1238:"Improved collaboration between mental health and court systems. As AOT processes have matured, professionals from the two systems have improved their working relationships, resulting in greater efficiencies, and ultimately, the conservation of judicial, clinical, and administrative resources. There is now an organized process to prioritize and monitor individuals with the greatest need; AOT ensures greater access to services for individuals whom providers have previously been reluctant to serve; There is now increased collaboration between inpatient and community-based providers."
1178:"The likelihood of psychiatric hospital admission was significantly reduced by approximately 25% during the initial six-month court order…and by over one-third during a subsequent six-month renewal of the order.... Similar significant reductions in days of hospitalization were evident during initial court orders and subsequent renewals.... Improvements were also evident in receipt of psychotropic medications and intensive case management services. Analysis of data from case manager reports showed similar reductions in hospital admissions and improved engagement in services."
1183:
compliance improved. The number of individuals exhibiting good adherence to meds increased 51%. The number of individuals exhibiting good service engagement increased 103%. Consumer perceptions were positive. 75% reported that AOT helped them gain control over their lives. 81% said AOT helped them get and stay well. 90% said AOT made them more likely to keep appointments and take meds. 87% of participants said they were confident in their case manager's ability. 88% said they and their case manager agreed on what was important to work on.
831:
800:
77:
1256:"In tandem with New York's AOT program, enhanced services increased among involuntary recipients, whereas no corresponding increase was initially seen for voluntary recipients. In the long run, however, overall service capacity was increased, and the focus on enhanced services for AOT participants appears to have led to greater access to enhanced services for both voluntary and involuntary recipients."
987:
242:
1243:
increased during the first year after initiation of assisted outpatient treatment, by 40% and 44% in the city and five-county samples, respectively. The increased community-based mental health costs were more than offset by the reduction in inpatient and incarceration costs. Cost declines associated with assisted outpatient treatment were about twice as large as those seen for voluntary services.
1509:"For those who received AOT, the odds of any arrest were 2.66 times greater (p<.01) and the odds of arrest for a violent offense 8.61 times greater (p<.05) before AOT than they were in the period during and shortly after AOT. The group never receiving AOT had nearly double the odds (1.91, p<.05) of arrest compared with the AOT group in the period during and shortly after assignment."
140:
946:
36:
1480:
hospital admission. They allowed patients detainable under mental health legislation to be treated outside hospital and had the same stringent criteria as involuntary admissions. From the perspective of clinicians, patients and their families, as well as human rights lawyers, ‘least restrictive’ CTOs were considered preferable to hospital detention."
1526:
slightly less stigma, rebutting claims that mandatory outpatient care is a threat to self-esteem. 55% fewer recipients engaged in suicide attempts or physical harm to self. 47% fewer physically harmed others. 46% fewer damaged or destroyed property. 43% fewer threatened physical harm to others. Overall, the average decrease in harmful behaviors was 44%.
1112:
door patients" who experience a cycle of hospitalization, treatment and stabilization, release, and decompensation. While the cost of repeated hospitalizations is indisputable, quality-of-life arguments rest on an understanding of mental illness as an undesirable and dangerous state of being. Outpatient commitment proponents point to studies performed in
1048:
883:
1233:"Improved treatment plan development, discharge planning, and coordination of service planning. Processes and structures developed for AOT have resulted in improvements to treatment plans that more appropriately match the needs of individuals who have had difficulties using mental health services in the past."
1121:
Psychiatric
Association, National Alliance on Mental Illness, International Association of Chiefs of Police. SAMHSA included Assisted Outpatient Treatment in their National Registry of Evidence Based Program and Practices. Crime Solutions: Management Strategies to Reduce Psychiatric Readmissions. The
1337:), the unlimited duration with often lack or no foresight to an end from the patient is also criticised. Some opponents dispute the effects of compulsory treatment as positive, questioning the methodology of studies that show effectiveness. Some point to disparities in the way these laws are applied.
1148:
in New York, which served about 2,500 patients at a cost of $ 32 million, had positive results in terms of net cost, reduced arrests. About $ 125 million is also spent annually on improved outpatient treatment for patients who are not subject to the law. In contrast to New York, despite wide adoption
1479:
When introducing the bill introducing CTO in the UK Lord Warner, then
Minister of NHS reform, said "That modern approach strikes a balance between individual autonomy and protection of the patient and the public." "CTOs were first conceived as a less restrictive alternative to involuntary
1305:
In Ohio, AOT increased attendance at outpatient psychiatric appointments from 5.7 to 13.0 per year. It increased attendance at day treatment sessions from 23 to 60 per year. "During the first 12 months of outpatient commitment, patients experienced significant reductions in visits to the psychiatric
1242:
In New York City net costs declined 50% in the first year after assisted outpatient treatment began and an additional 13% in the second year. In non-NYC counties, costs declined 62% in the first year and an additional 27% in the second year. This was in spite of the fact that psychotropic drug costs
752:
In a 2021 paper reviewing the mental health act, the UK government proposed a new form of indefinite outpatient commitment allowing for deprivation of liberties an continuous supervision termed supervised discharge. This discharge would be reviewed yearly, and only apply to individuals who would not
728:
introduced community treatment orders (CTOs). CTOs are legally defined as a form of outpatient leave for individuals detained under section 3 of the Mental Health Act. As such, only members of the medical community are involved in issuing a CTO, though both the section 3 detention underlying the CTO
582:
In the United States the term "assisted outpatient treatment" (AOT) is often used and refers to a process whereby a judge orders a qualifying person with symptoms of severe untreated mental illness to adhere to a mental health treatment plan while living in the community. The plan typically includes
1120:
that have found some positive impact of court-ordered outpatient treatment. Proponents include: Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Justice, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), U. S Department of Health and Human Services, American
1190:
In New Jersey, Kim Veith, director of clinical services at Ocean Mental Health
Services, noted the AOT pilot program performed "beyond wildest dreams." AOT reduced hospitalizations, shortened inpatient stays, reduced crime and incarceration, stabilized housing, and reduced homelessness. Of clients
1182:
74% fewer participants experienced homelessness. 77% fewer experienced psychiatric hospitalization. 56% reduction in length of hospitalization. 83% fewer experienced arrest. 87% fewer experienced incarceration. 49% fewer abused alcohol. 48% fewer abused drugs. Consumer participation and medication
1111:
While many outpatient commitment laws have been passed in response to violent acts committed by people with mental illness, most proponents involved in the outpatient commitment debate also make arguments based on the quality of life and cost associated with untreated mental illness and "revolving
594:
The terminology, "outpatient commitment", and legal construction often equate outpatient commitment with inpatient commitment but providing the patient more freedom. In practice, outpatient commitment may be used in situations where commitment would not be used because it is cheaper than inpatient
544:
in that the individual subject to the order continues to live in their home community rather than being detained in hospital or incarcerated. The individual may be subject to rapid recall to hospital, including medication over objections, if the conditions of the order are broken, and the person's
1525:
Patients given mandatory outpatient treatment—who were more violent to begin with—were nevertheless four times less likely than members of the control group to perpetrate serious violence after undergoing treatment. Patients who underwent mandatory treatment reported higher social functioning and
1286:"After 12 months or more on AOT, service engagement increased such that AOT recipients were judged to be more engaged than voluntary patients. This suggests that after 12 months or more, when combined with intensive services, AOT increases service engagement compared to voluntary treatment alone."
1228:"AOT has been instrumental in increasing accountability at all system levels regarding delivery of services to high need individuals. Community awareness of AOT has resulted in increased outreach to individuals who had previously presented engagement challenges to mental health service providers."
1186:
In Nevada County, CA, AOT ("Laura's Law") decreased the number of psychiatric hospital days 46.7%, the number of incarceration days 65.1%, the number of homeless days 61.9%, and the number of emergency interventions 44.1%. Laura's Law implementation saved $ 1.81–$ 2.52 for every dollar spent, and
565:
comply with a set of requirements before compulsory treatment is instituted. When a court process is not required, there is usually a form of appeal to the courts or appeal to or scrutiny by tribunals set up for that purpose. Community treatment laws have generally followed the worldwide trend of
920:
Proponents have argued that outpatient commitment improves mental health, increases the effectiveness of treatment, lowers incidence of homelessness, arrest, incarceration and hospitalization and reduces costs. Opponents of outpatient commitment laws argue that they unnecessarily limit freedom,
748:
A review of patient data in London found that the average duration of a CTO in the UK was 3 years. Black people in the UK are more than ten times as likely to be under a CTO as white people. Concerns have been raised about the inability of
Independent mental health advocates (IHMAs) to provide
1348:
of "If government bodies are given power, they will use it in excess." was proven when 350–450 CTOs were expected to be issued in 2008 and more than five times that number were issued in the first few months. Every year there are increasing numbers of people subject to CTO's.
1271:"We find no evidence that the AOT Program is disproportionately selecting African Americans for court orders, nor is there evidence of a disproportionate effect on other minority populations. Our interviews with key stakeholders across the state corroborate these findings."
1340:
Opponents claim they are giving medication to the patient, but there are no brain chemical imbalances to correct in "mental illness". Our ability to control ourselves and reason comes from the mind, and the brain is being reduced in size from the psychiatric medications.
560:
The criteria and process for outpatient commitment are established by law, which vary among nations and, in the U.S. and Canada, among states or provinces. Some jurisdictions require court hearings, where a judge will make a court order, and others require that treating
1498:"The remit of CTOs should be limited to ensure they are only used when most beneficial. The Review should consider amending the criteria to reflect a history of non-compliance with treatment leading to subsequent compulsory admission(s) within a defined timeframe."
1164:
considers assisted outpatient treatment an effective crime prevention program. Some studies in the US have found that AOT programs have reduced the chances of arrest. Kendra's Law has lowered risk of violent behaviors, reduced thoughts about suicide.
1761:
1295:"When the court order was for seven months or more, improved medication possession rates and reduced hospitalization outcomes were sustained even when the former AOT recipients were no longer receiving intensive case coordination services."
1251:≥80% improved over time (AOT improved by 31–40 percentage points, followed by enhanced services, which improved by 15–22 points, and 'neither treatment,' improving 8–19 points). Some regional differences in MPR trajectories were observed."
1290:
Consumers approve. Despite being under a court order to participate in treatment, current AOT recipients feel neither more positive nor more negative about their treatment experiences than comparable individuals who are not under AOT."
696:, it could only be mandated for individuals who had previously been admitted for inpatient treatment. Revisions in 1999 and 2006 provided for outpatient commitment without previous inpatient treatment, but this provision is seldom used.
1963:"Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Rechtsausschusses (6. Ausschuss) zu dem Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und FDP: Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Regelung der betreuungsrechtlichen Einwilligung in eine ärztliche Zwangsmaßnahme"
2388:"Law of 10th December 2009 relating to hospitalization on people with mental conditions without consent (Loi du 10 décembre 2009 a) relative à l'hospitalisation sans leur consentement de personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux)"
1173:
AOT "programs improve adherence with outpatient treatment and have been shown to lead to significantly fewer emergency commitments, hospital admissions, and hospital days as well as a reduction in arrests and violent behavior."
761:
Scotland has a different community commitment regime from
England and Wales introduced in the 2003 Mental Health Act. There is ongoing debate in the UK on the place of coercion and compulsion in community mental health care.
583:
medication and may include other forms of treatment as well. Patients are often monitored and assigned to case managers or a community dedicated to treating mental health known as assertive community treatment (ACT).
1754:
1312:
In Iowa, "it appears as though outpatient commitment promotes treatment compliance in about 80% of patients... After commitment is terminated, about ¾ of that group remain in treatment on a voluntary basis."
753:
benefit from treatment in a hospital setting and would be based on risk. Further, this legislation would only apply to restricted patients who have been diverted to the mental health care system from courts.
2186:
1128:
A systematic review in 2016 that looked at around 200 papers investigating effectiveness of CTOs for patient outcomes. It found that non-randomized trials had dramatically varying results and found that no
770:
Patients may be recalled if they don't abide to conditions on residence or medical supervision decided by a psychiatrist on discharge for 3 months after having been released from an involuntary commitment.
733:
where a panel consisting of medical doctors and a judge will make a decision.The legislation in the UK specifically allows CTOs to be issued after a single admission to hospital for treatment. However, the
1514:"The odds of arrest for participants currently receiving AOT were nearly two-thirds lower (OR=.39, p<.01) than for individuals who had not yet initiated AOT or signed a voluntary service agreement."
1214:"The increased services available under AOT clearly improve recipient outcomes, however, the AOT court order, itself, and its monitoring do appear to offer additional benefits in improving outcomes."
1276:"We found no evidence of racial bias. Defining the target population as public-system clients with multiple hospitalizations, the rate of application to white and black clients approaches parity."
2967:
Van Dorn, Richard A.; Swanson, Jeffrey W.; Swartz, Marvin S.; et al. (October 2010). "Continuing
Medication and Hospitalization Outcomes After Assisted Outpatient Treatment in New York".
1309:
In
Arizona, "71% ... voluntarily maintained treatment contacts six months after their orders expired" compared with "almost no patients" who were not court-ordered to outpatient treatment.
841:
By the end of 2010, 44 U.S. states had enacted some version of an outpatient commitment law. In some cases, passage of the laws followed widely publicized tragedies, such as the murders of
2356:
2284:
1333:, considering it a paternalistic approach that can be wrongly applied considering psychiatry criteria for diagnosis are very subjective backed by some studies questioning diagnosis (see
3642:
497:
684:
As of 2014, Dutch law provides for community treatment orders, and an individual who does not comply with the terms of their CTO may be subject to immediate involuntary commitment.
2929:
Swartz, Marvin S.; Wilder, Christine M.; Swanson, Jeffrey W.; et al. (October 2010). "Assessing
Outcomes for Consumers in New York's Assisted Outpatient Treatment Program".
1411:
in the issuing of outpatient commitment orders. The main opponents to any kind of coercion, including the outpatient commitment and any other form of involuntary commitment, are
2908:
3558:
Harrow, Martin; Jobe, Thomas H. (2007). "Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications: a 15-year multifollow-up study".
3478:"The Influence of Chronic Exposure to Antipsychotic Medications on Brain Size before and after Tissue Fixation: A Comparison of Haloperidol and Olanzapine in Macaque Monkeys"
3683:
2873:
Hiday, Virginia Aldigé; Swartz, Marvin S.; Swanson, Jeffrey W.; et al. (2002). "Impact of
Outpatient Commitment on Victimization of People With Severe Mental Illness".
627:, a trend that led to the widespread closure of public psychiatric hospitals and resulted in the discharge of large numbers of people with mental illness to the community.
1299:
In Los Angeles, CA, the AOT pilot program reduced incarceration 78%, hospitalization 86%, hospitalization after discharge from the program 77%, and cut taxpayer costs 40%.
553:, and sometimes even not to take non-prescribed illicit drugs and not associate with certain people or in certain places deemed to have been linked to a deterioration in
3617:"Inpatients Formally Detained in Hospitals Under the Mental Health Act 1983 and Patients Subject to Supervised Community Treatment, England - 2014-2015, Annual figures"
87:
1211:"We find that New York State's AOT Program improves a range of important outcomes for its recipients, apparently without feared negative consequences to recipients."
716:) provides for an administrative court to mandate psychiatric treatment to prevent harm to the individual or others. The law was created in 1991 and revised in 2008.
2179:
1261:"It is also important to recognize that the AOT order exerts a critical effect on service providers stimulating their efforts to prioritize care for AOT recipients."
2700:
Assisted outpatient treatment requires a substantial investment of state resources but can reduce overall service costs for persons with serious mental illness.
2232:"Community treatment orders and associations with readmission rates and duration of psychiatric hospital admission: a controlled electronic case register study"
749:
services to those under CTOs, since IMHAs cannot make contact with service users under CTOs and case workers could act as gatekeepers not providing referrals.
2830:
Phelan, Jo C.; Sinkewicz, Marilyn; Castille, Dorothy M.; et al. (2010). "Effectiveness and Outcomes of Assisted Outpatient Treatment in New York State".
2713:
1529:"Subjects who were ordered to outpatient commitment were less likely to be criminally victimized than those who were released without outpatient commitment."
1187:
receiving services under Laura's Law caused a "reduction in actual hospital costs of $ 213,300" and a "reduction in actual incarceration costs of $ 75,600."
3791:
3077:
490:
3002:
2301:
Weller, Penelope; Alvarez-Vasquez, Susan; Dale, Matthew; Hill, Nicholas; Johnson, Brendan; Martin, Jennifer; Maylea, Chris; Thomas, Stuart (2019-09-01).
2787:
Gilbert, Allison R.; Moser, Lorna L.; Van Dorn, Richard A.; et al. (2010). "Reductions in Arrest Under Assisted Outpatient Treatment in New York".
724:
Changes in service provision and amendments to the Mental Health Act in England and Wales have increased the scope for compulsion in the community. The
3192:
Swanson, Jeffrey; Swartz, Marvin; Van Dorn, Richard A.; et al. (2009). "Racial Disparities In Involuntary Outpatient Commitment: Are They Real?".
1995:"The use of coercive interventions in mental health care in Germany and the Netherlands: A comparison of the developments in two neighboring countries"
3602:
603:
Outpatient commitment is used in some countries to prevent relapse of mental disorders, as many mental disorders are episodic in nature (for example
3679:
745:
by an individual who had interactions with mental health services prior this event, which led the then conservative government to argue for CTOs.
738:
suggested limiting CTOs to patients with a history of noncompliance and hospitalization, when it reviewed the current mental health legislation.
3376:
1821:
Morandi, Stéphane; Golay, Philippe; Lambert, Martin; Schimmelmann, Benno G.; McGorry, Patrick D.; Cotton, Sue M.; Conus, Philippe (2017-07-01).
2461:
1778:
Brophy, Lisa; McDermott, Fiona (2003). "What's Driving Involuntary Treatment in the Community? The Social, Policy, Legal and Ethical Context".
959:
483:
49:
3409:
2214:
1401:
922:
3650:
3519:"Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication"
2651:
533:
to adhere to an outpatient treatment plan designed to prevent further deterioration or recurrence that is harmful to themselves or others.
3228:
2412:
676:
presidency. Persons committed are registered on a national file accessible by police, even if they are not suspected of breaking the law.
3260:
Hiday, Virginia Aldigé; Scheid-Cook, Teresa L. (1987). "The North Carolina experience with outpatient commitment: A critical appraisal".
1329:
that can also impede on their right to work due to sometimes handicapping side effects. Other argue for a right of self-determination or
1152:"Although numerous AOT programs currently operate across the United States, it is clear that the intervention is vastly underutilized."
2489:
2058:
3855:
1823:"Community Treatment Order: Identifying the need for more evidence based justification of its use in first episode psychosis patients"
1191:
who were homeless, 20% are now in supportive housing, 40% are in boarding homes, and 20% are living successfully with family members.
2230:
Barkhuizen, Wikus; Cullen, Alexis E; Shetty, Hitesh; Pritchard, Megan; Stewart, Robert; McGuire, Philip; Patel, Rashmi (2016-07-31).
996:
251:
3823:
1098:
1029:
973:
302:
284:
223:
204:
121:
63:
3672:
161:
154:
2045:"> la loi du 5 juillet 2011 : Vers un contrôle social psychiatrique ? | Quelle hospitalité pour la folie ?"
176:
3700:
1302:
In North Carolina, AOT reduced the percentage of persons refusing medications to 30%, compared to 66% of patients not under AOT.
1973:
1489:"it has been argued that economic and financial imperatives, as much asideologies of good practice9 have driven this policy"
3988:
3340:
Van Putten RA, Santiago JM, Berren MR (September 1988). "Involuntary outpatient commitment in Arizona: a retrospective study".
1715:
1133:
showed any benefits to the patient for outpatient commitment apart from a reduction in the risk of being the victim of crime.
1397:
1365:
1353:
735:
183:
893:
1196:
1161:
611:) and it can be difficult to predict whether a mental disorder will reoccur. Some countries use outpatient commitment for
2572:
1393:
1136:
The same interventions can have different effects in different countries due to legal, bureaucratic and social factors.
3295:
Munetz, M.R.; Grande, T.; Kleist, J.; et al. (November 1996). "The effectiveness of outpatient civil commitment".
3153:"Robbing Peter to Pay Paul: Did New York State's Outpatient Commitment Program Crowd Out Voluntary Service Recipients?"
1058:
190:
2077:"Commitment without confinement: Outpatient compulsory care for substance abuse, and severe mental disorder in Sweden"
1455:
1130:
595:
commitment; seen as less draconian; and protects mental health professionals from moral, civil or criminal liability.
3784:
103:
3983:
3777:
965:
550:
99:
55:
172:
150:
3070:
1438:
1122:
1000:
869:, community treatment orders last for a maximum of twelve months but can be renewed after review by a tribunal.
255:
1578:
1553:
742:
1882:
2552:(Technical Brief). Effective Health Care Program. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1345:
1306:
emergency service, hospital admissions, and lengths of stay compared with the 12 months before commitment."
448:
3947:
3819:
3304:
1822:
1450:
1381:
730:
725:
624:
546:
541:
401:
360:
351:
529:)—refers to a civil court procedure wherein a legal process orders an individual diagnosed with a severe
3814:
537:
323:
2302:
3834:
3759:
3737:
3383:
866:
567:
427:
3764:
3309:
3104:"Changes in Guideline-Recommended Medication Possession After Implementing Kendra's Law in New York"
1740:
3894:
1334:
1326:
830:
661:
197:
2303:"The need for independent advocacy for people subject to mental health community treatment orders"
1356:
opposes compulsory treatment on the basis that the ordered drugs often have serious or unpleasant
3978:
3583:
2855:
2812:
2687:
2679:
2338:
2180:"Review of the Mental Health Act 1983 The Royal College of Psychiatrists' submission of evidence"
1858:
1803:
1361:
1322:
342:
921:
force people to ingest dangerous medications, impead on their human rights, or are applied with
623:
Discussions of "outpatient commitment" began in the psychiatry community in the 1980s following
3235:
3884:
3800:
3575:
3540:
3499:
3458:
3357:
3322:
3277:
3209:
3174:
3133:
3051:
2984:
2946:
2890:
2847:
2804:
2769:
2671:
2629:
2553:
2387:
2330:
2322:
2263:
2210:
2147:
2139:
2098:
2026:
1944:
1850:
1842:
1795:
1694:
1638:
1460:
1412:
571:
471:
432:
396:
337:
3865:
3567:
3530:
3489:
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3440:
3349:
3314:
3269:
3201:
3164:
3123:
3115:
3041:
2976:
2938:
2882:
2839:
2796:
2759:
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2663:
2619:
2609:
2497:
2314:
2253:
2243:
2129:
2088:
2016:
2006:
1934:
1924:
1834:
1787:
1684:
1674:
1628:
1618:
1117:
709:
604:
586:
Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand use the term "community treatment order" (CTO).
390:
3382:(Report). Iowa Consortium for Mental Health Services, Training and Research. Archived from
2650:
Swanson, Jeffrey W.; Van Dorn, Richard A.; Swartz, Marvin S.; et al. (July 30, 2013).
2522:
822:
was the only province without legislation that provided for either CTOs or extended leave.
3952:
3860:
2165:
1385:
779:
In the last decade of the 20th century and the first of the 21st, "outpatient commitment"
673:
645:
530:
3915:
3234:(Report). Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. Archived from
1145:
846:
17:
2436:
857:
Australia and New Zealand introduced community treatment orders in the 1980s and 1990s.
3920:
3571:
3453:
3444:
3428:
3128:
3103:
2764:
2739:
2624:
2597:
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2021:
1994:
1939:
1912:
1721:
1689:
1662:
1633:
1606:
1433:
1357:
1330:
1113:
842:
456:
406:
386:
3708:
2909:"Extensive New Independent Support for Assisted Outpatient Treatment from AHRQ Report"
1962:
3972:
3899:
3273:
2342:
1791:
1405:
926:
819:
612:
608:
562:
554:
466:
452:
3535:
3518:
3476:
Dorph-Petersen, Karl-Anton; Pierri, Joseph N.; Perel, James M.; et al. (2005).
2859:
2816:
2683:
1807:
1007:
574:
for details of countries which do not have laws that regulate compulsory treatment.
262:
3957:
3587:
2714:"Program Compelling Outpatient Treatment for Mental Illness Is Working, Study Says"
2667:
2373:
1862:
1416:
1011:
811:
411:
266:
3151:
Swanson, Jeffrey W.; Van Dorn, Richard A.; Swartz, Marvin S.; et al. (2010).
3377:
The role of outpatient commitment in the management of persons with schizophrenia
3102:
Busch, Alisa B.; Wilder, Christine M.; Van Dorn, Richard A.; et al. (2010).
2755:
2204:
1838:
3942:
3646:
3620:
2886:
2549:
2248:
1993:
Steinert, Tilman; Noorthoorn, Eric O.; Mulder, Cornelis L. (24 September 2014).
1373:
814:
became the first Canadian province to implement community treatment orders, and
370:
139:
27:
Legal power to control behavior of mental health patients while in the community
3119:
2318:
2093:
2076:
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3839:
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2800:
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1929:
1883:"Deinstitutionalization - Special Reports | The New Asylums | FRONTLINE | PBS"
784:
3205:
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2614:
2326:
2143:
2011:
1846:
1799:
1679:
1623:
1247:"In all three regions, for all three groups, the predicted probability of an
1149:
of outpatient commitment, the programs were generally not adequately funded.
2738:
Link, Bruce G.; Epperson, Matthew W.; Perron, Brian E.; et al. (2011).
1969:
1369:
86:
deal primarily with North America and Western Europe and do not represent a
3616:
3579:
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3477:
3462:
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2557:
2334:
2267:
2151:
2102:
2030:
1948:
1854:
1698:
1642:
3603:"Community Treatment Orders: Politics and psychiatry in a culture of fear"
3427:
Ho, Beng-Choon; Andreasen, Nancy C.; Ziebell, Steven; et al. (2011).
3361:
3326:
3318:
3281:
2548:
Gaynes, Bradley N.; Brown, Carrie; Lux, Linda J.; et al. (May 2015).
2494:
NREPP: SAMHSA'S National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices
1200:
in 2013, Jorun Rugkåsa and John Dawson stated, "The current evidence from
1125:
are an advocacy group that campaign for the use of outpatient commitment.
3934:
3732:
3071:
Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment
2740:"Arrest Outcomes Associated With Outpatient Commitment in New York State"
2598:"Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders: The International Evidence"
2134:
2117:
1607:"Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders: The International Evidence"
1377:
741:
John Mayer Chamberlain argues that this legislation was triggered by the
460:
3643:"Number of Mental Health detentions and Community Treatment Order rises"
3353:
799:
3876:
1389:
815:
3410:"Psychiatry's New Brain-Mind and the Legend of the Chemical Imbalance"
2652:"The Cost of Assisted Outpatient Treatment: Can It Save States Money?"
3754:
1663:"Canadian Studies on the Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders"
1408:
929:
788:
3769:
2357:"Restricted Patients 2018 - Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin"
3030:"Community treatment orders: current evidence and the implications"
3930:
829:
798:
780:
664:). Laws regarding implementations are distincts between lander.
3773:
549:
as directed and may also include attending appointments with a
1041:
980:
939:
876:
235:
133:
70:
29:
3749:
3744:
3076:(Report to Legislature). Albany: New York State. p. 60.
1913:"Patients on outpatient commitment orders in Northern Norway"
1911:
Riley, Henriette; Straume, Bjørn; Høyer, Georg (2 May 2017).
672:
The CTOs are renewed every month. They were introduced under
3517:
Radua, J.; Borgwardt, S.; Crescini, A.; et al. (2012).
2490:"Intervention Summary: Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT)"
640:
Denmark introduced outpatient commitment in 2010 with the
3750:
National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse
2118:"Coercion and compulsion in community mental health care"
1073:
692:
When Norway introduced outpatient commitment in the 1961
660:
In Germany, CTOs were resumed in 2015 (formerly only for
545:
mental health deteriorates. This generally means taking
2550:
Management Strategies to Reduce Psychiatric Readmissions
1069:
1065:
900:
95:
3003:"Success of AOT in New Jersey 'Beyond Wildest Dreams'"
2962:
2960:
2523:"Program Profile: Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT)"
3673:"Implementation of 'Kendra's Law' is Severely Biased"
3429:"Long-term Antipsychotic Treatment and Brain Volumes"
3229:
Assisted Outpatient Treatment Program Outcomes Report
2411:
Hanly, Elizabeth; Biasotti, Michael C. (2010-07-19).
2116:
Molodynski, A.; Rugkasa, J.; Burns, T. (2010-05-25).
834:
1201:
3929:
3908:
3874:
3848:
3807:
1248:
1321:Human rights advocate considers it a violation of
1205:
2517:
2515:
1208:do not reduce readmission rates over 12 months."
803:
3069:New York State Office of Mental Health (2005).
2924:
2922:
2573:"Improving Civil Commitment Laws and Standards"
2529:. National Institute of Justice. March 26, 2012
1988:
1986:
1527:
1512:
1507:
1325:or opinion, or views the use of neuroleptic as
1293:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1176:
3028:Rugkåsa, Jorun; Dawson, John (December 2013).
2413:"Laura's Law - an opportunity to improve life"
2059:"Le Conseil d'Etat valide le fichier Hopsyweb"
1755:"Community treatment orders: are they useful?"
3785:
2483:
2481:
2070:
2068:
1600:
1598:
1068:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
491:
84:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3738:Civil commitment laws and standards by state
1906:
1904:
1902:
1656:
1654:
1652:
3262:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
2645:
2643:
2307:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
2081:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
1579:"AOT (Assisted Outpatient Treatment) Guide"
1554:"AOT (Assisted Outpatient Treatment) Guide"
974:Learn how and when to remove these messages
903:into consolidated sections based on topics.
818:followed in 2000. As of January 2016,
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3792:
3778:
3770:
2374:"Mental Health Act (Scotland) 2003: Pat 7"
1010:. Please do not remove this message until
837:implementation in the United States (2013)
729:and the CTO itself can be appealed to the
498:
484:
314:
265:. Please do not remove this message until
3560:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3534:
3493:
3452:
3308:
3168:
3127:
3045:
2763:
2623:
2613:
2257:
2247:
2133:
2092:
2020:
2010:
1938:
1928:
1688:
1678:
1632:
1622:
1099:Learn how and when to remove this message
1030:Learn how and when to remove this message
303:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3680:New York Lawyers for the Public Interest
3523:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1710:
1708:
1006:Relevant discussion may be found on the
650:Lov om anvendelse af tvang i psykiatrien
261:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2203:Chamberlain, John Martyn (2015-11-19).
1786:(1_suppl). SAGE Publications: S84–S88.
1544:
1472:
1144:Research published in 2013 showed that
440:
419:
378:
350:
329:
322:
3227:Southard, Marvin (February 24, 2011).
160:Please improve this article by adding
3701:"Testimony On Extending Kendra's Law"
2279:
2277:
2166:"Mental Health Act 1983: Section 17A"
7:
2285:"Mental Health Act White Paper 2021"
2075:Reitan, Therese (March–April 2016).
3601:McLaughlin, Ken (October 7, 2014).
3342:Hospital & Community Psychiatry
2441:American Enterprise Institute - AEI
2206:Medicine, Risk, Discourse and Power
3856:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
3649:. October 23, 2012. Archived from
3572:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253783.32338.6e
3445:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199
590:Comparison to inpatient commitment
25:
3408:Pies, Ronald W. (July 11, 2011).
955:This section has multiple issues.
45:This article has multiple issues.
3689:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2488:Stettin, Brian (February 2015).
2192:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1979:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1792:10.1046/j.1038-5282.2003.02020.x
1767:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1388:side effects, increased risk of
1169:Outcomes and hospital admissions
1046:
985:
944:
881:
240:
138:
75:
34:
3536:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.012
3083:from the original on 2022-10-09
1605:Rugkåsa, Jorun (January 2016).
1400:has denounced what they see as
1317:Arguments against and opponents
1218:Effect on mental illness system
963:or discuss these issues on the
806:implementation in Canada (2013)
706:Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act
53:or discuss these issues on the
3433:Archives of General Psychiatry
2875:American Journal of Psychiatry
2712:Belluck, Pam (July 30, 2013).
2668:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12091152
2656:American Journal of Psychiatry
2602:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1717:Supervised Community Treatment
1667:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1661:Kisely, Steve (January 2016).
1611:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1398:New York Civil Liberties Union
1366:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1354:psychiatric survivors movement
736:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1:
3034:British Journal of Psychiatry
2462:"Compulsory treatment orders"
1197:British Journal of Psychiatry
1162:National Institute of Justice
1156:Arrests, danger, and violence
714:Lag om psykiatrisk tvångsvård
515:assisted outpatient treatment
162:secondary or tertiary sources
3274:10.1016/0160-2527(87)90026-4
2756:10.1176/ps.62.5.pss6205_0504
1839:10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.022
1131:randomized controlled trials
936:Arguments for and proponents
2887:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1403
2460:Askew, Maddy (2012-10-15).
2249:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035121
1456:Psychiatric reform in Italy
1012:conditions to do so are met
865:In the Australian state of
783:were passed in a number of
267:conditions to do so are met
98:, discuss the issue on the
4005:
3120:10.1176/ps.2010.61.10.1000
2437:"Sane Mental Health Laws?"
2319:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101452
2094:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.011
1999:Frontiers in Public Health
551:mental health professional
523:community treatment orders
3755:Mental Illness Policy Org
3733:Treatment Advocacy Center
3375:Rohland, Barbara (1998).
3170:10.1176/ps.2010.61.10.988
3047:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133900
3007:Treatment Advocacy Center
2981:10.1176/ps.2010.61.10.982
2943:10.1176/ps.2010.61.10.976
2913:Mental Illness Policy Org
2801:10.1176/ps.2010.61.10.996
2577:Treatment Advocacy Center
1930:10.1186/s12888-017-1331-1
1583:Mental Illness Policy Org
1558:Mental Illness Policy Org
1439:MindFreedom International
1123:Treatment Advocacy Center
18:Community treatment order
3206:10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.816
2844:10.1176/ps.2010.61.2.137
2615:10.1177/0706743715620415
2122:British Medical Bulletin
2012:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00141
1680:10.1177/0706743715620414
1624:10.1177/0706743715620415
1066:summarize the quotations
743:Killing of Jonathan Zito
3482:Neuropsychopharmacology
2596:Rugkåsa, Jorun (2016).
1780:Australasian Psychiatry
1346:slippery slope argument
613:first episode psychosis
449:Intramuscular injection
173:"Outpatient commitment"
3989:Deinstitutionalisation
3948:Mental health tribunal
3820:Involuntary commitment
3495:10.1038/sj.npp.1300710
1827:Schizophrenia Research
1531:
1516:
1511:
1451:Deinstitutionalisation
1297:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1180:
838:
807:
731:Mental Health Tribunal
726:Mental Health Act 2007
713:
649:
625:deinstitutionalization
547:psychiatric medication
542:involuntary commitment
402:Mental health tribunal
361:Involuntary commitment
352:Involuntary commitment
149:relies excessively on
3877:medical interventions
3830:Outpatient commitment
3815:Involuntary treatment
3319:10.1176/ps.47.11.1251
833:
802:
787:and jurisdictions in
538:involuntary treatment
511:Outpatient commitment
366:Outpatient commitment
324:Involuntary treatment
3875:Currently regulated
3835:Voluntary commitment
3297:Psychiatric Services
3157:Psychiatric Services
3108:Psychiatric Services
2969:Psychiatric Services
2931:Psychiatric Services
2832:Psychiatric Services
2789:Psychiatric Services
2744:Psychiatric Services
557:in that individual.
428:Voluntary commitment
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
3895:Chemical castration
3354:10.1176/ps.39.9.953
3241:on 28 December 2013
3009:. September 2, 2014
2915:. 17 November 2016.
2047:. 22 February 2012.
1972:. 16 January 2013.
1970:Deutscher Bundestag
1335:Rosenhan experiment
1327:degrading treatment
1059:too many quotations
999:of this section is
662:forensic psychiatry
568:community treatment
254:of this article is
3885:Psychoactive drugs
3653:on August 20, 2016
3623:. October 23, 2015
3389:on 4 February 2016
2718:The New York Times
2527:CrimeSolutions.gov
2500:on 1 February 2017
2466:Victoria Legal Aid
2135:10.1093/bmb/ldq015
1362:tardive dyskinesia
1323:freedom of thought
1281:Service engagement
1223:Access to services
839:
810:In the mid-1990s,
808:
343:Chemical restraint
338:Physical restraint
3984:Mental health law
3966:
3965:
3801:Mental health law
3682:. April 7, 2005.
3645:(Press release).
3619:(Press release).
3605:. Politics.co.uk.
3414:Psychiatric Times
2690:on August 8, 2013
2662:(12): 1423–1432.
2392:legilux.public.lu
2216:978-1-317-33196-4
1461:Giorgio Antonucci
1413:Giorgio Antonucci
1109:
1108:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1040:
1039:
1032:
978:
918:
917:
720:England and Wales
694:Mental Health Act
642:Mental Health Act
572:mental health law
540:is distinct from
508:
507:
472:Covert medication
433:Informal coercion
397:Mental health law
318:Part of series on
313:
312:
305:
295:
294:
287:
234:
233:
226:
208:
132:
131:
124:
106:, as appropriate.
68:
16:(Redirected from
3996:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3707:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2686:. Archived from
2647:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:. Archived from
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2061:. 30 March 2020.
2055:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2014:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:""Hansard 2006""
1737:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1250:
1207:
1203:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1015:
989:
988:
981:
970:
948:
947:
940:
913:
910:
904:
894:pro and con list
885:
884:
877:
836:
805:
605:bipolar disorder
500:
493:
486:
391:Informed consent
315:
308:
301:
290:
283:
279:
276:
270:
244:
243:
236:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
207:
166:
142:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3953:Judicial review
3925:
3904:
3870:
3861:Duty to protect
3844:
3803:
3798:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3529:(10): 2325–33.
3516:
3515:
3511:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3310:10.1.1.454.5055
3294:
3293:
3289:
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3242:
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3231:
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3225:
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3190:
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3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3027:
3026:
3022:
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3010:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2691:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2571:Administrator.
2570:
2569:
2565:
2560:. 15-EHC018-EF.
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2513:
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2501:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
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2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2410:
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2275:
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2110:
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2056:
2052:
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2038:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1876:
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1777:
1776:
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1764:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
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1738:
1734:
1726:
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1706:
1660:
1659:
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1587:
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1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1425:
1394:QT prolongation
1319:
1283:
1268:
1225:
1220:
1194:Writing in the
1171:
1158:
1142:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:or excerpts to
1063:
1051:
1047:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1005:
990:
986:
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945:
938:
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908:
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898:
886:
882:
875:
863:
855:
828:
797:
777:
768:
759:
722:
704:In Sweden, the
702:
690:
682:
680:The Netherlands
674:Nicolas Sarkozy
670:
658:
638:
633:
621:
601:
592:
580:
531:mental disorder
504:
309:
298:
297:
296:
291:
280:
274:
271:
260:
245:
241:
230:
219:
213:
210:
167:
165:
159:
155:primary sources
143:
128:
117:
111:
108:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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3939:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
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3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3871:
3869:
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3852:
3850:
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3843:
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3827:
3817:
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3809:
3805:
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3799:
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3747:
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3741:
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3728:
3727:External links
3725:
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3608:
3593:
3550:
3509:
3488:(9): 1649–61.
3468:
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3400:
3367:
3332:
3303:(11): 1251–3.
3287:
3252:
3219:
3194:Health Affairs
3184:
3163:(10): 988–95.
3143:
3114:(10): 1000–5.
3094:
3061:
3020:
2994:
2956:
2937:(10): 976–81.
2918:
2900:
2881:(8): 1403–11.
2865:
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2730:
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2242:(3): e035121.
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2157:
2128:(1): 105–119.
2108:
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2036:
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1954:
1917:BMC Psychiatry
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1813:
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1577:Org, M. I. P.
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1331:self ownership
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1315:
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1216:
1204:suggests that
1170:
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1157:
1154:
1141:
1138:
1114:North Carolina
1107:
1106:
1089:
1088:
1054:
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1038:
1037:
993:
991:
984:
979:
953:
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
916:
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889:
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880:
874:
871:
862:
859:
854:
851:
847:Kendra Webdale
827:
824:
796:
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773:
767:
764:
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755:
721:
718:
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629:
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619:Implementation
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599:Preventive use
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579:
576:
506:
505:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
457:Benzodiazepine
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
422:
421:
417:
416:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
387:Medical ethics
381:
380:
376:
375:
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373:
368:
363:
355:
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348:
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146:
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90:of the subject
88:worldwide view
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3990:
3987:
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3959:
3956:
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3946:
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3936:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3900:Psychosurgery
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
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3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3711:on 2006-01-09
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3566:(5): 406–14.
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3439:(2): 128–37.
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:(3): 215–32.
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:(3): 816–26.
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
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3109:
3105:
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3079:
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3031:
3024:
3021:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:(10): 982–7.
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
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2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:(2): 137–43.
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:(10): 996–9.
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2749:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:. Routledge.
2208:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2188:
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2158:
2153:
2149:
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2141:
2136:
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2127:
2123:
2119:
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2109:
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2100:
2095:
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2060:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1968:(in German).
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
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1875:
1864:
1860:
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1852:
1848:
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1814:
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1466:
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1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:socioeconomic
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
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1277:
1272:
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1252:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1100:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:This section
1053:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1002:
998:
992:
983:
982:
977:
975:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
951:
942:
941:
935:
933:
931:
928:
927:socioeconomic
924:
912:
902:
896:
895:
890:This section
888:
879:
878:
872:
870:
868:
860:
858:
852:
850:
848:
844:
832:
826:United States
825:
823:
821:
820:New Brunswick
817:
813:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:North America
774:
772:
765:
763:
756:
754:
750:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
687:
685:
679:
677:
675:
667:
665:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
635:
630:
628:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
609:schizophrenia
606:
598:
596:
589:
587:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
564:
563:psychiatrists
558:
556:
555:mental health
552:
548:
543:
539:
536:This form of
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:—also called
512:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
473:
470:
468:
467:Force-feeding
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:Antipsychotic
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
353:
349:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
316:
307:
304:
289:
286:
278:
268:
264:
258:
257:
253:
247:
238:
237:
228:
225:
217:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175: –
174:
170:
169:Find sources:
163:
157:
156:
152:
147:This article
145:
141:
136:
135:
126:
123:
115:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3958:Human rights
3916:Kendra's Law
3829:
3760:Kendra's Law
3713:. Retrieved
3709:the original
3704:
3695:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3611:
3596:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3413:
3403:
3393:25 September
3391:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3370:
3348:(9): 953–8.
3345:
3341:
3335:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3245:24 September
3243:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3222:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3064:
3040:(6): 406–8.
3037:
3033:
3023:
3013:25 September
3011:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2972:
2968:
2934:
2930:
2912:
2903:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2750:(5): 504–8.
2747:
2743:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:
2707:
2699:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:the original
2659:
2655:
2608:(1): 15–24.
2605:
2601:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:
2566:
2543:
2533:25 September
2531:. Retrieved
2526:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2493:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2406:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2368:
2351:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2205:
2198:
2174:
2160:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2084:
2080:
2053:
2039:
2002:
1998:
1957:
1920:
1916:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1830:
1826:
1816:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1749:
1735:
1725:, retrieved
1716:
1670:
1666:
1617:(1): 15–24.
1614:
1610:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1547:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1475:
1444:
1443:
1428:US specific:
1427:
1426:
1417:Thomas Szasz
1372:, excessive
1358:side-effects
1351:
1343:
1339:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1159:
1151:
1146:Kendra's Law
1143:
1135:
1127:
1110:
1095:
1079:
1064:Please help
1056:
1026:
1017:
995:
971:
964:
958:
957:Please help
954:
919:
909:October 2017
906:
901:rewriting it
899:Please help
891:
864:
856:
843:Laura Wilcox
840:
812:Saskatchewan
809:
778:
769:
760:
751:
747:
740:
723:
705:
703:
693:
691:
683:
671:
659:
641:
639:
622:
602:
593:
585:
581:
559:
535:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
420:Alternatives
412:Human rights
379:Regulated by
365:
299:
281:
272:
250:
220:
214:October 2017
211:
201:
194:
187:
180:
168:
148:
118:
112:October 2017
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3943:Court order
3921:Laura's Law
3765:Laura's Law
3745:MindFreedom
3647:NHS Digital
3621:NHS Digital
1887:www.pbs.org
1673:(1): 7–14.
1434:Laura's Law
1376:leading to
1374:weight gain
892:contains a
873:Controversy
785:U.S. states
578:Terminology
371:Court order
3973:Categories
3890:Castration
3866:Automatism
3849:Principles
3840:Psychiatry
3824:by country
3715:2006-04-02
3657:August 14,
3627:August 14,
3087:8 February
2582:2021-04-27
2504:11 January
2471:2020-02-03
2446:2020-02-03
2422:2020-02-03
2397:2022-03-20
2313:: 101452.
1923:(1): 157.
1892:2024-06-17
1868:2020-07-03
1727:2011-08-28
1588:2019-11-18
1563:2019-11-18
1539:References
1082:March 2022
1074:Wikisource
1020:March 2022
997:neutrality
960:improve it
766:Luxembourg
275:March 2022
252:neutrality
184:newspapers
151:references
50:improve it
3979:Psychosis
3935:Tribunals
3305:CiteSeerX
2343:196580245
2327:0160-2527
2144:0007-1420
2087:: 60–69.
1847:0920-9964
1833:: 67–72.
1800:1039-8562
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