492:
opposition leader. The censorship of human freedoms of expression to information was condemned by the Congo's United
Nations on Human Rights. Kabila was given until December 19, 2016, to step down. If he decided not to, precautionary measures were set to counter organization and public protests. The government ordered a temporary blocking of images, videos, and voiceovers on social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Skype, and WhatsApp right after Kabila was to step down. Digital media was the central counter to government oversight and regulation seen in other telecommunication outlets. Media was used in lieu of radio broadcasting to avoid self-censorship, financial restraints that may affect networks, or news station shutdowns. Removing the intermediary for independent journalism and coverage prevented communication among those who wanted to organize and speak out against Kabila. Black-outs were utilized to prevent anticipated politically motivated violence. Additionally, the then Telecommunications Minister Thomas Luhaka was “not informed” of such interference by the government.
467:
on corruption in public finance and natural resources, executive political parties, and hyperlocal militias and bandits. Peace agreements, in turn, did not end state violence, hence the need for absolute clarity to the public. The right to report on hostile resolutions was adopted in a 2002 resolution as a part of the eventual Inter-Congolese
Dialogue. This accord declared that “independent, free, responsible and efficient media are a guarantee for public freedoms, the smooth running of democracy and social cohesion”, giving the voters direct insight into public figures, programs, and overall transparency. Article 27, 28, and Clause 29 established individual freedom of expression, moral press freedom, and the public right to information, respectively. During the time of continuing 2002 conflict, radios served as stages for peace songs and “come-home” messaging. Hosts had conversations with military and government officials, army members, and rebels to discuss the challenges of peace talks and demobilization. Censorship was lenient as long as radio personnel covered both sides.
471:
mentioned common opposition outcries relating to employment opportunities, civilian killings, corruption, and faltering human rights. If these songs are played on the radio, the artists may be fined up to $ 500 per song in accordance with a 1996 censorship decree. Freedom of the press was restricted for artists offending political elites or speaking against
Congolese leaders and parties. For those using telecommunications as an outlet, interference was backed by such legislation. Open discussion about political corruption or unmentioned events, such as riots or uprisings against the ruling party, are avoided in news media but continuously active on pavement radio.
1118:
293:
supporters. This increases the probability that news will tend to favor the political base of these presidential candidates. These presidential candidates use their media platforms to attack political opponents which include ethnically charged hate speech. The result of such propaganda is evident in recent conflicts between ethnic groups, Hema and Lendu. The conflict was fueled by hate speech on media platforms. As a result, the conflict between these ethnic groups has transformed to one of the bloodiest conflicts in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
3189:
147:
citizens with radio services regardless of political affiliation. The FM waves Radio Okapi provided were aimed to be free of hate speech. Most importantly, Radio Okapi caters to the various different ethnicities within the DRC. This is done through the broadcasting of content in 5 of major languages spoken in the DRC. These five languages are French, Lingala, Swahili, Tshiluba, and
Kikongo.
3199:
3178:
3209:
527:
479:
The
Congolese government performed a series of intentional internet shutdowns. The first was conducted in December 2011 and lasted approximately 25 days. During the 25 days, Short Message Service otherwise known as SMS was the only one affected by the shutdown. According to an article by CIPESA, "One
364:
service in and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations; inadequate fixed line infrastructure, state-owned operator providing less than 1 fixed-line connection per 1000 persons; given the inadequate fixed-line infrastructure, the use of mobile-cellular services has surged
146:
Radio Okapi was first established in
February 2002 by the United Nations Mission in the Democratic of Republic of Congo (MONUC). Radio Okapi provides news, music, and political information to all corners of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The major purpose behind Radio Okapi is to provide all DRC
466:
After the First Congo War (1996–1997) and Second Congo War (1998–2003), the nation transitioned to a renewed national unity under the rule of
President Joseph Kabila and 4 vice presidents, all from former rebel and political opposition groups. The establishment of a democratic model required checks
301:
Peacekeeping agencies in the
Democratic Republic of Congo observed the dangerous risk hate speech posed to communal welfare in the region. In order to combat such harmful speech, Non-governmental agencies (NGO's) began promoting large scale media campaigns. Campaigns consisted of several different
470:
Major exceptions to the right of free press imminently ensued. In 1996, censorship had begun to target Congo's artistic freedoms. Beyond broadcasts and news, the nation began to censor those who expressed political sentiments through music. The
National Censorship Commission banned six songs that
483:
Unlike the first shutdown the second intentional shutdown had a broader range of impact.The second intentional shutdown occurred in January 2015. The Congolese government directed telecommunication companies within the country to halt all its services. Not only was SMS affected, but the entire
491:
In September 2016, the government cut the signals of the Radio France Internationale (RFI) and United Nations Radio Okapi (UNRO). Later, the general and program director of the Radio-Télévision Manika de Kolwezi was arrested after intentionally broadcasting a phone interview with Katumbi, the
292:
Specific media platforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo have used its platforms for the dissemination of hate speech. Media in the DRC has propagated hatred and ethnic divisions by reinforcing nationalistic sentiments. Numerous media outlets are owned by presidential candidates and their
487:
The most recent government shutdown occurred on December 19, 2016. This was an important date as President Joseph Kabila was supposed to step down as head of state. In order to quell, political upheaval the Congolese government ordered telecom operators to block social media in the country.
103:
1415:
1295:
1185:
3233:
1439:
1149:
1310:
1461:
1249:
1684:
906:
1175:
2037:
1449:
1330:
1305:
1585:
1499:
1376:
1320:
311:
480:
of the reasons cited by the government for blocking communication was to prevent the spread of fake results over the internet before the electoral commission announced official results"
1543:
445:
1658:
1514:
1405:
1117:
1456:
1315:
1290:
1381:
1366:
1300:
1142:
1595:
1570:
1432:
1410:
1393:
1361:
1356:
507:
409:
1.2 million users, 110th in the world; 1.7% of the population, 202nd in the world (2012); In 2023 22.9% of the population had Internet access, which is about 23 million people.
1952:
1489:
1398:
874:
1792:
1648:
1560:
1555:
1422:
1388:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1529:
1444:
1371:
1278:
1643:
1600:
1344:
1325:
1135:
51:
Two state-owned radio stations are supplemented by more than 100 private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007);
1812:
1677:
1620:
1524:
1477:
1167:
1628:
1580:
1504:
899:
1653:
1610:
1565:
1244:
513:
420:
403:
659:
Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))
77:
One state-owned TV broadcast station with near national coverage; more than a dozen privately owned TV stations with two having near national coverage (2007);
3161:
3133:
3128:
2153:
1638:
426:
747:
501:
172:
99:
1002:
662:, Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
1693:
1427:
2063:
1075:
1827:
1698:
39:
1214:
3155:
2110:
2106:
1731:
675:
3150:
3140:
3120:
2922:
2119:
731:
772:
3145:
2991:
1867:
323:
2917:
2102:
1977:
1967:
1772:
1195:
691:
3011:
1982:
1872:
1802:
302:
radio programs aimed at reconciliation and peacekeeping. Research concluded that such programs showed measurable positive effects.
1266:
2796:
2344:
2146:
2042:
1962:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1852:
1787:
1158:
2907:
1917:
1180:
2902:
2453:
2017:
1992:
1842:
1837:
1817:
1782:
1767:
2927:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2002:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1887:
1882:
1832:
1777:
1752:
1207:
3212:
3202:
2963:
2860:
2403:
2170:
2012:
2007:
1947:
1902:
1862:
1757:
794:
3192:
2699:
2139:
2067:
1987:
1937:
1892:
1877:
1857:
1847:
1822:
1762:
758:
111:
17:
581:
3051:
2973:
2912:
2619:
2093:
1997:
1907:
1797:
1724:
548:
484:
internet itself. This action by the government came on the eve of political protest on a proposed electoral bill.
2823:
2784:
2629:
2529:
2458:
2391:
2218:
1494:
705:
432:
3182:
2424:
2359:
2312:
2198:
453:(WACS), a fibre optic submarine communications cable linking countries along the west coast of Africa with the
368:
978:
3021:
3006:
2850:
2801:
2724:
2624:
2302:
2188:
2183:
1029:"Access and dissemination of information and emerging media convergence in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
71:
821:"Encouraging Rebel Demobilization by Radio in Uganda and the D.R. Congo: The Case of "Come Home" Messaging"
531:
2943:
2729:
2544:
2489:
2484:
2297:
2262:
2845:
2649:
2614:
2534:
2514:
2436:
2324:
2245:
1717:
361:
429:: 21,248 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 0.3 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
2759:
2719:
2689:
2446:
2381:
2272:
657:
672:
2769:
2709:
2468:
2430:
2287:
2228:
2213:
450:
106:(MONUSCO) and a Swiss-based NGO, Fondation Hirondelle, operate one of country's leading stations,
2996:
2953:
2884:
2754:
2684:
2659:
2594:
2441:
2162:
1056:
960:
856:
848:
751:
45:
1003:"DRC government takes radio stations off air and arrests journalists in effort to silence press"
728:
3036:
2958:
2872:
2855:
2818:
2704:
2664:
2494:
2463:
2329:
2223:
1633:
1048:
952:
875:"DRC: Ban on songs criticizing the government highlights urgent need to repeal censorship law"
840:
640:
617:
Vollhardt, Johann; Coutin, Marie; Staub, Ervin; Weiss, George; Deflander, Johan (2006-01-01).
3041:
3001:
2981:
2948:
2877:
2835:
2749:
2604:
2589:
2564:
2539:
2499:
2349:
2208:
2203:
2193:
1239:
1224:
1190:
1127:
1040:
944:
832:
630:
389:
65:
2669:
2524:
2292:
2255:
1509:
1234:
735:
679:
91:
2267:
948:
2867:
2739:
2714:
2674:
2644:
2519:
2354:
2240:
454:
376:
738:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
682:, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
3227:
3016:
2789:
2779:
2694:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2554:
2376:
2235:
1261:
1256:
1202:
1060:
860:
755:
619:"Deconstructing Hate Speech in the DRC: A Psychological Media Sensitization Campaign"
110:. The network employs mostly-Congolese staff and aims to bridge political divisions.
2894:
2734:
2679:
2609:
2574:
2509:
2408:
2398:
2250:
1219:
694:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
597:
317:
1044:
3094:
2744:
2654:
2639:
2599:
2559:
2418:
1028:
107:
1709:
3099:
2806:
2504:
2413:
2369:
2339:
2317:
2307:
2282:
588:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 7 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
123:
114:(RFI), which is widely available on FM, is the most popular news station. The
1052:
956:
844:
644:
3084:
2549:
2364:
1076:"DRC orders social media block to thwart unrest at the end of Kabila's term"
127:
536:
30:
include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
3079:
3069:
2986:
2811:
2634:
372:
119:
98:
Radio is the dominant medium; a handful of stations, including state-run
852:
820:
3074:
3059:
836:
964:
932:
3104:
3064:
2386:
2178:
2131:
135:
635:
618:
3089:
3026:
2334:
1229:
761:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
3031:
131:
2135:
1713:
1131:
900:"MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2010: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO"
2277:
542:
397:
393:
115:
773:"The State of Democracy in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
365:
and mobile teledensity is roughly 20 per 100 persons (2011).
671:
Calculated using penetration rate and population data from
3234:
Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
28:
Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
312:
Telephone numbers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
692:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"
508:
Internet freedom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
446:
List of terrestrial fibre optic cable projects in Africa
612:
610:
18:
Communications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1102:
706:"Digital 2023: The Democratic Republic of the Congo"
3113:
3050:
2972:
2936:
2893:
2834:
2768:
2477:
2169:
2051:
2026:
1745:
1619:
1542:
1476:
1343:
1277:
1166:
598:"Country profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1027:Williams, Apryl; Tkach, Benjamin K. (2021-01-21).
582:"Communications: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
979:"The Evolution of Internet Shutdowns in DR Congo"
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
60:16 stations: 3 AM, 12 FM, and 1 shortwave (1999).
57:13 stations: 3 AM, 11 FM, and 2 shortwave (2001);
673:"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"
332:58,200 lines in use, 161st in the world (2012);
604:, 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
2147:
1725:
1143:
514:Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
346:19.5 million lines, 52nd in the world (2012);
8:
1123:Map of telecommunications in the Congo, 1955
3162:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1105:, domain name registrar for the .cd domain.
504:(RTNC), the state-run national broadcaster.
360:Telephone system: barely adequate wire and
3198:
2154:
2140:
2132:
1732:
1718:
1710:
1548:
1482:
1349:
1283:
1150:
1136:
1128:
102:(RTNC), broadcast across the country. The
634:
423:: 2,515 hosts, 159th in the world (2012).
412:290,000 users, 132nd in the world (2008);
1033:Information, Communication & Society
154:
1113:
555:
40:List of television stations in Kinshasa
502:Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise
100:Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise
7:
3208:
949:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098185
462:Internet Censorship and Surveillance
795:"Congolese media defend democracy"
25:
1250:Transitional Government (2003–06)
3207:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3176:
2797:Free-space optical communication
2038:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1808:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1159:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1116:
530: This article incorporates
525:
435:: 188 ISPs (2005); 1 ISP (1999).
415: 50,000 users (2002).
1007:International Business Times UK
912:from the original on 2020-09-15
1186:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
771:Goldfaden, Marissa B. (2011).
457:, was connected in early 2013.
83: 4 stations (2001);
1:
1045:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1864004
933:"Tuning In to Pavement Radio"
3183:Telecommunication portal
2964:Telecommunications equipment
1740:Telecommunications in Africa
1267:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1240:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
1215:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
1191:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
2700:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1382:Foreign policy under Mobutu
759:Central Intelligence Agency
338:36,000 lines in use (1995).
335:20,000 lines in use (2000);
164:Share of total viewing (%)
112:Radio France Internationale
3250:
2404:Telecommunications history
1225:State of Katanga (1960–63)
704:Kemp, Simon (2023-02-13).
433:Internet Service Providers
309:
37:
3171:
3012:Public Switched Telephone
2824:telecommunication circuit
2785:Fiber-optic communication
2530:Francis Blake (telephone)
2325:Optical telecommunication
1671:
1551:
1485:
1352:
1286:
1235:First Congo War (1996–98)
1074:AfricaNews (2016-12-15).
349:2.6 million lines (2005);
324:International call prefix
2923:Orbital angular-momentum
2360:Satellite communications
2199:Communications satellite
1793:Central African Republic
1357:Administrative divisions
549:(Archived 2014 edition.)
451:West Africa Cable System
369:Satellite earth stations
2802:Molecular communication
2625:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2454:Undersea telegraph line
2189:Cable protection system
1262:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1203:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
931:Ellis, Stephen (1989).
623:Journal of Hate Studies
283:Political Uses of Media
151:Most viewed channels TV
2944:Communication protocol
2730:Charles Sumner Tainter
2545:Walter Houser Brattain
2490:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2298:Information revolution
1220:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
1181:Colonization (1867–85)
825:African Studies Review
532:public domain material
104:United Nations Mission
68:: 18.0 million (1997).
2918:Polarization-division
2650:Narinder Singh Kapany
2615:Erna Schneider Hoover
2535:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2515:Alexander Graham Bell
2246:online video platform
1953:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1813:Republic of the Congo
879:Amnesty International
475:Intentional Shutdowns
362:microwave radio relay
297:Combating Hate Speech
94:: 6.5 million (1997).
2760:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2720:Almon Brown Strowger
2690:Charles Grafton Page
2345:Prepaid mobile phone
2273:Electrical telegraph
819:Ross, Scott (2016).
355:10,000 lines (1995).
352:15,000 lines (2000);
118:broadcasts on FM in
34:Radio and television
2710:Johann Philipp Reis
2469:Wireless revolution
2431:The Telephone Cases
2288:Hydraulic telegraph
2028:States with limited
86:20 stations (1999).
80:23 stations (2005);
72:Television stations
54:27 stations (2005);
2908:Frequency-division
2885:Telephone exchange
2755:Charles Wheatstone
2685:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2660:Innocenzo Manzetti
2595:Reginald Fessenden
2330:Optical telegraphy
2163:Telecommunications
1520:Telecommunications
1367:Court of Cassation
1331:Former place names
837:10.1017/asr.2016.8
752:The World Factbook
734:2009-05-13 at the
678:2017-03-29 at the
538:The World Factbook
262:RT Océan Pacifique
3221:
3220:
2959:Store and forward
2954:Data transmission
2868:Network switching
2819:Transmission line
2665:Guglielmo Marconi
2630:Internet pioneers
2495:Mohamed M. Atalla
2464:Whistled language
2129:
2128:
2055:other territories
1828:Equatorial Guinea
1707:
1706:
1667:
1666:
1586:Human trafficking
1538:
1537:
1472:
1471:
1440:Political parties
1433:National Assembly
1377:Foreign relations
1339:
1338:
1039:(10): 1383–1399.
777:Inquiries Journal
541:(2024 ed.).
343:Mobile cellular:
280:
279:
16:(Redirected from
3241:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3052:Notable networks
3042:Wireless network
2982:Cellular network
2974:Types of network
2949:Computer network
2836:Network topology
2750:Thomas A. Watson
2605:Oliver Heaviside
2590:Philo Farnsworth
2565:Daniel Davis Jr.
2540:Charles Bourseul
2500:John Logie Baird
2209:Data compression
2204:Computer network
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2116:
2115:(United Kingdom)
2111:Tristan da Cunha
2107:Ascension Island
2099:
2086:
2077:
2053:Dependencies and
1746:Sovereign states
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1687:
1680:
1549:
1510:Franc (currency)
1483:
1350:
1284:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
975:
969:
968:
943:(352): 321–330.
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
911:
904:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
871:
865:
864:
816:
810:
809:
807:
806:
791:
785:
784:
768:
762:
745:
739:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
710:datareportal.com
701:
695:
689:
683:
669:
663:
655:
649:
648:
638:
614:
605:
595:
589:
579:
546:
529:
528:
390:Top-level domain
196:Digital Congo TV
155:
21:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3109:
3046:
2968:
2932:
2889:
2838:
2830:
2771:
2764:
2670:Robert Metcalfe
2525:Tim Berners-Lee
2473:
2293:Information Age
2165:
2160:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2097:
2084:
2075:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2031:
2029:
2022:
1741:
1738:
1708:
1703:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1663:
1659:Public holidays
1615:
1534:
1468:
1406:Law enforcement
1335:
1273:
1230:Zaire (1965–97)
1162:
1156:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
977:
976:
972:
937:African Affairs
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
902:
898:
897:
893:
884:
882:
873:
872:
868:
818:
817:
813:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
770:
769:
765:
746:
742:
736:Wayback Machine
727:
723:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
690:
686:
680:Wayback Machine
670:
666:
656:
652:
636:10.33972/jhs.40
616:
615:
608:
596:
592:
580:
557:
535:
526:
522:
498:
477:
464:
442:
440:Internet cables
386:
314:
308:
299:
290:
285:
273:RT Debout Kasai
153:
144:
92:Television sets
42:
36:
23:
22:
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2895:Multiplexing
2770:Transmission
2735:Nikola Tesla
2725:Henry Sutton
2680:Samuel Morse
2610:Robert Hooke
2575:Amos Dolbear
2510:John Bardeen
2429:
2409:Telautograph
2313:Mobile phone
2268:Edholm's law
2251:social media
2184:Broadcasting
2103:Saint Helena
2074:
1978:South Africa
1968:Sierra Leone
1807:
1773:Burkina Faso
1596:Prostitution
1571:Demographics
1519:
1495:Central Bank
1394:Human rights
1362:Constitution
1296:Conservation
1208:World War II
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1069:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1009:. 2016-11-08
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986:. Retrieved
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881:. 2021-11-11
878:
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831:(1): 33–55.
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801:. 2007-04-15
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329:Main lines:
318:Calling code
300:
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27:
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3095:NPL network
2807:Radio waves
2745:Alfred Vail
2655:Hedy Lamarr
2640:Dawon Kahng
2600:Elisha Gray
2560:Yogen Dalal
2485:Nasir Ahmed
2419:Teleprinter
2283:Heliographs
2030:recognition
1983:South Sudan
1873:Ivory Coast
1490:Agriculture
288:Hate Speech
185:RT Mwangaza
142:Radio Okapi
134:(93.3) and
108:Radio Okapi
3141:Antarctica
3100:Toasternet
3022:Television
2505:Paul Baran
2437:Television
2421:(teletype)
2414:Telegraphy
2392:transistor
2370:Phryctoria
2340:Photophone
2318:Smartphone
2308:Mass media
2085:(Portugal)
2043:Somaliland
1963:Seychelles
1928:Mozambique
1913:Mauritania
1898:Madagascar
1853:The Gambia
1788:Cape Verde
1561:Corruption
1423:Parliament
1389:Government
1306:Ecoregions
1196:Atrocities
1085:2022-05-11
1080:Africanews
1013:2022-05-11
988:2022-05-12
983:cipesa.org
885:2022-05-11
805:2022-05-11
748:Population
715:2024-06-27
520:References
396:(formerly
310:See also:
306:Telephones
207:Malaika TV
124:Lubumbashi
38:See also:
3125:Americas
3114:Locations
3085:Internet2
2846:Bandwidth
2550:Vint Cerf
2447:streaming
2425:Telephone
2365:Semaphore
2256:streaming
1918:Mauritius
1591:Languages
1576:Education
1530:Transport
1500:Companies
1445:President
1372:Elections
1321:Volcanoes
1311:Mountains
1279:Geography
1061:234155620
1053:1369-118X
957:0001-9909
861:146915135
845:0002-0206
645:2169-7442
379:) (2011).
218:TV5 Monde
138:(102.2).
128:Kisangani
3228:Category
3193:Category
3080:Internet
3070:CYCLADES
2987:Ethernet
2937:Concepts
2861:terminal
2812:wireless
2635:Bob Kahn
2478:Pioneers
2303:Internet
2194:Cable TV
2109: /
2105: /
2098:(France)
2092: /
2070: /
2066: /
2018:Zimbabwe
1993:Tanzania
1843:Ethiopia
1838:Eswatini
1818:Djibouti
1783:Cameroon
1768:Botswana
1694:Category
1644:Football
1601:Religion
1411:Military
1345:Politics
1326:Wildlife
907:Archived
853:24805941
732:Archived
676:Archived
602:BBC News
496:See also
384:Internet
373:Intelsat
158:Position
130:(92.0),
126:(92.0),
122:(92.7),
120:Kinshasa
3213:Commons
3203:Outline
3156:Oceania
3075:FidoNet
3060:ARPANET
2873:circuit
2442:digital
2171:History
2094:RĂ©union
2090:Mayotte
2081:Madeira
2076:(Spain)
2072:Melilla
2003:Tunisia
1973:Somalia
1958:Senegal
1943:Nigeria
1933:Namibia
1923:Morocco
1888:Liberia
1883:Lesotho
1833:Eritrea
1803:Comoros
1778:Burundi
1753:Algeria
1678:Outline
1634:Cuisine
1621:Culture
1544:Society
1525:Tourism
1478:Economy
1168:History
916:May 11,
161:Channel
3151:Europe
3121:Africa
3105:Usenet
3065:BITNET
3002:Mobile
2878:packet
2387:MOSFET
2382:device
2179:Beacon
2113:
2096:
2083:
2013:Zambia
2008:Uganda
1948:Rwanda
1903:Malawi
1863:Guinea
1758:Angola
1699:Portal
1629:Cinema
1581:Health
1515:Mining
1505:Energy
1428:Senate
1316:Rivers
1291:Cities
1110:Images
1103:NIC.cd
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965:722689
963:
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240:Tele50
229:Canal+
136:Bukavu
66:Radios
3134:South
3129:North
3090:JANET
3027:Telex
3017:Radio
2856:Nodes
2851:Links
2772:media
2350:Radio
2335:Pager
2263:Drums
2229:video
2224:image
2214:audio
2068:Ceuta
1988:Sudan
1938:Niger
1893:Libya
1878:Kenya
1858:Ghana
1848:Gabon
1823:Egypt
1763:Benin
1685:Index
1654:Music
1649:Media
1611:Women
1566:Crime
1245:2000s
1057:S2CID
961:JSTOR
910:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
857:S2CID
849:JSTOR
534:from
177:20.8
3146:Asia
3032:UUCP
2992:ISDN
1998:Togo
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1798:Chad
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1462:List
1450:List
1399:LGBT
1049:ISSN
953:ISSN
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