.
1511:
initiatives, some of which operate under consumer/worker governance, that could be considered collective farms.
2219:
1481:
1187:
870:
166:
70:
1665:
features Martha and a group of peasants organizing a kolkhoz. The film began production as a promotion of the
529:, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as
3130:
McHenry, Dean E. Jr. (December 1977)"Peasant Participation in Communal Farming: The Tanzanian Experience" in
2928:
1504:
1247:
1131:
313:
1111:
616:
was not aggressively pursued until the early 1960s because of the Soviet leadership's focus on a policy of
1293:
1166:
287:
1860:
609:). It was not until 1940 that agricultural production finally surpassed its pre-collectivization levels.
3308:
3090:
2498:
1673:
1204:
193:), there have been both state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both
517:
and the Opposition bloc had originally advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed
1207:. During the early and middle 1950s, collectivization was an important factor in the major change in
1196:
545:
392:
1991:
725:
1461:
1381:
1281:
1238:
1183:
1123:
1368:
farmers over land rights have grown with the potential to spark social and political instability.
3206:
2852:
2558:
2233:
1856:
1364:
1127:
687:
541:
implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.
526:
283:
3221:
1532:). The recipient is under no obligation to repay it and no interest need be paid on such gifts.
251:
owned the land and granted the individual families the right to farm parts of it each day. When
95:
1521:
1218:
Both land reform movement and collectivization largely left in place the social systems in the
134:
3225:
3158:
3117:
2986:
2708:
2639:
2629:
2546:
2536:
2512:
2502:
2466:
2374:
2171:
2075:
2011:
2001:
1936:
1909:
1872:
1836:
1714:
1692:
1632:
1606:
1391:
914:
910:
530:
466:
429:
2997:
Y. Kislev, Z. Lerman, P. Zusman, "Recent experience with cooperative farm credit in Israel",
999:– was initially popular with many small farmers and landless peasants. East German President
2698:
2619:
2067:
1661:
1614:
1449:
1387:
1336:
1174:
960:
851:
729:
534:
387:
327:
2577:
2349:"Rückkehr nach Preußen? Die Bundesrepublik sollte auch künftig von Bonn aus regiert werden"
599:
In 1932–1933, an estimated 11 million people, 3–7 million in Ukraine alone, died from
318:
269:, a feudal-like right of overlordship colonists were given in particular villages, and the
3192:
2055:
1976:
1669:
1212:
1191:
within the politburo system as well as political radicalism that led to the great famine.
988:
883:
418:
3139:
2071:
537:. Other scholars have argued the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced
3214:
3151:
2401:"German translation of the Law of 23 August 1945 with amendments until 1 December 1948"
2321:
1720:
1621:
1556:
1477:
1437:
1311:
1141:
1107:
978:
875:
629:
624:
into the Russian way of life. Much of the collectivization in Moldova had undergone in
592:
485:) the adoption of collective farming was also driven by communist government policies.
331:
256:
3054:
2348:
3242:
3031:
2757:"Tạp chí Cộng Sản – Vấn đề văn hóa trong tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về phát triển đất nước"
1971:
1955:
1729: – Danwei; a state institution of employment and political organization in China
1648:
1549:
1327:
1315:
1242:
1215:
in the south, a labor-intensive process which greatly increased agricultural yields.
1200:
1033:
1000:
992:
991:
and which was blamed for Prussian militarism and the authoritarian tendencies of the
617:
556:
397:
271:
210:
1723: – Political repression of prosperous peasants (kulaks) in the USSR (1929–1932)
1492:, cooperative agriculture holds a market share of approximately 70%, second only to
3216:
Blood and soil: a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1677:
1610:
1323:
1223:
996:
625:
549:
522:
514:
503:
462:
454:
433:
276:
234:
182:
178:
1574:
In 2006 there were 40 moshavim shitufi'im in Israel, compared with 267 kibbutzim.
1903:
3113:
1997:
1489:
1348:
974:
765:
737:
474:
37:
2895:
2220:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Objekt: Plakat Volksentscheid über Enteignungen"
2147:"Безплатен Държавен Вестник издание - Официален раздел , брой 95 от 25.IV.1945"
1330:, before being officially reunified with the North under Communist rule as the
3171:
Yeager, Rodger (July 1982) "Demography and Development Policy in Tanzania" in
2951:"Les grandes coopératives agricoles, ces entreprises françaises en plein boom"
2861:
2643:
2248:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
2202:
2015:
1666:
1602:
1599:
1590:
system provided poor farmers with collective use rights to agricultural land.
1179:
1170:
970:
966:
265:
170:
2712:
2550:
2079:
1876:
17:
2975:
2516:
2203:"Czech Agricultural Sector: Organisational Structure and its Transformation"
1726:
1681:
1652:
1605:
have farmed communally since the 16th century. Most of them now live on the
733:
621:
605:
538:
372:
1571:), essentially a village-level service cooperative, not a collective farm.
2530:
2703:
2686:
1762:
The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes
1636:
1433:
1420:
347:
336:
291:
239:
214:
151:
2727:"XÂY DỰNG CHỦ NGHĨA XÃ HỘI Ở MIỀN BẮC (Building socialism in the North)"
1440:
issued "Socialism and Rural Development" which proposed the creation of
1436:
was based on the Soviet model for rural development. In 1967, President
300:: communal farms formed on land purchased from the large estates by the
2865:
2624:
1625:
1545:
1541:
1493:
1416:
1412:
1354:
1101:
587:
560:
482:
218:
198:
194:
190:
139:
3185:
1564:
1497:
1441:
1264:
983:
582:
414:
2687:"There Will Be Killing: Collectivization and Death of Draft Animals"
1507:
which practice collective agriculture. There is a growing number of
2896:"Agricultural Cooperatives in the Netherlands: Key Success Factors"
2279:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Anfänge der Planwirtschaft"
1158:), a structure that was similar to Soviet collective farmering via
169:, in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a
2119:
Agricultural Privatisation, Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in
1702:
1656:, the main protagonist encourages people for a community farming.
1631:
A movement of voluntary collective farming started in 2008 in the
1587:
1227:
654:
1962 stamp commemorating the "completion" of land collectivization
649:
565:
502:
445:
The Soviet Union introduced collective farming in its constituent
317:
296:
247:, themselves each composed of a number of nuclear families. Each
186:
145:
133:
2612:
CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
1701:
to embrace collectivization, which they do after he is killed by
596:). The centuries-old system of farming was destroyed in Ukraine.
1404:
478:
244:
1403:
Another type of agricultural production cooperative in Cuba is
1199:, ultimately laying the successful foundation of physical and
759:
31:
1067:, 'agricultural production cooperative'. Collectivisation in
3207:
Tony Cliff "Marxism and the collectivisation of agriculture"
2823:"Working with cooperatives in Vietnam – Interview Luc Groot"
322:
Latter-day Iroquois longhouse housing several hundred people
294:
owners had over common lands and offered the development of
2805:"Property disputes are Vietnam's biggest political problem"
2587:
Sue Williams "China: A Century of Revolution. Part 2", 1994
1071:
was stopped in 1956; later, nationalisation was supported.
834:. The first phase involved a confiscation of properties of
499:
Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
362:, would be used at festivals and large council gatherings.
255:
they replaced this with a system of estates granted by the
237:, central Mexico was divided into small territories called
2234:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Objekt: Plakat Bodenreform"
1544:
in Israel, which began in 1909 as a unique combination of
1419:(collective farms) since 1992. The law granted indefinite
1812:
1810:
1797:
1795:
428:
The vast majority of Russian peasants held their land in
330:
system of land ownership. The French Catholic missionary
3144:. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The New Era Printing Company.
3012:
603:
after Stalin forced the peasants into collectives (see:
1935:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161.
701:
245:
large extended families with a presumed common ancestor
1764:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 110–111.
3134:, Vol. 20, No. 3, Peasants in Africa, pp. 43–63.
2375:"Adelshäuser als Kuhställe oder Trinkerheilanstalten"
3101:
The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History
1555:
A lesser-known type of collective farm in Israel is
1098:
987:
class – which had been hated by the left during the
981:
grounds and with the aim of destroying the Prussian
510:. Areas of most disastrous famine marked with black.
2921:"La coopération agricole, un modèle entreprenarial"
2132:
2130:
670:existence a stability previously unknown to them."
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3213:
3150:
2901:. International Summit of Cooperatives Quebec 2016
2293:"DDR-Geschichte: Bodenreform und Gründung von LPG"
1697:features a peasant encouraging his village in the
1280:In the late 1990s, the collective farming system
965:(VEG). The structure of farms in what was called
405:, literally: "society" (one of the meanings)) or
3017:, Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem, 2007.
1352:
1057:Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic
548:, forced collectivization was introduced in the
142:-language poster featuring women kolkhoz workers
3093:: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
3055:"What Is A Crop Mob, And Should You Join One?"
2191:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
2178:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
3186:Stalin and Collectivization, by Scott J. Reid
1395:
952:
947:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft
935:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft
854:. The second phase, promulgated by so-called
377:
8:
2691:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
1062:
1004:
958:
944:
290:abolished any remnant of feudal-like rights
2610:Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022).
2250:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. pp. 86, 164–166
1540:Collective farming was also implemented in
1432:The move to a collective farming method in
794:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
521:and the formation of collective farms on a
1932:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life
1832:Industrialisation in the Non-Western World
1480:, collective farming is fairly common and
703:Trudovo kooperativno zemedelsko stopanstvo
692:Трудово кооперативно земеделско стопанство
2884:. Bergen: Chr. Michelson Institute, p. 2.
2702:
2623:
1748:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1672:viewpoint on collectivization. After the
1173:-led Communist Party rapidly convert the
1061:The Polish name of a collective farm was
1015:Soviet Military Administration in Germany
814:Learn how and when to remove this message
421:. The term derives from the word о́бщий,
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3157:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3000:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2176:The Hungarian Economic Reforms 1953–1988
2060:National Security and Strategic Planning
1905:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
1816:
1680:, it was heavily re-edited into the pro-
1302:implemented collective farming although
1091:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
969:until German partition was dominated by
894:, which made private ownership illegal.
684:Labour cooperative agricultural holdings
138:"Drive to the Collective Farm!" – 1920s
3030:. University of Alberta. Archived from
2495:The Transformation of Chinese Socialism
2261:"Hintergrund: Die Bodenreform von 1945"
1786:
1739:
1409:Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa
1386:In the initial years that followed the
1114:with amendments until 1 December 1948.
1085:Collective farming was introduced as a
3198:"The Collectivization 'Genocide'", in
2616:National University of Singapore Press
2605:
2603:
2556:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
1998:Quadrangle/New York Times Book Company
1908:. Yale University Press. p. 195.
1889:
1801:
1774:
1397:Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria
1318:briefly came under the authority of a
441:Collectivization under state socialism
2680:
2678:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2459:An Ecological History of Modern China
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2307:"Friedrich II. – Friedrich der Große"
1902:Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008).
752:collectivization had been completed.
590:in order to implement the plan (see:
386:
7:
2532:The transition to socialism in China
2072:10.37468/2307-1400-2022-2021-4-38-58
1613:of the United States, as well as in
1320:Provisional Revolutionary Government
1282:collapsed under a strain of droughts
792:adding citations to reliable sources
495:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3175:, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 489–510.
1699:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1203:for the economic growth of China's
922:fall of communism in Czechoslovakia
614:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
461:) adopted collective farming after
308:Iroquois and Huron of North America
177:. In some countries (including the
3220:. Yale University Press. pp.
2881:Land Tenure and Mining In Tanzania
2685:Chen, Shuo; Lan, Xiaohuan (2017).
2320:Zank, Wolfgang (12 October 1990).
2201:Chloupkova, Jarka (January 2002).
1484:hold a 40% market share among the
1343:In an historic shift in 1986, the
1087:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
749:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
682:, introduced in 1945, were called
25:
3053:Nosowitz, Dan (7 December 2016).
2149:. 23 October 2023. Archived from
1746:Definition of collective farm in
1089:government policy throughout the
1064:rolnicza spółdzielnia produkcyjna
863:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
850:in accordance with the so-called
27:Type of agricultural organization
3103:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
3099:Johansen, Bruce E., ed. (1999).
3085:, 1986, FAO Trade vol. 40, 1986.
2347:Fischer, Fritz (29 March 1991).
2054:Tarkhanov, O (29 January 2022).
1750:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.
1578:Israel outside of the moshavim.
764:
612:Collectivization throughout the
36:
3274:Agriculture in the Soviet Union
3173:The Journal of Developing Areas
2658:"How China Won and Russia Lost"
2124:, Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1997.
1691:The 1930 Soviet Ukrainian film
1509:community supported agriculture
892:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
728:. The first serious attempt at
47:needs additional citations for
3153:The Huron Farmers of the North
3014:Statistical Abstract of Israel
2463:University of Washington Press
2100:(in Russian), 12 December 2022
2036:(in Russian), 12 December 2022
1300:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1081:Collectivization in Yugoslavia
576:resorted to the execution and
1:
2309:(in German). 26 October 2012.
2295:(in German). 29 January 2021.
1835:. Routledge. pp. 1–150.
1829:Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014).
1332:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1326:under military occupation by
680:People's Republic of Bulgaria
326:The Huron had an essentially
3003:, 39(4):773–789 (July 1991).
2381:(in German). 4 December 2014
2189:Collective Farms Which Work?
880:Jednotné zemědělské družstvo
253:the Spanish conquered Mexico
197:(cooperative-run farms) and
3264:Rural community development
3138:Stites, Sara Henry (1905).
2322:"Junkerland in Bauernhand!"
2246:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
1929:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011).
1760:Axtell, James, ed. (1981).
1676:and expulsion of his rival
1099:
953:
716:Collectivization in Hungary
702:
646:Collectivization in Romania
449:between 1927 and 1933. The
360:kěndiǔ"gwǎ'ge' hodi'yěn'tho
3325:
3289:Agriculture in North Korea
3149:Trigger, Bruce G. (1969).
2925:lacooperationagricole.coop
2787:"Tổng Cục Quản Lý Đất Đai"
2121:Central and Eastern Europe
1459:
1379:
1345:Communist Party of Vietnam
1291:
1276:Agriculture in North Korea
1273:
1262:
1121:
1078:
1054:
1038:Excessive citations inline
941:German Democratic Republic
932:
888:Jednotné roľnícke družstvo
713:
643:
539:policy of collectivisation
492:
471:People's Republic of China
311:
208:
3254:Agricultural cooperatives
3141:Economics of the Iroquois
1717: – Special education
1548:and socialism – known as
1482:agricultural cooperatives
1006:Junkerland in Bauernhand!
907:economy of Czechoslovakia
745:1956 Hungarian Revolution
691:
519:agricultural cooperatives
410:
402:
378:
167:agricultural cooperatives
3191:23 November 2016 at the
3028:"The Hutterian Brethren"
2457:Harrell, Stevan (2023).
2379:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
1594:Canada and United States
1467:Other collective farming
1232:People's Liberation Army
1188:The Great Chinese Famine
957:, which were called the
939:Collective farms in the
871:agricultural cooperative
832:new socialist government
678:Collective farms in the
508:Soviet famine of 1932–33
465:, with the accession of
288:new constitution in 1917
275:or system of indigenous
205:Pre-20th century history
3108:Mandel, Ernest (1995).
2862:"Is Vietnam socialist?"
1990:Smith, Hedrick (1976).
1505:intentional communities
1248:Chinese Communist Party
1132:Production team (China)
1043:considered for deletion
977:which was justified on
905:In the late 1970s, the
314:Economy of the Iroquois
3294:Agriculture in Vietnam
3200:Another View of Stalin
3132:African Studies Review
3110:Trotsky as alternative
2827:Small Farmers Big Deal
2563:: CS1 maint: others (
1865:London Review of Books
1396:
1353:
1294:Land reform in Vietnam
1167:The Great Leap Forward
1063:
1005:
959:
945:
943:were typically called
915:PC-compatible computer
887:
879:
655:
574:Soviet Communist Party
511:
323:
155:
143:
3269:Agriculture in Russia
3212:Kiernan, Ben (2007).
3091:The Harvest of Sorrow
2499:Duke University Press
2094:"Подсобное хозяйство"
2030:"Подсобное хозяйство"
1674:rise of Joseph Stalin
1659:The 1929 Soviet film
1561:collective settlement
1220:ethnic minority group
1205:reform and opening up
1156:gaoji nongye hezuoshe
1149:chuji nongye hezuoshe
1112:Law of 23 August 1945
1011:Socialist Unity Party
653:
506:
321:
149:
137:
3279:Agriculture in China
3034:on 27 September 2012
2894:Bijman, Jos (2016).
2878:Lange, Siri. (2008)
2761:tapchicongsan.org.vn
2704:10.1257/app.20160247
1197:capital accumulation
1138:Land Reform movement
788:improve this section
546:first five-year plan
525:basis. According to
150:"Kolkhoz-woman with
71:"Collective farming"
56:improve this article
3299:Agriculture in Laos
3284:Agriculture in Cuba
2957:. 27 September 2014
1857:Fitzpatrick, Sheila
1686:The Old and the New
1462:Agriculture in Laos
1415:(state farms) into
1382:Agriculture in Cuba
1239:death of Mao Zedong
1209:Chinese agriculture
1184:Four Pests Campaign
866:took power by force
569:(farmland owners).
469:to power. In Asia (
201:(state-run farms).
3259:Agricultural labor
3249:Collective farming
3088:Conquest, Robert,
2931:on 9 February 2018
2625:10.56159/eai.52060
2501:. pp. 78–79.
2493:Lin, Chun (2006).
2153:on 23 October 2023
1643:In popular culture
1635:under the name of
1365:economy of Vietnam
1314:on 30 April 1975,
1136:At the end of the
1128:Production brigade
1003:coined the slogan
656:
527:Sheila Fitzpatrick
512:
430:communal ownership
407:Selskoye obshestvo
388:[ɐpˈɕːinə]
324:
302:Mexican government
284:Mexican Revolution
159:Collective farming
156:
144:
3304:Agrarian politics
3231:978-0-300-10098-3
3202:, by Ludo Martens
2987:Camphill movement
2635:978-981-18-5206-0
2542:978-1-315-62791-5
2508:978-0-8223-3785-0
2472:978-0-295-75171-9
1942:978-0-300-13724-8
1915:978-0-300-13493-3
1859:(22 April 2010).
1842:978-1-317-90133-4
1804:, pp. 71–72.
1715:Camphill Movement
1633:Research Triangle
1609:and the northern
1607:Canadian Prairies
1351:reforms known as
1222:areas of Chinese
824:
823:
816:
700:
554:general secretary
531:industrialisation
467:communist regimes
411:сельское общество
263:, as well as the
261:Spanish colonists
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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2927:. Archived from
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2900:
2891:
2885:
2876:
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2843:
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2829:. Archived from
2819:
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2801:
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2783:
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2772:
2763:. Archived from
2753:
2747:
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2744:
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2733:. Archived from
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2476:
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2414:
2412:
2407:on 17 April 2016
2403:. Archived from
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1987:
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1662:The General Line
1615:Southern Ontario
1486:27 member states
1450:Operation Vijiji
1399:
1388:Cuban Revolution
1358:
1337:collectivization
1124:People's commune
1105:
1066:
1046:
1008:
964:
961:Volkseigenes Gut
956:
950:
819:
812:
808:
805:
799:
768:
760:
730:collectivization
705:
695:
693:
578:mass deportation
535:collectivisation
453:and most of the
412:
404:
390:
385:
381:
380:
351:tracts when the
175:collectivization
163:communal farming
154:", 1930 painting
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2857:Wayback Machine
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2811:. 15 June 2017.
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2000:. p. 201.
1989:
1988:
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1977:Age of Extremes
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1670:Left Opposition
1645:
1620:Until recently
1596:
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1524:or impersonal.
1517:
1503:There are also
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1442:Ujamaa Villages
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989:Weimar Republic
973:, and thus the
937:
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544:As part of the
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3180:External links
3178:
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3123:978-1859840856
3122:
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2833:on 18 May 2021
2814:
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2737:on 4 June 2013
2718:
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2618:. p. 55.
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2172:Iván T. Berend
2164:
2138:
2126:
2110:
2085:
2046:
2021:
2006:
1982:
1964:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1882:
1848:
1841:
1821:
1819:, p. 123.
1806:
1791:
1779:
1777:, p. 111.
1767:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1721:Dekulakization
1718:
1710:
1707:
1644:
1641:
1622:Western Canada
1595:
1592:
1586:In Mexico the
1583:
1580:
1557:moshav shitufi
1537:
1534:
1516:
1513:
1478:European Union
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1438:Julius Nyerere
1429:
1426:
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1312:Fall of Saigon
1310:Following the
1292:Main article:
1289:
1286:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1142:Barry Naughton
1119:
1116:
1108:Serbo-Croatian
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
979:denazification
933:Main article:
930:
927:
828:Czechoslovakia
822:
821:
772:
770:
763:
757:
756:Czechoslovakia
754:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
675:
672:
644:Main article:
641:
638:
593:Dekulakization
490:
487:
442:
439:
391:, literally: "
376:(Russian:
367:
366:Russian Empire
364:
332:Gabriel Sagard
312:Main article:
309:
306:
282:Following the
230:
227:
225:
222:
206:
203:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3164:9780030795503
3160:
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3119:
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3111:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3059:Modern Farmer
3056:
3049:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3009:
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2863:
2858:
2854:
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2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2809:The Economist
2806:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2767:on 3 May 2023
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
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2675:
2663:
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2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2614:. Singapore:
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2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
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2240:
2235:
2229:
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2221:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:Nigel Swain,
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
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2142:
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2133:
2131:
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2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:9780812905212
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:Eric Hobsbawm
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:Richard Overy
1952:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1892:, p. 59.
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:"The Old Man"
1858:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:Johansen 1999
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:, p. 28.
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
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1756:
1753:
1749:
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1740:
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1728:
1725:
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1700:
1696:
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1663:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
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1612:
1608:
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1601:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1550:Labor Zionism
1547:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
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1479:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1328:North Vietnam
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:South Vietnam
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1243:Deng Xiaoping
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:human capital
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1001:Wilhelm Pieck
998:
994:
993:German Empire
990:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
962:
955:
949:
948:
942:
936:
928:
926:
923:
918:
916:
912:
909:entered into
908:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:Beneš decrees
849:
845:
844:collaborators
841:
837:
833:
829:
818:
815:
807:
804:December 2006
797:
793:
789:
783:
782:
778:
773:This section
771:
767:
762:
761:
755:
753:
750:
747:, the ruling
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
709:
707:
704:
698:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
667:
663:
661:
652:
647:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Russification
615:
610:
608:
607:
602:
597:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
567:
562:
558:
557:Joseph Stalin
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
509:
505:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Baltic states
448:
440:
438:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
408:
400:
399:
394:
389:
375:
374:
365:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
320:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:
272:repartimiento
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:Spanish crown
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
228:
223:
220:
216:
212:
211:Communal land
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:
148:
141:
136:
126:
123:
115:
112:February 2022
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Collectivized
3309:Collectivism
3215:
3199:
3172:
3152:
3140:
3131:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3082:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2982:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:the original
2924:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2889:
2879:
2874:
2864:– via
2853:Ghostarchive
2851:Archived at
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2730:
2721:
2697:(4): 58–77.
2694:
2690:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2611:
2592:
2583:
2573:
2531:
2525:
2494:
2458:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2315:
2301:
2287:
2281:(in German).
2273:
2264:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2228:
2214:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2118:
2113:
2102:, retrieved
2097:
2088:
2066:(4): 38–58.
2063:
2059:
2049:
2038:, retrieved
2033:
2024:
1996:. New York:
1993:The Russians
1992:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1960:Russia's War
1959:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1831:
1824:
1787:Trigger 1969
1782:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1678:Leon Trotsky
1660:
1658:
1651:
1647:In the 2021
1646:
1630:
1619:
1611:Great Plains
1597:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1569:moshav ovdim
1568:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1475:
1446:
1431:
1408:
1402:
1385:
1370:
1360:
1347:implemented
1342:
1324:puppet state
1309:
1303:
1297:
1279:
1253:
1236:
1224:Central Asia
1217:
1193:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1135:
1095:World War II
1084:
1060:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
997:Nazi Germany
982:
938:
929:East Germany
919:
904:
900:
896:
869:
860:
856:Ďuriš's laws
855:
825:
810:
801:
786:Please help
774:
742:
738:cooperatives
719:
683:
677:
668:
664:
657:
634:
626:Transnistria
611:
604:
598:
591:
581:
571:
564:
550:Soviet Union
543:
515:Leon Trotsky
513:
489:Soviet Union
463:World War II
455:Eastern Bloc
444:
434:soil quality
427:
422:
406:
396:
371:
369:
359:
357:
353:Clan Mothers
345:
325:
295:
281:
277:forced labor
270:
264:
248:
238:
235:Aztec Empire
232:
224:Case studies
183:Eastern Bloc
179:Soviet Union
174:
162:
158:
157:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3114:Verso Books
2791:gdla.gov.vn
2497:. Durham :
2461:. Seattle:
2355:(in German)
2328:(in German)
1890:Mandel 1995
1802:Stites 1905
1775:Axtell 1981
1649:Telugu film
1617:in Canada.
1526:Shrambhakti
1522:Apaurusheya
1490:Netherlands
1424:workplace.
1349:free-market
1270:North Korea
975:land reform
848:Nazi regime
726:János Kádár
580:of defiant
475:North Korea
185:countries,
3243:Categories
3112:. London:
2955:La Tribune
2662:hoover.org
2644:1354535847
2157:23 October
2016:1014770553
1734:References
1667:Trotskyist
1603:Hutterites
1600:Anabaptist
1361:Renovation
1237:After the
1186:, caused "
1180:Lysenkoism
1171:Mao Zedong
1075:Yugoslavia
995:and later
971:latifundia
967:East Elbia
920:After the
911:stagnation
840:Hungarians
622:Moldavians
425:(common).
409:(Russian:
401:(Russian:
341:longhouses
266:encomienda
233:Under the
171:collective
82:newspapers
3064:9 January
3038:6 October
2976:Longo Mai
2713:1945-7782
2559:cite book
2551:956466048
2098:Википедия
2080:2307-1400
2034:Википедия
1877:0260-9592
1727:Work unit
1682:Stalinist
1653:Sreekaram
1542:kibbutzim
1488:. In the
1417:kolkhozes
1413:sovkhozes
1041:is being
846:with the
775:does not
734:Stalinist
732:based on
697:romanized
688:Bulgarian
606:Holodomor
523:voluntary
447:republics
373:obshchina
3189:Archived
2961:27 March
2935:27 March
2905:16 March
2855:and the
2837:11 March
2771:27 March
2741:27 March
2667:27 March
2517:63178961
1709:See also
1637:crop mob
1434:Tanzania
1428:Tanzania
1421:usufruct
1259:Mongolia
1182:and the
1160:kolkhozy
1034:template
1024:de facto
1013:and the
674:Bulgaria
630:Chişinău
561:kolkhozy
457:(except
423:obshchiy
348:Iroquois
337:usufruct
328:communal
292:hacienda
249:calpulli
240:calpulli
215:Property
199:sovkhozy
195:kolkhozy
152:pumpkins
3095:(1986).
3077:Sources
2866:YouTube
2411:27 June
2385:3 March
2359:3 March
2332:3 March
2265:Faz.net
1626:Ontario
1546:Zionism
1494:Finland
1476:In the
1355:Đổi Mới
1304:de jure
1288:Vietnam
1165:During
1102:zadruge
1047:
1020:de jure
954:sovkhoz
882:, JZD;
836:Germans
796:removed
781:sources
722:Hungary
710:Hungary
699::
660:Romania
640:Romania
588:Siberia
483:Vietnam
415:khutors
393:commune
379:общи́на
219:Commons
191:Vietnam
140:Yiddish
96:scholar
3228:
3161:
3120:
2711:
2642:
2632:
2597:27-45.
2549:
2539:
2515:
2505:
2469:
2104:2 June
2078:
2040:2 June
2014:
2004:
1980:, 1994
1962:, 1997
1939:
1912:
1875:
1839:
1703:kulaks
1582:Mexico
1565:moshav
1559:(lit.
1536:Israel
1530:prasad
1498:France
1472:Europe
1265:Negdel
1169:, the
1130:, and
1093:after
1069:Poland
1051:Poland
1030:class.
1028:Junker
984:Junker
884:Slovak
842:, and
601:famine
583:kulaks
566:kulaks
481:, and
459:Poland
395:") or
297:ejidos
229:Mexico
217:, and
181:, the
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2899:(PDF)
2731:go.vn
2206:(PDF)
1871:(8).
1694:Earth
1684:film
1588:Ejido
1515:India
1496:. In
1228:Zomia
1118:China
1032:‹The
876:Czech
628:, in
417:, in
187:China
103:JSTOR
89:books
3226:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3066:2023
3040:2013
2963:2018
2937:2018
2907:2021
2839:2021
2773:2018
2743:2018
2709:ISSN
2669:2018
2640:OCLC
2630:ISBN
2565:link
2547:OCLC
2537:ISBN
2513:OCLC
2503:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2413:2022
2387:2022
2361:2022
2353:Zeit
2334:2022
2326:Zeit
2159:2023
2106:2024
2076:ISSN
2064:2021
2042:2024
2012:OCLC
2002:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1873:ISSN
1837:ISBN
1598:The
1567:(or
1456:Laos
1405:UBPC
1392:CPAs
1376:Cuba
1322:, a
1298:The
1226:and
779:any
777:cite
572:The
533:and
497:and
479:Laos
384:IPA:
370:The
346:The
286:, a
189:and
161:and
75:news
3222:724
2699:doi
2620:doi
2068:doi
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