464:
549:
Channel 5, appeared in the evening in
September 1964 on Channel 13. And, while Channel 5 in the morning might have a week of programs on the "Meaning of Communism", Channel 13 in the evening was reprising a series of lectures on "Africa Since Independence". The repeats were shown on other educational television stations as well; these included locations that had not seen the Metromedia broadcasts, such as 7:30 p.m. showings on
290:
Korn said that he when looking for such programming, "I thought in terms of all New York, with love for it. I wanted serious things, beautiful things, which are hard to find and produce." In part, however, these shows served to offset criticism of WNEW-TV's prime-time schedule, which was dominated by reruns of recently concluded crime shows such as
454:, said that the series was a "project of exciting magnitude and usefulness". In particular he praised Brzezinski's opening lecture for a "lucidity that consistently held the attention." He did say that the early morning time slot unfortunately prevented people from seeing the series who were commuting to work at that hour.
486:
The series was deemed successful enough that a second season of the
Columbia Lectures was announced in October 1962 and began on November 12, 1962. The first week of programs had the theme "The World as Seen From" the United Nations, Washington, Moscow, London, and Paris, and the lectures were given
625:
as part of its series The Walker Summit
Library and each was composed of a Part I, "Interpretation", which consisted of essays adapted from the lectures, and a Part II, "Reference" (typically prepared with the assistance of someone else) which consisted of brief historical descriptions, biographical
566:
Although no new programs were being made, repeats of the
Columbia lectures were sometimes broadcast over the next several years on the Metromedia stations that had originally aired them, such as during 1965 on Channel 17 in central Illinois; during 1966 on Channel 5 in Washington; and during 1967 on
521:
A third season of the program may have begun in
October 1963, with another hundred shows being produced (or there may have just been an ongoing continuation of the shows already being done). One of the first programs shown at this point was "The World As Seen From Mexico City" by emeritus professor
262:
William A. Wood, a professor of journalism who was director of the university's Office of Radio–TV relations, assisted the faculty participants in the planning and production of the programs. The initial commitment was for 100 half-hour programs; this represented the university's deepest foray yet
289:
Paul Noble served as the producer of the lectures for
Metropolitan Broadcasting. The head of WNEW-TV, Bennet H. Korn, and his staff pointed to the Columbia Seminars as an important part of the station's cultural programming, along with symphony orchestra broadcasts and other performing arts shows;
548:
in New York. This was a programming move that Jack Gould had hoped for in his initial review of the series, except that
Channel 13 as an educational television station had not gone on the air yet at the time. So "Religion in the Technological Age", shown in February 1964 in the early morning on
348:
In contrast, the
Columbia Lectures did not involve any academic credits being given. However, they were said to be the first time that any university had made its entire graduate school faculty available for presentations on television. Existence of the series drew praise from
1431:
805:
255:, an alumni and benefactor organization for the university. Loeb, Rhoades had previously been involved in the investment deals that led to the creation of the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation (known as Metromedia beginning in 1961) following the demise of the
270:, the president of the university, said of the series, "It is my confident hope that the programs will stimulate new thinking and new curiosity. I trust they will send members of the viewing audiences back to their books on the subjects under discussion."
3073:
259:; when Erpf heard that Metromedia had a vacant half-hour in its early morning schedule, he came up with the idea of the lecture series. Columbia Associates provided the financing for the new series, which had no commercial sponsorship.
224:
441:
Overall, the first two weeks of lectures were focused on crisis points around the world, while the two weeks of lectures after that examined the longer-term forces at play in international relations during the twentieth century.
556:
The final broadcast of the
Columbia Seminars in WNEW-TV Channel 5's 7:30 a.m. time slot took place on Friday, September 18, 1964. The following Monday saw the premiere of a different series from the university,
1562:
1125:
It is not clear whether the
October 1963 Los Angeles area news coverage is a new season announcement or just a rehash of the original 1962 announcement now that a Los Angeles station was carrying the program.
991:
345:. All three of those programs offered sequential course-length coverage of their subjects, and could be taken for college credit, although most viewers chose to watch them simply for their own enlightenment.
1604:
1625:
275:"For the layman at home, the opportunity is a rich one, indeed: an extensive introduction to the intracacies of foreign affairs by outstanding experts who otherwise might not be so widely heard."
3184:
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1537:
373:
on Channel 5 was weekdays at 7:30 to 8:00 a.m. Its lead-in was a fifteen-minute segment in which the station came on the air and showed a call to prayer, and it was followed by
266:
Among the goals of the series was to give viewers a better understanding of the trouble spots of the world and to provide historical and political background to events in the news.
1805:
1788:
1781:
438:, the head of Metromedia; and Erpf, representing Columbia Associates. Erpf noted that the series now allowed teachers to speak before not just a class but an entire community.
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529:
In some cases there would be a five-part series during a week, with one professor serving as a moderator; an example was "Trends Among Three Major World Blocs", moderated by
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2355:
1639:
2095:
1611:
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magazine said that the series was "brainstretching" and represented "a breakfast-time disquisition ... of uncompromisingly erudite lectures on international affairs".
418:. They were typically recorded by the faculty involved several days before they aired. The lectures tended to be presented simply, with a minimum of visual aids.
3218:
3233:
1597:
1576:
1544:
2486:
430:. The evening before, a special broadcast previewing the series was shown by WNEW-TV; it featured Brzezinski's lecture along with introductory remarks by
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1739:
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1798:
3126:
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1678:
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2026:
2950:
2914:
1694:
1632:
1530:
503:, respectively. Indeed, "The World As Seen From <some capital city>" would be a common title of lectures throughout the program's run.
2180:
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3105:
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1973:
2397:
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1966:
1819:
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227:, with professors from other parts of the university also sometimes taking part. The series was produced by a commercial station,
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in Washington, D.C. The other Metropolitan Broadcasting stations broadcasting it, also generally in the early mornings, were
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2809:
2549:
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1987:
1980:
243:
The series was announced in March 1962, with the first installment airing on March 26. The impetus for the series came from
361:" speech. The scheme for the series was one that other urban-area universities could adopt were they to be so interested.
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1897:
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506:
Some lectures would combine subjects and professors, for instance the topic "Russia, the United States, and China", with
3022:
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1289:. Bloomington–Normal, Illinois. November 20, 1965. p. 7 (Television-Radio Guide) – via Newspapers.com.
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In July 1964, repeats of the Columbia Seminars had begun airing weekdays at 7 p.m. on educational television station
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2735:
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3140:
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910:
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475:, addressing the "Crisis in Kuwait: Arab Petroleum Politics"; L. Gray Cowen on "The Politics of a Free Congo";
404:
in Los Angeles, California, began airing the series during 1963 after that station was acquired by Metromedia.
304:
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735:
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2001:
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248:
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1618:
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1473:
Finding aids for Columbia Lectures in International Studies, 1960s, at Columbia University Archives
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427:
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of the early 1960s. It consisted of a series of half-hour broadcasts delivered by the faculty of
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The second-highest profile station airing the series, in a similar early-morning time slot, was
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980:. Levittown, Pennsylvania. March 24, 1962. p. 8 (Showtime) – via Newspapers.com.
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Several of the more well-known early presenters were announced in advance; these included
311:
The Columbia Lectures came in the wake of two established early-morning educational shows,
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2219:
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480:
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Payment slips for lectures given by a Columbia professor, November 1962–January 1964
456:
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1160:. Passaic–Clifton, New Jersey. June 15, 1963. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
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By mid-1963, WNEW-TV Channel 5 was re-airing some lectures on Sunday evenings at 11 p.m.
426:
The first lecture aired was titled "Stresses Within the Communist Bloc" and was given by
1246:
1210:
1192:
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649:
563:, in which professors discussed the history of philosophy, religion, and the fine arts.
331:, which covered a range of subjects. In addition, CBS had started another one in 1961,
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1936:
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in New York, and aired in early morning time slots on that station and others owned by
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767:. New York Times News Service. March 12, 1962. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
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435:
120:
1325:. Long Beach, California. September 4, 1967. p. C-9 – via Newspapers.com.
337:. In New York, these shows aired in 6:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. time slots on
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Five books came out of the Columbia Lectures in International Studies. They were:
374:
350:
1271:. Paterson, New Jersey. September 21, 1964. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
1142:. Ridgewood, New Jersey. November 3, 1963. p. 89 – via Newspapers.com.
518:, respectively, covering the foreign policy perspectives of the three countries.
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1040:
328:
318:
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1235:. Wilmington, Delaware. August 17, 1964. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
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445:
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232:
148:
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483:, speaking about "Communism and Capitalism as International Social Forces".
389:
385:
1217:. September 27, 1964. p. 22 (Section Two) – via Newspapers.com.
626:
identifications, maps, charts, and tables relevant to the book's subject.
1199:. February 23, 1964. p. 13 (Section Two) – via Newspapers.com.
962:. March 24, 1962. p. 4 (T.V. Supplement) – via Newspapers.com.
1307:. September 6, 1966. p. 6 (TV Showtime) – via Newspapers.com.
2703:
1455:
1405:
1381:
1338:
From Boas to Black Power: Racism, Liberalism, and American Anthropology
550:
393:
342:
1477:
411:, giving them a potential reach to Latin America, Europe, and Africa.
1447:
1367:
1833:
462:
1079:. August 19, 1962. p. 8 (TV Log) – via Newspapers.com.
251:
with an interest in the arts and letters. Erpf was also head of
2710:
2630:
1432:"Book Reviews: Japan and Korea: America's Allies in the Pacific"
545:
401:
397:
338:
228:
163:
1481:
895:. Long Island, New York. p. 29 – via Newspapers.com.
685:"Columbia to Present TV Series By Faculty on Foreign Affairs"
1253:. September 18, 1964. p. 68 – via Newspapers.com.
1097:. December 10, 1962. p. 6 – via NewspaperArchive.
839:. October 10, 1963. p. 56-B – via Newspapers.com.
1181:. July 5, 1964. pp. 11–14 – via Newspapers.com.
392:
in Peoria (switched to Channel 19 during 1963), Illinois;
1061:. April 13, 1962. p. 72 – via Newspapers.com.
992:"Brzezinski Delivers First Columbia Television Lecture"
225:
School of International Affairs and Regional Institutes
1115:. July 7, 1963. p. 31 – via Newspapers.com.
1109:"On Television This Week: Today's Television Previews"
407:
In addition, the lectures were initially broadcast on
1352:"The Dilemmas of African Independence. L. Gray Cowan"
1169:
1167:
833:"Columbia Pledges Faculty for Analytical News Series"
755:
753:
751:
749:
950:
948:
946:
3083:
3042:
2874:
2801:
2720:
2695:
2612:
2605:
2471:
2347:
2266:
2130:
2123:
2073:
2011:
1935:
1928:
1859:
1715:
1663:
1554:
1522:
1515:
1175:"What's On: With Complete TV Listings for the Week"
357:, who just the previous year had given his famous "
170:
159:
154:
144:
136:
126:
116:
108:
103:
92:
81:
73:
65:
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36:
28:
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1340:. Stanford University Press. pp. 136, 137n11.
414:The program was shown in black-and-white, using a
223:and prepared in cooperation with the university's
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
615:Japan and Korea: America's Allies in the Pacific
479:, with the topic "Principal Culture Areas"; and
321:, which emphasized science and mathematics, and
1136:"Foreign Policy Lecture Series Announced by YW"
882:
880:
800:
798:
273:
1493:
926:
924:
643:
641:
639:
8:
1193:"Week's TV Programs: Wednesday, February 26"
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
3014:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
904:
902:
889:"A Newsday Profile: Dispenser of Contrasts"
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
713:. Walker and Company. pp. iv, v, 95ff.
2609:
2127:
1932:
1519:
1500:
1486:
1478:
1211:"Week's TV Programs: Monday, September 28"
400:in Sacramento, California. Subsequently,
371:Columbia Lectures in International Studies
206:Columbia Seminars in International Studies
200:Columbia Lectures in International Studies
23:Columbia Lectures in International Studies
18:
16:Educational television series of the 1960s
3239:Black-and-white American television shows
1425:
1423:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
778:
776:
774:
2845:Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest
2487:116th Street–Columbia University station
1247:"Television Programs: 6:30 A.M. to Noon"
702:
700:
698:
656:. p. 48 – via Newspapers.com.
3224:1964 American television series endings
1017:. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
635:
3219:1962 American television series debuts
2933:Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
2204:Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls
1283:"Daytime Television Programs: Morning"
867:"TV: Preview of International Affairs"
3234:Lecture series at Columbia University
2951:Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
2915:Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
1055:"Television Programs: 6 A.M. to Noon"
806:"TV Channel To Broadcast CU Lectures"
783:Shanley, John P. (October 29, 1962).
736:"Wall Street: The Renaissance Banker"
608:India, Pakistan and the Rise of China
7:
601:The Dilemmas of African Independence
1265:"Today's Television Guide: Morning"
1009:Lombardi, Johnny (March 27, 1962).
911:"The Case of Continental Classroom"
785:"2D Year Planned for TV 'Lectures'"
603:(1964, substantially revised 1968);
369:In New York, the time slot for the
166:and other Metromedia-owned stations
931:Gould, Jack (September 26, 1961).
14:
3229:Adult education television series
3005:Journal of Politics & Society
2027:Columbia–Cornell football rivalry
1229:"TV Scout: Channel 12 Highlights"
909:Ockert, Ingrid (April 23, 2019).
761:"University Tries New TV Venture"
355:Federal Communications Commission
3214:1960s American television series
2987:Journal of International Affairs
2924:Columbia Journal of European Law
2895:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
2110:Robertson Field at Satow Stadium
1301:"Morning and Afternoon Programs"
998:. March 27, 1962. pp. 1, 2.
974:"TV: Tuesday: New York Channels"
887:Mayer, Robert (April 30, 1963).
584:Patterns of Race in the Americas
448:, the television critic for the
3209:Television series by Metromedia
648:Messina, Matt (March 7, 1962).
434:, the president of university;
2810:Columbia University traditions
865:Gould, Jack (March 26, 1962).
396:in Kansas City, Missouri; and
263:into the world of television.
93:
82:
1:
1362:(4): 521–522. December 1965.
1356:The Journal of Modern History
1154:"Weekend Television Features"
1035:. April 2, 1962. p. 55.
2886:Columbia Business Law Review
2452:Three Way Piece No.1: Points
1782:Social and Economic Research
1436:The Journal of Asian Studies
1430:Hazard, Benjamin H. (1966).
917:. Science History Institute.
691:. March 7, 1962. p. 71.
537:Later airings and re-airings
377:'s popular children's show.
2942:Columbia Journal of Tax Law
2904:A Jailhouse Lawyer's Manual
1912:Jewish Theological Seminary
1877:Architectural and Fine Arts
1679:Jewish Theological Seminary
812:. March 7, 1962. p. 1.
707:Rothschild, Joseph (1964).
621:Each book was published by
567:Channel 11 in Los Angeles.
560:Columbia Survey of the Arts
247:, an investment banker for
3255:
2960:Columbia Journalism Review
2736:Columbia Bartending Agency
2373:Bellerophon Taming Pegasus
1702:Union Theological Seminary
1323:Independent Press-Telegram
650:"Columbia TV Lectures Due"
3023:Revista Hispánica Moderna
2996:The Journal of Philosophy
2978:Columbia Political Review
1398:10.1017/S0022381600020739
499:, Thomas P. Peardon, and
257:DuMont Television Network
2515:Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter
2434:Reclining Figure 1969–70
2096:Lawrence A. Wien Stadium
1919:Rare Book and Manuscript
1392:(2): 441–450. May 1965.
1095:Columbia Daily Spectator
996:Columbia Daily Spectator
810:Columbia Daily Spectator
710:Communist Eastern Europe
594:Communist Eastern Europe
3032:Teachers College Record
2480:Columbia Transportation
2398:John Howard Van Amringe
2282:Brooks and Hewitt Halls
2089:Commisso Soccer Stadium
1386:The Journal of Politics
1336:Anderson, Mark (2019).
249:Loeb, Rhoades & Co.
2241:Rutherfurd Observatory
2211:Arthur Ross Greenhouse
2082:Campbell Sports Center
1077:San Francisco Examiner
1015:Kings County Chronicle
468:
388:in Decatur, Illinois;
277:
2778:Postcrypt Coffeehouse
2188:RV Marcus G. Langseth
1806:War and Peace Studies
1605:International Affairs
1043:– via ProQuest.
933:"TV: Crammed Courses"
765:The Chattanooga Times
466:
314:Continental Classroom
284:appraisal, March 1962
215:, was an educational
3067:Alumni and attendees
2764:Peithologian Society
2676:The Morningside Post
2529:Low Memorial Library
1640:Professional Studies
1287:The Daily Pantagraph
956:"Morning Television"
365:Stations and airings
203:, also known as the
2969:Columbia Law Review
2838:Barnard Greek Games
2771:Philolexian Society
2729:Boar's Head Society
2585:Wallach Art Gallery
2564:Studebaker Building
2407:Letters and Science
1509:Columbia University
1305:The Staunton Leader
1251:New York Daily News
1215:New York Daily News
1197:New York Daily News
1179:New York Daily News
1059:New York Daily News
654:New York Daily News
531:Warner R. Schilling
512:Warner R. Schilling
493:Richard E. Neustadt
428:Zbigniew Brzezinski
253:Columbia Associates
221:Columbia University
117:Production location
60:Columbia University
3127:In popular culture
2757:Nacoms and Sachems
2658:The Blue and White
2494:Alfred Lerner Hall
2356:Alexander Hamilton
1974:Women's basketball
1033:The New York Times
1011:"Radio TV CloseUp"
937:The New York Times
871:The New York Times
789:The New York Times
689:The New York Times
623:Walker and Company
551:WHYY-TV Channel 12
469:
334:College of the Air
184:September 18, 1964
145:Production company
3196:
3195:
2870:
2869:
2601:
2600:
2557:St. Paul's Chapel
2543:President's House
2382:The Great God Pan
2257:Schermerhorn Hall
2119:
2118:
1813:Earth Observatory
1768:Goddard Institute
1711:
1710:
1577:Arts and Sciences
1382:"Briefer Notices"
1113:Asbury Park Press
978:The Courier-Times
960:The Bergen Record
837:The Van Nuys News
742:. April 13, 1962.
613:James W. Morley,
606:Wayne A. Wilcox,
590:Joseph Rothschild
553:in Philadelphia.
501:Shepard B. Clough
489:Andrew W. Cordier
416:multicamera setup
394:KMBC-TV Channel 9
343:WCBS-TV Channel 2
339:WNBC-TV Channel 4
239:Origins and goals
229:WNEW-TV Channel 5
217:television series
212:Columbia Seminars
195:
194:
164:WNEW-TV Channel 5
74:Original language
66:Country of origin
3246:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3164:Student activism
3159:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3106:Club of New York
3101:
3094:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2863:
2861:The Varsity Show
2856:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2817:Academic regalia
2812:
2794:
2792:St. Anthony Hall
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2743:Conversio Virium
2738:
2731:
2713:
2706:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2610:
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2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2501:Audubon Ballroom
2496:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2461:Tightrope Walker
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:Thomas Jefferson
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
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2229:
2222:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2128:
2112:
2105:
2103:Levien Gymnasium
2098:
2091:
2084:
2066:
2064:Roar-ee the Lion
2059:
2056:Roar, Lion, Roar
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1967:Men's basketball
1962:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
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915:Distillations
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2877:publications
2824:Commencement
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2613:Publications
2606:Student life
2592:West End Bar
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2425:Le Marteleur
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2338:Wallach Hall
2310:Hartley Hall
2303:Furnald Hall
2227:Prentis Hall
2139:Barnard Hall
1988:Men's squash
1981:Men's soccer
1820:Neurological
1740:Oral History
1733:Radiological
1686:List College
1563:Architecture
1439:
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1029:"Television"
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610:(1964); and
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137:Running time
131:Multi-camera
127:Camera setup
55:Presented by
47:Developed by
22:
3134:Nutellagate
2696:Other media
2667:The Current
2443:The Thinker
2296:East Campus
2289:Carman Hall
2267:Residential
2041:Liberty Cup
1843:Psychiatric
1716:Centers and
1654:Social Work
1538:Engineering
329:CBS network
319:NBC network
99:perhaps 300
96:of episodes
58:Faculty of
32:Educational
3203:Categories
2802:Traditions
2750:I Wor Kuen
2416:Life Force
2364:Alma Mater
2317:Hogan Hall
2234:Pupin Hall
2146:Buell Hall
2034:Deans' Cup
1898:East Asian
1850:East Asian
1718:Institutes
1664:Affiliated
1612:Journalism
630:References
446:Jack Gould
293:Peter Gunn
233:Metromedia
188:1964-09-18
178:1962-03-26
149:Metromedia
140:30 minutes
112:Paul Noble
104:Production
85:of seasons
37:Created by
3060:President
2622:The Birch
2522:Earl Hall
2250:Reid Hall
1929:Athletics
1905:Gottesman
1861:Libraries
1414:222431907
1073:"Tuesday"
1041:116002050
3053:Trustees
2875:Academic
2831:Heraldry
2550:Rat Rock
2131:Academic
1960:Baseball
1953:Football
1792:(former)
1775:Harriman
1626:Medicine
1584:Business
1555:Graduate
1037:ProQuest
109:Producer
3120:History
3084:Related
2578:Sundial
2571:Tunnels
2348:Statues
2002:Fencing
1672:Barnard
1633:Nursing
1591:Climate
1531:College
1516:Schools
1456:2051525
1406:2128107
893:Newsday
617:(1965).
596:(1964);
586:(1964);
327:on the
317:on the
305:Dragnet
299:Outlaws
186: (
182: –
176: (
171:Release
160:Network
77:English
3156:Record
3044:People
2649:Jester
2124:Campus
2074:Venues
2012:Spirit
1891:Butler
1761:Global
1598:Dental
1454:
1412:
1404:
1039:
514:, and
302:, and
88:2 or 3
3141:Press
2472:Other
1937:Teams
1884:Burke
1834:RARAF
1827:Nevis
1754:Earth
1726:Women
1452:JSTOR
1410:S2CID
1402:JSTOR
571:Books
341:and
29:Genre
2711:WBAR
2704:WKCR
2631:Bwog
1570:Arts
740:Time
457:Time
197:The
1870:Law
1619:Law
1444:doi
1394:doi
1364:doi
487:by
94:No.
83:No.
3205::
1450:.
1440:25
1438:.
1434:.
1422:^
1408:.
1400:.
1390:27
1388:.
1384:.
1360:37
1358:.
1354:.
1321:.
1303:.
1285:.
1267:.
1249:.
1231:.
1213:.
1195:.
1177:.
1166:^
1156:.
1138:.
1111:.
1093:.
1075:.
1057:.
1031:.
1013:.
994:.
976:.
958:.
945:^
935:.
923:^
913:.
901:^
891:.
879:^
869:.
845:^
835:.
818:^
808:.
797:^
787:.
773:^
763:.
748:^
738:.
719:^
697:^
687:.
662:^
652:.
638:^
592:,
582:,
533:.
526:.
510:,
495:,
491:,
308:.
296:,
235:.
2855:"
2851:"
2058:"
2054:"
1501:e
1494:t
1487:v
1458:.
1446::
1416:.
1396::
1370:.
1366::
280:—
190:)
180:)
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