2514:. The CP's influence depended, however, on the personal charisma of Harry Bridges and the hard work put in by its members and sympathizers on the docks, rather than on the MWIU itself, which largely disappeared when its radical cadres followed the membership into the newly revived west coast locals of the ILA. While Bridges was apparently never a member of the CP — something the government tried to prove, without success, in four different trials over more than a decade — he worked closely with Party activists and helped advance their careers within the union, while the union that grew out of the strike, the
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1934:; others have attributed the left's failure to its own successes in building strong unions, but at the cost of downplaying its own political and social agendas for the sake of unity or short-term gains. Others take just the opposite position: that the left lost its power to lead the labor movement by its ideological zig-zags. The CP's history within the labor movement can support all of these theses.
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belonged to the CP played an important role in recruiting and organizing members, but rarely stayed in one area long enough to cultivate the sort of relations with local leaders that might have allowed them to recruit them into the Party, if they had tried to do so. They simply did not have the freedom of action that
Mortimer, Travis and others within the UAW did.
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than what the union had demanded, the union's leaders went to the CP for approval of the deal. But the Party's fraction within the union was reluctant to accept it, afraid that this would open them up to charges of softness in intra-Party factional warfare. The strike dragged on another few months, at which point the locals accepted an inferior agreement.
2304:, it is unlikely that this made much difference in the final analysis. The authorities reacted just as violently when the much less radical AFL intervened after a spontaneous strike of textile workers erupted in other mill towns several months later. That strike likewise ended in mass arrests and the killing of three strikers, shot in the back by
2735:. Matles and other CP members and allies held the bulk of the important positions within the UE for the next twelve years, until the CIO engineered a split within it in order to separate the Communist leaders from the CIO; they continued to hold power thereafter within that portion of the union that was not
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in 1934, kept his party affiliation private, to the extent that was possible, after he became
President of TWU Local 100, the local of New York City subway workers. The party discontinued its shop papers, which went by names such as "Red Dynamo" and "Red Express", in 1935, when TWU organizers claimed
2487:
Workers flocked to unions for representation, often in advance of any union organizing efforts, in the belief that
Roosevelt and the NRA would protect them. Lewis and the UMWA capitalized on this sentiment in 1933 when his organizers told miners that "The President wants you to join the Union." While
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used every weapon available to defeat his rivals for union leadership while wages and working conditions in the industry grew worse. The TUEL-supported candidate who ran for UMW President against Lewis in the 1924 election was credited with 66,000 votes in the official tally – nearly half what Lewis
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Nor did circumstances give them much opportunity to rise to leadership. Unlike the UAW, which was born out of tumultuous struggles in which CP activists and other radicals played leading parts, the SWOC conducted a much more top-down organizing campaign subject to close control. SWOC organizers who
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Lewis was not particularly concerned with the political beliefs of his organizers, so long as he controlled the organization. As he once famously remarked, "I do not turn my organizers or CIO members upside down and shake them to see what kind of literature falls out of their pockets." He took the
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in 1931 with even more disastrous results, since the union was not prepared to provide the relief necessary to permit strikers to remain out for any length of time, particularly in the face of attacks by "gun thugs." The NMU's strong opposition to racial discrimination and wholehearted support for
2339:
in 1928. It engaged in a fierce struggle to undo wage cuts when miners struck in
Pennsylvania and Ohio mines in 1931, but lost the strike when mine operators chose to recognize the UMW – which had not been involved in the strike – rather than the NMU, then obtained an injunction to prevent the NMU
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But in 1926 the left leadership in New York forfeited everything they had when they lost a strike of 40,000 cloakmakers. The local union leadership lost the strike in large part because of the internal factionalism within the CP: when the union had the opportunity to settle on terms that were less
2250:
The
Comintern's repudiation of dual unionism in 1926 turned out, however, to be only a temporary change in policy; in 1928 the CP began establishing new CP-led unions in the coal, textile, food and garment industries and renamed the TUEL the Trade Union Unity League in 1929. This change in policy
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rule, calling on industries to negotiate codes that would regulate prices, production, labor relations and other matters with only indirect government supervision. The government panels created under the NRA generally gave in to employer demands and appeared to be more concerned with preventing
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The TUUL had similar limited success in the automobile industry, where it established shop nuclei that linked the Party with the campaign for industrial unionism. The CP was, however, more successful in organizing unemployed workers in
Detroit and other auto centers than it was in recruiting or
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Foster had been, prior to his agreement to bring the TUEL under the wing of the CP, a syndicalist, who believed that workers would seize power through workers' organizations, such as unions, rather than through political organizations, such as a communist party. He had led the AFL's failed 1919
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The CP, in fact, played down its revolutionary politics during the sit-down strike. In part this was to avoid giving GM and its allies an issue to use against the strike; in part it was out of fear of distancing the Party from the strikers, who were, in the opinion of CP leadership, using
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policy that favored alliances with other "progressive forces." At the same time the New Deal was turning to the left, in response to both the increasingly hostile response by employers and the wave of worker discontent that had replaced the apathetic resignation of the first years of the
2029:
view. At the time of its founding, according to a leader of the party, "it would have been difficult to gather a half dozen delegates who knew anything about the trade union movement." The Party also became a largely clandestine organization during the immediate post-war years, as the
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as an enemy to be destroyed in order to eliminate the temptations of reformism rather than revolution. They also looked down on most trade union activities as insufficiently revolutionary: even though the labor movement was engaged in a great wave of strikes in 1919, including a
2815:, aided by some veteran CP autoworkers inside Fisher Body Plant #1 – but also by other radical workers, some belonging to Trotskyist parties, the Socialist Party or the IWW. The same pattern applied outside the plants: Socialist Party members, such as Walter Reuther's brothers
2839:
The CP was even more circumspect in the Steel
Workers Organizing Committee. The CP was anxious not to scare off its partners and employers in the CIO: its members therefore made no effort to advertise their Party affiliation and even took steps not to pack SWOC conventions.
2831:
revolutionary means to achieve traditional union goals. The
Socialists, by contrast, had a much smaller base within the striking workers, but were much more inclined to attach revolutionary significance to the sit-down strikes and to magnify their own role in them.
1917:
over industry, or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the
2852:, a former UMWA associate whom Lewis installed as head of the SWOC, weeded out most of the Communists from the union over the years after the initial organizing drives as the SWOC became the United Steelworkers of America. By 1942 the purge was almost complete.
2570:, public ownership of the subways and fare increases, the party took no credit for its contributions and party members vigorously rejected claims of employers, intra-union opponents and investigators that the party was, in fact, a major influence in the union.
2847:
Nor did they have the same power. As staff members, Pressman, de Caux and the SWOC organizers who belonged to the CP had, at most, only indirect influence on CIO or SWOC policy and no independent base to rally support or propagandize for other issues.
2916:"EARLY AMERICAN MARXISM: A Repository of Source Material, 1864-1929: First International, SLP, SPA, CPA, CLP, UCP, Workers Party (Forerunners of CPUSA and SPUSA), Language Federations, Communist Party Majority Group, Communist Party Opposition"
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that represented the first test of the CIO's ability to turn mass discontent into union gains, a number of rank-and-file leaders were also CP members. The Party had a degree of presence, both at the local and international level, in the
2061:, or "Red International of Labor Unions," forced the CP to change in 1921, when it directed U.S. communists to work within the AFL in order to make it a revolutionary body – what an earlier generation of SP members referred to as "
2288:
These new dual unions were, in fact, often more like ginger groups than unions, with few members and even fewer long-term members. Nonetheless these groups did make some heroic efforts to organize the unorganized. In 1929 the
2789:, who headed the UAW from 1947 until his death in 1970. The CP maintained its alliance with Addes, the center of the left-wing caucus within the UAW, for the next decade. Its alliance with Reuther proved much shorter.
2537:, were either Party members or close followers of Party policies. The TWU won the right to represent New York City's public transit workers after several years of clandestine organizing, a series of small strikes, a
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2297:, who walked out, despite the NTW's attempts to hold them back, after management fired five union activists. That strike was crushed after mobs of citizens smashed up union offices and murdered a union activist.
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Yet while the CP played a leading role in that organization, Party members, even those whose party membership had been open in the past, chose to downplay or conceal their membership. Hogan, a CP candidate for
1925:
Historians disagree why the union movement never formed a labor party and why
American workers have never embraced socialist parties in any numbers in the last ninety years. Some have argued that a strain of
535:
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At the same time the CIO and other progressive organizations and individuals overcome many of their reservations about working with the CP. Of the two hundred or so organizers that Lewis hired for the
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alliance-building replaced Third Period separatism. While the party remained influential — some said dominant — in the union until 1949, and the union closely followed party policies on issues such as
2510:
In each case radicals, either associated with the CPUSA or other leftwing parties, played key leadership roles; the CP and its allies, such as Harry
Bridges, played an important role in the
2332:
Lewis, however, effectively drove all of the TUEL and Brophy supporters from the union after his victory in 1926. The CP later burned its bridges with Brophy, denouncing him as a reformist.
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Stepan-Norris, Judith, and Maurice Zeitlin. " 'Who Gets the Bird?' or, How the Communists Won Power and Trust in America's Unions: The Relative Autonomy of Intraclass Political Struggles."
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leadership of the ILGWU took over the exhausted locals after they settled and their supporters were too dispirited to resist. While the CP retained a strong base of support in the smaller
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The CP, on the other hand, had some short-lived successes in the labor movement without the TUEL's help. The CP had broad support in the early 1920s among the radical, largely immigrant,
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Workers engaged in a wave of strikes, the most since 1921, in 1934. The largest and most significant were three giant strikes for union recognition among longshoremen on the
1922:'s expulsion of the unions in which they held the most influence in 1950. After the expulsion of the Communists, organized labor in the United States began a steady decline.
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same line in private, when David Dubinsky of the ILGWU asked him about the communists on the SWOC staff; as he told Dubinsky, "Who gets the bird? The hunter or the dog?"
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the UMWA organizers may have meant President Lewis, they did not correct the misimpression on the part of many miners who thought they meant President Roosevelt.
2054:, the Party's members had no role in them. Instead they urged workers to put aside their short-term economic goals and to concentrate on overthrowing the state.
2625:, sixty were CP members, with particular strength among the staff responsible for organizing foreign-born and African-American workers and in the Chicago area.
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2107:" and expelled TUEL members in 1924. The CPUSA lost more allies when, under orders from the Comintern, it withdrew its previous enthusiastic support for the
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2823:, and the Socialists and ex-Socialists working for the CIO cooperated with CP members, such as Henry Kraus, the UAW's publicity director, with a minimum of
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Individuals like Pressman and De Caux would not have considered working for the CIO if the CP had not shifted its position from sectarian purity to first a
2285:" that ran them. The CP instead focused on founding new revolutionary unions in the expectation that the collapse of capitalism was just around the corner.
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2774:. Mortimer was elected vice-president at the UAW's first convention and might have been elected president if not for concern about his Party membership.
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After some organizational successes, however, TUEL managed to alienate Fitzpatrick, leaving them without major allies when the AFL denounced TUEL as a "
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successfully organized cafeteria and restaurant workers, particularly in New York, where many of the restaurant workers unions had been taken over by
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While local authorities, preachers and newspapers played up the National Textile Workers' association with godless communism and its opposition to
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and predominantly white miners in Harlan County. While the strike publicized the horrific conditions in one of the most isolated parts of
2329:, whose "Save the Union" slate probably would have won election to national leadership in 1926 if the vote had been held democratically.
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The CP's efforts in mining were just as unsuccessful. The CP had once had a good deal of support in the internecine struggles within the
1909:, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda of fighting for
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2800:, where GM's production was centered. Even at that early stage factional infighting within the UAW, in particular between Mortimer and
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as part of his labor rackets. Those CP-led unions not only fended off Schultz's gangsters, but thrived, and became dominant within the
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2259:. CP leaders, such as Foster, willing to make the switch, held on to their positions in the Party, while those who did not, such as
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as its position in 1919 through 1921. While advocating a "united front from below," the Party attacked other socialist parties as "
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created by the AFL and locals from other unions in the industry. Of its 25,000 workers, almost all came from outside Michigan.
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adventurism. The strike, which would probably have been lost in any case, ended six months later in defeat after the AFL's
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created by the AFL and small shop caucuses, largely made up of CP activists and other socialists and radicals, at
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The TUEL itself changed for brief period into the dual union that the AFL had accused it of being. The TUEL led a
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The CP did not gain influence solely through seeking staff positions, however. In the rubber workers' strike in
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2533:, were instrumental in the founding of the union in 1934, and almost all of its original leaders, including
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2138:. They held on to those offices despite the attempts by the Socialist leadership of the ILGWU to oust them.
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Halpern, Martin. "The 1939 UAW convention: Turning point for communist power in the auto union?"
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Fink, Gary M. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor Leaders(Greenwood Press, 1974). pp. 4-5.
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and other unorganized companies. The CP grew even more powerful within the UE in 1937 when
3013:. An organizational history and reference documents of the TUEL. Reprinted on line at the
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had been particularly active in both east and west coast ports up through the 1920s. The
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The Communist Party of the USA was founded in 1919, out of two groups who broke from the
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strike in the steel industry and had established particularly close relations then with
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Klehr, Harvey, and John E. Haynes. "Communists and the CIO: From the Soviet archives."
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The CP achieved even greater results, but less long-term success, working within the
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that the party's overt role in the union was interfering with their efforts and when
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had a tradition of radical politics and more or less spontaneous job actions; the
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in New York City. A number of CP members won leadership positions in three major
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One of the most prominent UAW activists in the early years of the union was
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The NMU also took on the leadership of a strike that the UMW had called in
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for the next forty years, remained resolutely anti-communist thereafter.
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870:
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421:
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2667: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2439: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2222: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2131:
2126:(ILGWU) locals in New York City in 1924 and offices in other locals in
2088:
TUEL functioned within existing unions, trying to organize support for
2047:
1978: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3020:
2127:
2019:
1787:
2808:, another union activist and CP member from Toledo, to replace him.
2545:'s Kent Avenue powerhouse in 1937 and an overwhelming victory among
2381:
did not survive the Third Period, but it left its mark. Sailors and
2374:
union in New York when they affiliated with it several years later.
274:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2777:
Mortimer and the CP formed alliances at that first convention with
2731:, brought in a number of locals after a brief affiliation with the
2944:
American Vanguard: A History of the United Auto Workers, 1935–1970
2755:. Like the UE, the UAW was also formed in 1936 out of a number of
2484:
strikes than with protecting workers' rights or living standards.
2145:
That gave the International union the opportunity it needed: the
2034:
led to the arrest and deportation of thousands of Party members.
2397:, who subsequently led the west coast longshore strike of 1934.
2356:, it did not produce any concrete benefits for striking miners.
177:"Communist Party USA and American labor movement" 1919–1937
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The CP similarly gained influence at first in the newly formed
2014:. The original core of the CP believed that the triumph of the
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2408:
2191:
2065:." In order to accomplish this, the Profintern recognized the
1947:
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When the UAW decided to organize the industry by going after
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the Soviet Union also served to alienate it from the mostly
2022:
meant that the revolution was at hand in the West as well.
2961:
The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics
2707:
The CP also exerted a great deal of influence within the
2359:
There were, however, some bright spots for the CP: their
2255:'s turn to the left as he moved against his former ally
2025:
The CP's initial attitude towards unions reflected that
2709:
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America
2582:, or CIO, on the strength of individual members' work.
2325:
received. The CP later allied itself, for a time, with
1930:
made U.S. workers resistant to parties that emphasized
325:
263:
2711:(or UE), founded in 1936 by the merger of a number of
2172:
instructed the Party later that year to abandon any
2405:
Early years of the New Deal and founding of the CIO
2176:it had formed on the ground that these represented
168:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3021:Trotskyist Work in the Trade Unions, by Chris Knox
2978:Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit
2892:Communists in the U.S. Labor Movement (1937-1950)
2516:International Longshoremen and Warehousemen Union
2475:administration as a form of fascism, because the
2188:CPUSA turns left and the Trade Union Unity League
18:Communists in the U.S. Labor Movement (1919-1937)
2586:, the General Counsel for the CIO and later the
2293:led a strike of thousands of textile workers in
95:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
3041:History of labor relations in the United States
1902:and its allies played an important role in the
2590:, was a member of the CP and the underground
2518:, espoused the party's politics for decades.
1879:
8:
2598:. The first publicity director for the CIO,
2124:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3011:Trade Union Educational League (1921-1929)
2503:. In each case the strike became either a
1886:
1872:
1384:World Socialist Party of the United States
366:
2741:International Union of Electrical Workers
2683:Learn how and when to remove this message
2455:Learn how and when to remove this message
2238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1994:Learn how and when to remove this message
1452:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
517:Communist Party USA and African Americans
355:Learn how and when to remove this message
290:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2521:The Party's role in the founding of the
2372:Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees
1937:
2907:
2733:International Association of Machinists
2525:was even clearer: two TUUL organizers,
1670:A People's History of the United States
378:
1482:International Workingmen's Association
1254:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
2980:(1995). a major scholarly biography;
2785:of the UAW, later its president, and
2096:, organizing the unorganized and the
7:
2811:Travis played an active role in the
2665:adding citations to reliable sources
2580:Congress of Industrial Organizations
2437:adding citations to reliable sources
2270:stance towards unions was nearly as
2220:adding citations to reliable sources
2184:took over leadership of the strike.
1976:adding citations to reliable sources
1477:International Socialist Organization
166:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
3051:Labor history of the United States
2623:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
2523:Transport Workers Union of America
2037:The CP at that time looked on the
1592:Workers Party of the United States
1562:Social Democratic Party of America
1309:Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
1284:Party for Socialism and Liberation
25:
2379:Maritime Workers Industrial Union
2162:strike of woolen industry workers
1577:Students for a Democratic Society
1412:American Union of Associationists
1396:Inactive or defunct organizations
319:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
42:This article has multiple issues.
2876:
2862:
2641:
2477:National Industrial Recovery Act
2413:
2196:
1952:
1938:CPUSA's founding and early years
1853:
1841:
1567:Socialist Labor Party of America
1502:Maoist Internationalist Movement
1492:Labor Party of the United States
1259:Green Party of the United States
1234:Democratic Socialists of America
390:
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2897:Industrial Workers of the World
2766:, who had led a strike against
2704:union formed after the strike.
2652:needs additional citations for
2553:election several months later.
2467:The CP initially looked on the
2424:needs additional citations for
2391:Marine Workers Industrial Union
2207:needs additional citations for
1963:needs additional citations for
1447:Democratic Socialist Federation
1279:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
1264:Industrial Workers of the World
153:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
3046:Communism in the United States
3036:Espionage in the United States
3015:Early American Marxism Archive
2729:Metal Workers Industrial Union
2594:involved in espionage for the
2588:United Steelworkers of America
2168:in 1926 — until, that is, the
2067:Trade Union Educational League
1635:International Socialist Review
1542:Revolutionary Socialist League
1:
2721:Westinghouse Electric Company
2361:Food Workers Industrial Union
2069:, an organization founded by
1219:Black Riders Liberation Party
458:1877 St. Louis general strike
2988:American Sociological Review
2918:. 2005-02-09. Archived from
2039:American Federation of Labor
2010:when it refused to join the
1557:Social Democratic Federation
1547:Revolutionary Youth Movement
1537:Proletarian Party of America
1467:Independent Socialist League
1437:Communist League of Struggle
1324:South Carolina Workers Party
463:1912 Lawrence textile strike
2512:west coast longshore strike
2083:Chicago Federation of Labor
1597:Young Patriots Organization
1552:Social Democracy of America
1432:Communist League of America
1344:Socialist Rifle Association
1224:Black Socialists in America
270:the claims made and adding
3067:
2727:, former head of the CP's
2507:or something close to it.
2499:and automobile workers in
2008:Socialist Party of America
1941:
1572:Socialist Party of America
1274:National Progressive Party
638:2007–2008 financial crisis
512:American Protective League
500:Repression and persecution
2753:United Automobile Workers
2633:Organizing basic industry
2401:organizing auto workers.
2073:, as its U.S. affiliate.
1239:Freedom Party of New York
633:1999 Seattle WTO protests
3017:. Retrieved May 3, 2005.
2295:Gastonia, North Carolina
2291:National Textile Workers
1860:United States portal
1728:Bill of Rights socialism
1472:International Socialists
1442:Communist Workers' Party
1402:American Indian Movement
1334:Socialist Equality Party
507:American Defense Society
468:Catholic Worker Movement
370:This article is part of
332:may contain suggestions.
317:may need to be rewritten
81:This article includes a
2884:Organized labour portal
2796:, Mortimer was sent to
2479:provided for a form of
2345:Harlan County, Kentucky
2335:The CP founded its own
2115:for president in 1924.
2113:Robert La Follette, Sr.
2081:, the President of the
1928:American exceptionalism
1743:Individualist anarchism
1349:Socialist Workers Party
1299:Progressive Labor Party
1289:Peace and Freedom Party
1249:Freedom Socialist Party
110:more precise citations.
2976:Lichtenstein, Nelson.
2497:Minneapolis, Minnesota
2182:United Textile Workers
1417:American Workers Party
1369:Working Families Party
621:Poor People's Campaign
563:Seattle General Strike
2973:35.3 (1994): 442-446.
2956:33.2 (1992): 190-216.
2813:Flint Sit-Down Strike
2702:United Rubber Workers
2337:National Miners Union
2311:
1768:Libertarian socialism
1512:New American Movement
1329:Social Democrats, USA
1319:Socialist Alternative
543:Espionage Act of 1917
2661:improve this article
2433:improve this article
2216:improve this article
2016:Bolshevik Revolution
1972:improve this article
1848:Socialism portal
1808:Scientific socialism
1733:Democratic socialism
1407:American Labor Party
1213:Active organizations
594:Black power movement
473:Green Corn Rebellion
383:in the United States
162:improve this article
2783:secretary-treasurer
2747:United Auto Workers
2495:, truck drivers in
2320:in the 1920s, when
2318:United Mine Workers
2166:Passaic, New Jersey
2090:industrial unionism
1944:Communist Party USA
1900:Communist Party USA
1723:Anarcho-syndicalism
1675:Voluntary Socialism
1587:White Panther Party
1582:Weather Underground
1422:Black Panther Party
1379:Working Class Party
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1339:Socialist Party USA
1269:Legal Marijuana Now
1229:Communist Party USA
611:March on Washington
522:Communist Party USA
412:Bishop Hill Commune
2995:The CIO, 1935–1955
2993:Zieger, Robert H.
2959:Kampelman, Max M.
2174:independent unions
2063:boring from within
1522:Nonpartisan League
1462:Human Rights Party
1457:Farmer–Labor Party
643:Occupy Wall Street
553:John Birch Society
478:Labor unionization
255:possibly contains
83:list of references
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2071:William Z. Foster
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1828:Utopian socialism
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1718:Anarcho-communism
1665:The Other America
1364:Spartacist League
691:Bellamy (Francis)
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1655:Monopoly Capital
1650:Looking Backward
1615:Appeal to Reason
1314:Socialist Action
1294:Progressive Dane
1036:Parsons (Albert)
916:Heywood (Angela)
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2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2910:
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2842:
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2835:Steelworkers
2829:
2810:
2802:Homer Martin
2791:
2779:George Addes
2776:
2768:White Motors
2761:
2750:
2706:
2694:
2679:
2670:
2659:Please help
2654:verification
2651:
2627:
2620:
2609:and later a
2607:united front
2604:
2596:Soviet Union
2584:Lee Pressman
2577:
2568:civil rights
2555:
2531:Austin Hogan
2520:
2509:
2501:Toledo, Ohio
2490:
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2442:
2431:Please help
2426:verification
2423:
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2214:Please help
2209:verification
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2024:
2005:
1990:
1981:
1970:Please help
1965:verification
1962:
1924:
1897:
1793:Minimum wage
1763:Labor unions
1625:Daily Worker
771:Davis (Mike)
627:Contemporary
626:
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586:civil rights
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155:verification
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2827:bickering.
2821:Roy Reuther
2781:, then the
2697:Akron, Ohio
2673:August 2021
2600:Len De Caux
2445:August 2021
2327:John Brophy
2283:bureaucracy
2228:August 2021
2094:labor party
2027:millenarian
1984:August 2021
1497:Labor Party
558:McCarthyism
439:New Harmony
280:August 2021
218:August 2021
108:introducing
3030:Categories
2926:2020-10-11
2806:Bob Travis
2592:Ware group
2535:Mike Quill
2527:John Santo
2493:West Coast
2354:Appalachia
2272:ultra-left
2178:ultra-left
2105:dual union
2059:Profintern
2052:Washington
1823:Trotskyism
1758:Labor laws
1645:The Jungle
1507:Red Guards
1354:Solidarity
1091:Ruthenberg
986:McReynolds
886:Harrington
811:Ehrenreich
751:Carmichael
599:COINTELPRO
417:Brook Farm
264:improve it
188:newspapers
47:improve it
2903:Footnotes
2825:sectarian
2473:Roosevelt
2280:reformist
2266:The CP's
2170:Comintern
2147:Socialist
2012:Comintern
1913:and full
1911:socialism
1818:Socialism
1798:Mutualism
1747:in the US
1712:in the US
1708:Anarchism
1517:New Party
1136:Shachtman
971:Lovestone
588:movements
568:Smith Act
536:1937–1957
531:1919–1937
427:Jonestown
381:Socialism
338:June 2023
330:talk page
268:verifying
53:talk page
2946:(2004) .
2856:See also
2559:Congress
2471:and the
2469:New Deal
2306:sheriffs
1685:ZNetwork
1101:Sandburg
1081:Roediger
1056:Randolph
1006:Mitchell
931:Hillquit
826:Feinberg
761:Cockburn
711:Brisbane
706:Bookchin
681:Balagoon
616:New Left
582:Anti-war
422:Icarians
372:a series
116:May 2017
2997:(1995)
2963:(1957)
2739:by the
2541:in the
2132:Chicago
2048:Seattle
1778:Marxism
1640:Jacobin
1630:Dissent
1191:Zeidler
1156:Tankian
1106:Sanders
1031:Parenti
996:Morello
961:Labadie
946:Jameson
941:Hoffman
906:Hawkins
881:Hampton
876:Hammett
866:Guthrie
856:Graeber
851:Goldman
846:Gilmore
821:Fearing
806:Du Bois
801:Dreiser
796:De Leon
756:Chomsky
721:Browder
701:Berkman
671:Andrews
524:in the
488:May Day
401:History
262:Please
202:scholar
104:improve
2999:online
2982:online
2965:online
2737:raided
2253:Stalin
2128:Boston
2020:Russia
1788:Maoism
1196:Zerzan
1171:Turner
1161:Thomas
1151:Sweezy
1141:Shakur
1131:Seidel
1126:Seeger
1116:Sawant
1086:Rustin
1076:Rocker
1061:Ripley
1011:Newton
966:London
951:Keller
911:Hedges
861:Greene
841:Gitlow
836:Foster
791:Dennis
746:Cantor
741:Cannon
731:Butler
716:Brooks
696:Berger
676:Avrich
666:Alston
655:People
328:. The
204:
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175:
1609:Works
1359:Spark
1181:Wolff
1166:Tlaib
1146:Stone
1121:Seale
1111:Sakai
1096:Sacco
1071:Rocha
1051:Piven
1046:Piker
1016:Noyes
991:Moore
981:Marcy
816:Ervin
736:Cabet
661:Abern
209:JSTOR
195:books
89:, or
2819:and
2551:NLRB
2529:and
2377:The
2134:and
2092:, a
2057:The
1898:The
1201:Zinn
1186:Wood
1176:West
1066:Reed
1026:Ochs
1001:Most
956:King
936:Hoan
926:Hill
871:Hall
831:Ford
786:Debs
776:Dean
726:Bush
584:and
181:news
2770:in
2663:by
2574:CIO
2547:IRT
2543:BMT
2435:by
2387:IWW
2369:AFL
2218:by
2164:in
2046:in
2018:in
1974:by
1920:CIO
976:Lum
891:Hay
781:Day
266:by
164:by
3032::
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