42:
435:. The volume of fire from this weapon proved to be so useful that the Confederate forces were convinced that they were attacking an entire division, not just a single regiment, but still, the Ohioans ran out of ammunition, and surrendered. Despite these victories, the rifle's faults would prove fatal for the weapon. A board of officers evaluated the evidence and decided to discontinue its use. The rifles were sold for 42 cents each, a fraction of the original purchase cost of 44 dollars.
352:
to fire the weapon only while supporting it directly in front of the trigger guard or by holding the lowered loading lever, which moved their left hand out of the path of danger during a chain fire. Other commanders instructed their men to load only a single chamber, preventing any chain fires from occurring. Loading a single chamber at a time also reduced the weapon to a single shot weapon, and effectively defeated the entire purpose of having a repeating rifle.
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were placed over the vent nipples at the rear of the cylinder. The weapon was now ready to fire. In addition to being susceptible to chain fire problems, the revolving cylinder design also tended to spray lead splinters into the wrist and hand of the user. Revolving pistols did not suffer from this problem since the user kept both hands behind the cylinder while firing a pistol.
316:, available in .34, .36, .38, .40, and .44 caliber, in which a ring located forward of the trigger served to cock the hammer and advance the cylinder for each shot. This was soon followed with a revolving pistol. These five-shot "Paterson" revolvers featured folding triggers and were available both with and without loading levers in .28, .31 and .36 caliber.
351:
A distrust in the weapon developed as a result. Commanders attempted to get around the problem in a number of ways. The rifle had to be properly and thoroughly cleaned, since sloppy cleaning would leave residue behind that would increase the risk of a chain fire. Some commanders instructed their men
411:
The U.S. government had purchased 765 Colt revolving carbines and rifles prior to the Civil War. Many of these were shipped to southern locations and ended up being used by the
Confederacy. After the war began, the Union purchased many more rifles and carbines. Sources disagree over the exact number
407:
by the eight men who guarded the dangerous run between
Independence, Missouri, and Santa Fe. When doubts were expressed about the ability of these eight men to deliver the letters on this run reliably, the in Missouri government declared that "these eight men are ready in case of attack to discharge
347:
in field conditions, lodging in various recesses around the firing cylinder. Hot gas leaking from the gap between the firing cylinder and the barrel would ignite this powder, which would in turn, ignite all of the powder in the chambers waiting to be fired. This is known as a "chain fire" and was a
304:
Colt revolving rifles were the first repeating rifles adopted by the U.S. government, but they had their problems. They were officially given to soldiers because of their rate of fire. But after firing six shots, the shooter had to take an excessive amount of time to reload. On occasion Colt rifles
438:
Many revolving rifles were purchased for the use of the militia of various states, and many militia companies entered the Civil War armed with them and never really used them in combat situations. The Colt
Company made a number of sizes in the attempt to adapt the rifles to the various branches of
334:
Based on the
Sidehammer design, Colt produced the Sidehammer Model 1855 rifles and carbines for military and sporting use, as well as a revolving shotgun. In failing health, Colt expanded his factory on the eve of the Civil War, and began production of a new, lightweight .44 caliber Army revolver,
390:
A revolving rifle used percussion caps, like revolving pistols of the time. A cartridge (consisting of powder and a lead ball) was loaded into the front of the chamber and then compressed with a plunger that was located beneath the barrel. Once the cylinder's chambers were loaded, percussion caps
386:
The Model 1855, which was the most widely produced revolving rifle, was available in .36, .44 and .56 caliber. Four barrel lengths were available: 15, 18, 21 and 24 inches. A six shot cylinder was used if the caliber was .36 or the .44. If the caliber was .56, a five-shot cylinder was used.
319:
Patent Arms produced smoothbore revolving carbines and shotguns. The outbreak of war between the U.S. government and the
Seminole tribe provided Colt with his first break. Seminole warriors had learned that soldiers were vulnerable while reloading their single-shot firearms, and they developed a
292:
Revolving rifles were an attempt to increase the rate of fire of rifles by combining them with the revolving firing mechanism that had been developed earlier for revolving pistols. Colt began experimenting with revolving rifles in the early 19th century, making them in a variety of calibers and
320:
tactic of drawing fire, then rushing the temporarily defenseless soldiers and wiping them out before they could fire a second volley. Colt's revolving rifles were quite effective against this, and the army purchased his products for use by troops in the
Florida campaign.
338:
This was produced in a rifle version as well as a shortened carbine. In 1855 it became the first repeating rifle to be adopted for service by the U.S. Military, but problems with the design prevented its use until 1857. The principal problem was that
439:
the service. When used in the Civil War the soldiers in all branches of the service disliked them exceedingly on account of the flash and loud report so close to the face and dangerously strong recoil when several chambers went off at once.
394:
Some models could be fitted with sword or socket bayonets. The front sight would double as the bayonet lug for use with a socket bayonet, and those adapted for sword bayonets had lugs on the right side.
327:
patent, Colt introduced a spur-trigger revolver that featured a fully enclosed cylinder. These handguns were officially named
Sidehammer revolvers, but they also were known as "Root" revolvers after
1675:
348:
relatively common failure with early percussion revolving firearms. When this happened with the Colt
Revolving Rifle, a spray of metal would be sent forward into the left arm and hand of the user.
823:
796:
312:
In March 1836, Colt formed the Patent Arms
Company and began operation in an unused silk mill along the banks of the Passaic River in Paterson, New Jersey. His first product was a
1650:
1635:
816:
264:
type pistols, with a rotating cylinder that held five or six rounds in a variety of calibers from .36 to .64 inches. They were mainly based upon the
1758:
880:
453:
324:
265:
41:
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2315:
2264:
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809:
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2014:
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1587:
726:
681:
627:
600:
573:
92:
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136 shots without having to reload. We have no fears for the safety of the mail." All mail deliveries on this route were completed safely.
1314:
1878:
900:
2519:
2514:
1823:
1065:
654:
508:
1753:
1733:
1645:
1291:
865:
468:
2138:
1693:
1655:
1627:
832:
257:
2403:
1923:
1665:
383:-type pistols, with a rotating cylinder that held five or six rounds in a variety of calibers from .36 to .64 inches.
2034:
1513:
1060:
284:. However, the rifles were generally disliked by soldiers, and were ultimately discontinued due to serious design flaws.
2345:
2202:
1503:
1286:
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956:
522:
520:
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1070:
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1818:
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1948:
1640:
1508:
951:
142:
138:
763:. No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990, pp. 143.
355:
Brevete Colt
Dragoon revolving rifles were made in Belgium under license from Colt during the 1850s to 1860s.
2529:
2282:
2133:
2094:
2024:
1985:
1913:
1908:
1841:
1738:
1703:
1698:
1202:
1161:
910:
875:
458:
2307:
2212:
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2069:
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1373:
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313:
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1953:
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discharged all their rounds at once, endangering the shooter. Even so, an early model was used in the
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1918:
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Union forces at The Slaughter Pen while covering the withdrawal of Jon Millers Brigade during the
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1928:
1898:
1836:
1612:
1212:
986:
432:
416:
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126:
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purchased, but approximately 4,400 to 4,800 were purchased in total over the length of the war.
367:
Two Colt Model 1851 Navy revolvers with same caliber and a Colt Root Model 1855 rifle, .36 cal.
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2010:
Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
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2019:
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The Colt Revolver in the American West—Model 1855 Half Stock Revolving Sporting Rifle
742:"Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background and Tactical Use" By Joseph G. Bilby
448:
331:, who at that time was employed as Colt's factory superintendent and Chief Engineer.
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154:
88:
65:
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17:
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371:
272:. Colt revolving pistols and rifles were attractive mainly because of their high
2192:
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1622:
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History of the 21st regiment Ohio volunteer infantry in the war of the rebellion
463:
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104:
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1990:
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A combination of Colt revolving pistols and revolving rifles were used on the
191:
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2227:
2123:
1763:
1353:
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1246:
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1147:
1090:
340:
100:
2316:
James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
2341:
Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
1463:
1430:
1425:
1392:
1281:
1261:
1142:
1117:
840:
715:
McAulay, John D. (2004). "Col. Colt's Revolving Rifle in the Civil War".
380:
261:
1870:
1617:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1339:
478:
219:
2486:
2311:(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
1866:
1251:
96:
1189:
550:
379:
The design of the Colt revolving rifle was essentially similar to
370:
362:
295:
55:
415:
The weapon performed superbly in combat, seeing action with the
1569:
805:
551:
Army of the Cumberland and George Thomas Source – www.AotC.net
622:. New York: Random House Publishing Group. pp. 127–128.
260:
from 1855 until 1864. The design was essentially similar to
1966:
Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
568:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 96–98.
676:. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. pp. 205–209.
533:. Vrooman, Anderson & Bateman, printers. p.
335:
followed a year later by a .36 caliber Navy version.
2245:
8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
649:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p. 94.
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2258:
2235:
2226:
2170:
2113:
1865:
1684:
1603:
1527:
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122:
84:
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71:
61:
51:
32:
2025:Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
751:"American Rifle: A Biography" By Alexander Rose
504:Carbines, Revolving Rifles and Repeating Rifles
595:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 36–37.
1581:
817:
738:
736:
197:15-inches, 18-inches, 21-inches and 24-inches
8:
1699:Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
1651:M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
276:. They were used to a limited extent on the
777:Firearms in American History, Vol. 3 Rifles
2232:
1764:Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
1636:M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
1588:
1574:
1566:
1388:
845:
824:
810:
802:
454:Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver
266:Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver
40:
29:
1852:Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
1809:Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
1714:Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
697:
695:
693:
489:
2336:Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
2331:Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
2288:12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
565:Standard Catalog of Civil War Firearms
546:
544:
2185:Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
1904:Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
727:National Rifle Association of America
497:
495:
493:
7:
2308:James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1774:Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol
1676:USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
2321:Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
1824:Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
1704:Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
616:Rose, Alexander (21 October 2008).
592:Arms and Equipment of the Civil War
300:Colt Paterson 1838 ring-lever rifle
280:and made a brief appearance in the
2404:Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
2351:Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
2283:12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
2015:Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
1899:Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
1769:Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
34:Colt Model 1855 revolving carbine
25:
1828:Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
1597:Weapons of the American Civil War
673:Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms
1814:Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
1292:Advanced Colt Carbine-Monolithic
469:Rifles in the American Civil War
242:6-shot (.36/.44) or 5-shot (.56)
2326:Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
2080:Springfield M1863 rifled musket
2075:Springfield M1861 rifled musket
2070:Springfield M1855 rifled musket
1889:Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
1842:Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
1315:M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun
250:Colt New Model revolving rifles
2250:Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
2100:Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
2095:Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
1832:Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
643:Walter, John (25 March 2006).
502:floridareenactorsonline.com –
343:would sometimes leak from the
1:
1709:Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
1514:Charles Brinckerhoff Richards
792:Wyatt Earp's Buntline Special
2535:Rifles of the Russian Empire
2273:6-pounder M1841 field cannon
2193:Gatling I and II machine gun
2005:Richmond M1861 rifled musket
1719:Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
1287:Colt Advanced Piston Carbine
1066:Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless
833:Colt's Manufacturing Company
417:21st Ohio Volunteer Infantry
375:Colt Root carbines, .56 cal.
258:Colt's Manufacturing Company
2540:Rifles of the United States
2065:Springfield M1847 musketoon
1954:Henry M1860 repeating rifle
1919:Enfield P1853 rifled musket
1914:Deringer M1817 Common rifle
1909:Deringer M1814 Common rifle
1729:Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
1656:M1852 naval officer's sword
1646:M1840 light artillery saber
1449:ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol)
619:American Rifle: A Biography
2558:
1971:Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
1819:Smith & Wesson Model 1
1754:Colt M1862 Police revolver
1734:Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
1724:Colt M1847 Walker revolver
1628:M1832 foot artillery sword
527:Silas S. Canfield (1893).
314:ring-lever revolving rifle
2520:American Civil War rifles
2515:Guns of the American West
2298:32-pounder M1844 howitzer
2293:24-pounder M1841 howitzer
2278:12-pounder M1841 howitzer
1789:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
1784:Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
1666:M1860 light cavalry saber
201:
62:Place of origin
39:
2374:Bomford Columbiad cannon
2060:Springfield M1842 musket
2055:Springfield M1840 musket
2050:Springfield M1835 musket
2045:Springfield M1822 musket
2040:Springfield M1816 musket
2035:Springfield M1812 musket
2030:Springfield M1795 musket
1949:Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
1944:Hall-North M1843 carbine
1929:Fayetteville M1862 rifle
1804:Remington M1858 revolver
1759:Colt Root M1855 revolver
1749:Colt M1861 Navy revolver
1744:Colt M1860 Army revolver
1739:Colt M1851 Navy revolver
1061:Model 1903 Pocket Hammer
773:Sawyer, Charles Winthrop
143:Australian frontier wars
139:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2399:Rodman Columbiad cannon
2134:Double-barreled shotgun
1986:Mississippi M1841 rifle
1924:Enfield P1861 musketoon
977:Police Positive Special
511:13 January 2007 at the
459:Spencer repeating rifle
1934:Gallager M1861 carbine
1894:Burnside M1855 carbine
1857:Whitney M1857 revolver
1837:Tranter M1856 revolver
1374:XM148 grenade launcher
1071:Model 1908 Vest Pocket
589:Coggins, Jack (2012).
562:Graf, John F. (2009).
421:Battle of Murfreesboro
376:
368:
301:
2303:Blakely rifled cannon
2213:Vandenberg volley gun
2105:Whitworth P1857 rifle
2090:Tarpley M1863 carbine
1981:Merrill M1858 carbine
1976:Maynard M1851 carbine
1879:Augustin M1842 musket
1550:National Arms Company
1519:John Henry Fitzgerald
1499:Elizabeth Jarvis Colt
1441:Semi-automatic pistol
901:Open Top Pocket Model
429:Battle of Chickamauga
374:
366:
299:
2379:Brooke rifled cannon
2346:Pate revolver cannon
2218:Williams machine gun
2203:Pate revolver cannon
2139:Hale rocket launcher
2000:Potzdam M1831 musket
1847:Walch M1859 revolver
1799:Moore M1864 revolver
1794:LeMat M1856 revolver
1694:Adams M1851 revolver
1325:Colt Automatic Rifle
779:, 1920, pp. 153-154.
474:Taurus Circuit Judge
135:American Indian wars
18:Colt revolving rifle
2467:Maynard tape primer
2189:Claxton machine gun
2085:Starr M1858 carbine
2020:Smith M1857 carbine
1884:Ballard M1861 rifle
1779:Kerr M1855 revolver
1641:M1840 cavalry saber
1632:M1833 dragoon saber
670:Sapp, Rick (2007).
646:Rifles of the World
359:Design and features
159:Red River Rebellion
2208:Ripley machine gun
2198:Gorgas machine gun
2172:Rapid fire weapons
1613:Arkansas toothpick
987:FitzGerald Special
911:Single Action Army
433:American Civil War
377:
369:
323:In 1855, with his
302:
282:American Civil War
165:Production history
127:American Civil War
2495:
2494:
2412:
2411:
2366:Coastal artillery
2312:
1563:
1562:
1482:
1481:
1035:
1034:
992:Detective Special
866:Pocket Percussion
718:American Rifleman
701:George M. Chinn,
683:978-0-89689-534-8
629:978-0-440-33809-3
602:978-0-486-13127-6
575:978-1-4402-2696-0
246:
245:
16:(Redirected from
2547:
2384:Carronade cannon
2310:
2233:
2180:Ager machine gun
2162:Winans Steam Gun
1991:P1839 and P1842
1939:Hall M1819 rifle
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1389:
1320:Colt Machine Gun
846:
826:
819:
812:
803:
780:
770:
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524:
515:
506:, Robert Niepert
499:
345:paper cartridges
293:barrel lengths.
256:produced by the
254:repeating rifles
239:Feed system
224:.36, .44, or .56
147:New Zealand wars
131:January Uprising
93:Native Americans
46:M1855 Colt rifle
44:
35:
30:
21:
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2556:
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2546:
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2544:
2500:
2499:
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2491:
2477:Paper cartridge
2457:Friction primer
2424:
2408:
2394:Paixhans cannon
2389:Dahlgren cannon
2364:
2355:
2265:Siege artillery
2263:
2254:
2222:
2166:
2144:Ketchum Grenade
2129:Congreve rocket
2109:
1861:
1680:
1599:
1594:
1564:
1559:
1523:
1478:
1435:
1378:
1359:Defender Mark I
1343:
1334:
1301:
1218:Lightning rifle
1208:Revolving rifle
1184:
1152:
1042:
1031:
972:Police Positive
967:Official Police
940:
835:
830:
788:
783:
771:
767:
759:
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750:
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741:
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703:The Machine Gun
700:
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513:Wayback Machine
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77:In service
72:Service history
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22:
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2530:Hunting rifles
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2482:Percussion cap
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1504:Richard Jarvis
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1416:.41 Short Colt
1413:
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1406:.38 Short Colt
1403:
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1120:
1115:
1113:Kongsberg Colt
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:Semi-automatic
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:M1917 Revolver
979:
974:
969:
964:
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954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
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906:House revolver
903:
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837:
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787:
786:External links
784:
782:
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761:Cozzens, Peter
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425:Snodgrass Hill
400:
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329:Elisha K. Root
289:
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270:Elisha K. Root
244:
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186:Specifications
183:
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124:
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117:Russian Empire
113:British Empire
109:United Kingdom
86:
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63:
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2:
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2455:
2453:
2452:Canister shot
2450:
2448:
2447:Buck and ball
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:and equipment
2423:
2419:
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2400:
2397:
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2148:Rains grenade
2147:
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2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:Adams grenade
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:Other weapons
2112:
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1661:M1860 cutlass
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1605:Edged weapons
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1540:Colt CZ Group
1538:
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1517:
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1509:William Mason
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1422:
1421:.41 Long Colt
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:.38 Long Colt
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:.32 Long Colt
1399:
1398:
1396:
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1364:M4 autocannon
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1203:M1839 carbine
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1129:
1128:Officer's ACP
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449:Colt Buntline
447:
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436:
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307:Seminole Wars
298:
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287:
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268:developed by
267:
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155:Fenian Rising
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89:United States
87:
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79:
75:
70:
67:
66:United States
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2525:Early rifles
2497:
1992:
1959:
1958:Jenks M1841
1903:
1545:Colt Defense
1369:Mk 12 cannon
1330:Colt IAR6940
1307:Machine guns
1257:CAR-15 XM177
1207:
1133:Double Eagle
945:20th century
849:19th century
772:
768:
760:
756:
747:
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672:
665:
645:
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584:
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529:
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437:
414:
410:
405:Pony Express
402:
393:
389:
385:
378:
354:
350:
337:
333:
322:
318:
311:
303:
291:
278:Pony Express
274:rate of fire
249:
247:
213:Cap and ball
194: length
85:Used by
2510:Colt rifles
1623:Bowie knife
1555:Colt Canada
1535:Colt Armory
1494:Samuel Colt
1138:Delta Elite
1101:Mustang XSP
1017:Diamondback
962:New Service
464:Henry rifle
431:during the
427:during the
252:were early
181:1855 – 1864
151:Fenian Raid
105:New Zealand
2504:Categories
2472:Minié ball
2422:cartridges
2418:Ammunition
1993:Brown Bess
1384:Cartridges
1345:Derringers
1277:M4 carbine
1198:Ring lever
1081:Model 1910
1076:Model 1909
1022:King Cobra
957:Model 1905
952:New Police
891:M1861 Navy
886:M1860 Army
881:Model 1855
876:M1851 Navy
485:References
325:Model 1855
2462:Gunpowder
2437:.44 Henry
2432:.22 Short
2228:Artillery
2124:Coach gun
1123:Commander
1091:Colt 2000
841:Revolvers
725:(March).
341:gunpowder
309:in 1838.
234:Revolving
208:Cartridge
101:Australia
80:1855–1876
2157:Sea mine
1960:Mule ear
1686:Sidearms
1464:.380 ACP
1431:.45 Colt
1426:.44 Colt
1393:Revolver
1354:Deringer
1340:Shotguns
1262:Colt 933
1240:variants
1086:Woodsman
1027:Anaconda
997:Buntline
916:New Line
896:Open Top
856:Paterson
509:Archived
443:See also
381:revolver
262:revolver
178:Produced
170:Designed
2237:Mortars
1962:carbine
1871:muskets
1618:Bayonet
1528:Related
1474:.45 ACP
1469:.38 ACP
1459:.32 ACP
1454:.25 ACP
1347:, misc.
1272:C20 DMR
1213:Burgess
1180:9mm SMG
1096:Mustang
1043:pistols
1002:Trooper
871:Dragoon
479:MTs-255
288:History
220:Caliber
2487:Ramrod
1995:musket
1867:Rifles
1487:People
1252:CAR-15
1190:Rifles
1012:Python
861:Walker
705:, 1951
680:
653:
626:
599:
572:
230:Action
192:Barrel
97:Canada
2361:Naval
2260:Field
1297:CM901
1235:AR-15
1225:AR-10
1170:SCAMP
1108:M1911
1056:M1902
1051:M1900
1007:Cobra
936:M1892
931:M1889
926:M1878
921:M1877
729:: 49.
56:Rifle
27:Rifle
1869:and
1175:MARS
1162:PDWs
1158:SMGs
1148:OHWS
678:ISBN
651:ISBN
624:ISBN
597:ISBN
570:ISBN
423:and
248:The
173:1855
123:Wars
52:Type
2363:and
2262:and
1282:ACR
1247:M16
1230:601
1143:SSP
1118:Ace
723:152
535:141
399:Use
2506::
2420:,
1267:C7
1160:,
775:.
735:^
721:.
692:^
543:^
519:^
492:^
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
1342:,
825:e
818:t
811:v
686:.
659:.
632:.
605:.
578:.
537:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.