Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies

1890: 1729: 123: 1127: 1005: 1596:

would henceforth lease out plantations to local village dwellers (with exclusion of Europeans and ethnic Chinese as Raffles had allowed) and not individually, but to entire dessas, for fixed terms. In no way the use of coercion was to be allowed (as had been the practice under Daendels). In the Preanger region the old system as it had been instituted under the British would be continued. One of the considerations of the Commissioners was that it would motivate the Javanese to engage in the cultivation of coffee if they were guaranteed the fruits of their labor. The plantations would be leased for 6-year terms to entire dessas that would collectively be responsible for the cultivation, including the replacement of diseased trees, and perform new planting to an extent of one-sixth of the existing acreage. They would have to follow the directions of a governmental botanical service. The rent would vary according to the quality of the plants, following a tariff that conformed to the

1499: 99: 1626: 1163:

major Meijer's column attacked the village from the front. Pattimura was there in person to lead the defense. One Dutch assault was enough to break the resistance, however, and Pattimura escaped into the bush. The Radja of the village of Booi then approached major Meijer with the offer of rendering Pattimura into his hands. Around the same time Pattimura's lieutenant Latumahina was betrayed to the Dutch by an old man. Major Meijer marched in the morning of 11 November toward the village of Ouw that was heavily reinforced. The insurgents countered with an assault that forced the Dutch troops to take cover. In the following hour major Meijer was mortally wounded; he would live a few days longer, but died of his wounds eventually. Captain Krieger took over command. The Dutch troops remained encircled and under attack.

111: 1403:

foreign and domestic, would from then on be allowed to engage in the spice trade in the East Indies. Competition would eliminate the monopoly rent, and everybody (except the monopolists) would be better off. Oranje shows that these liberal views of trade had already under the VOC regime existed as a minority opinion, and that the British during their occupation had replaced the monopolies with a system of tariffs and excises on economic activities. The Commissioners decided to follow this example, but to bias the system in favor of Dutch citizens by differentiating the tariffs between foreign traders, and Dutch and Indonesian ( among whom ethnic Chinese) traders.

1312: 369:) in place, as well as the monopolies from the time of the VOC, and the obligations for the population to plant and produce certain agricultural commodities. But they wished to study the possibility of lifting the spice monopoly in the Moluccas. The restrictions on commerce and shipping from the days of the VOC were lifted, opening up the Indies to commerce from other countries, except in the Moluccas. All European residents would enjoy freedom to set up a business. Finally, the Commissioners decided to study the introduction of educational reforms, opening up the schools for Europeans to the indigenous population. 1575: 1640: 1613:

areas (for instance by logging the forests) was no longer freely permitted to Europeans either. And the slave trade (already prohibited by the British, and proscribed in the Convention of London), was formally outlawed. Not so, however, the institution of slavery itself, as this was deemed to be unacceptable to both Europeans and the indigenous population, who prized slavery as in accordance with adat. The Commissioners, however, continued the policy instituted by the British to promote the gradual abolition of slavery by way of a "Java Benevolent Society" to aid the

2071: 1179: 1159:

fire on 8 November. This placed the insurgents who had their strong points at Tiouw and Saparua village between the two fires of Duurstede and Haria, from where a column under command of major Meijer marched to Tiouw, under constant harassment from the insurgents, which caused severe Dutch casualties. The Dutch and auxiliary troops stormed the fieldworks of the insurgents and soon those were reduced and Tiouw and Saparua village conquered. The Dutch casualties were one officer and ten soldiers killed and several wounded.

1123:

himself. He delegated the governing of Ambon to a new Resident, Neijs. As to the military organisation, he formed three "divisions", named after the three warships: Evertsen, Nassau and Prins Frederik, each consisting of 46 armed sailors, complemented by a battalion of soldiers. For the leaders he formulated an instruction about what tactics to follow (with an emphasis on attempted encirclement and attacks on multiple fronts, as he deemed such tactics most effective against an enemy with low morale).

1491:, had very different ideas. He advocated an enlightened policy which would transfer the land rights to the people cultivating the land. He did not prevail, but his ideas influenced Governor-General Daendels sufficiently that the latter in practical terms abandoned the legal fiction that the land belonged to the Regents, putting another legal fiction in its place, namely that the land belonged to the sovereign of the Netherlands, and that all cultivators were legally his 1137:

without opposition. The inhabitants, who had fled into the bush were convinced to return. But then things got out of hand. The Alfoer auxiliaries burned down a number of surrounding hamlets and started looting. Although there had been no resistance at Pelauw, major Meijer decided to "set an example" and selected 23 notables, from the 300 people he had taken prisoner, who were put in irons. He next had them

1759:

responsibility (under the supervision of the Chief Inspector for Water Management in Batavia). The position of the Regents and their remuneration was also codified in accordance with the new legal fiction that they were no longer sovereign in their fiefs, but subject to the Dutch king and his representatives in the colony. The position of the Governors and Residents in the areas in the archipelago that were

1049:. Van der Capellen decided that the Dutch Indies government had no option but to react severely. He realized the mistakes of the Moluccan commissioners, and sacked them forthwith. He appointed Buyskes in their place and charged him with the command of a military expedition to restore "law and order" in the Moluccas and punish the insurgents. Buyskes left on 27 June 1817 with about 250 soldiers aboard the 1817:(Appellate Courts), as were instructions for bailiffs and wardens of jails. A code of criminal procedure and one for the conduct of civil cases for Europeans was promulgated, together with a separate code for criminal procedures against indigenous people, and finally the geographical division of jurisdictions was determined. Similar arrangements were made for courts-martial and the High Military Court. 1384: 1696:. The intrinsic value of this coin was less than that of the new guilder. The Commissioners used this as an argument not to adopt "rupee' as the name for the standard coin. The rupee was also the denomination of the local paper money, which had a bad reputation. Adopting another name than rupee would therefore prevent the new money to suffer from the bad reputation of the old. 1205:. On the orders of Rear-Admiral Buyskes he was summarily shot in the presence of Ver Huell on 17 November 1817 at Fort Beverwijk on Nusa Laut. His daughter Martha Christina, who had fought alongside her father, stayed with her father to the last. She was released into the hands of a local schoolmaster after the execution, but absconded and eventually ended up on board the 1126: 1877:

high-handed change in constitutional fiction that Daendels had brought about, and thankfully adopted by Raffles, namely that the European king, whether he was called Napoleon, or George, or William, was the legitimate "owner" of the Indonesian soil, and the inhabitants his "tenants") in place. They sometimes improved on that (e.g. the reforms of Raffles

1332:. Under the VOC this was legally non-existent. The VOC as a chartered company had the legal monopoly of trade on the Dutch East Indies. It was a private concern, but one endowed with quasi-sovereign rights, such as the competence to make war and peace with foreign entities, and to engage in international treaties on behalf of the sovereign of the 1703:, or 30 stuivers, reflecting the lesser value of the Indies guilder, as the intrinsic value of the Dutch guilder was 24 stuivers. This required however, that to avoid a factual lowering of government salaries, the exchange rate for the calculation of Indies salaries would be 25 stuivers for the guilder, or 100 duiten for each Dutch guilder. 1609:

1819. Doing otherwise might have caused great hardship for the population, and possibly have led to riots or worse. But this remission had dire consequences for the financial situation of the colony. And the delay in implementation also made it impossible to sense the acceptance of the new system under the Regents and the common population.

1155:(pardon). Again the others were let go after swearing allegiance to the Radja (whose own son appears to have been among the victims). Kemp condemns Meijer's conduct in strong terms, pointing out that because the promise of a pardon was broken the insurgents no longer trusted such promises, which made the pacification work more difficult. 1754:, who headed the administrative organisation and colonial official corps. He was responsible for the government of the residency and the maintenance of law and order. He was therefore also the chief of police, and presiding magistrate for criminal and civil cases regarding the indigenous population, administering the 1676:). This was a silver coin with the same face value as the silver Dutch guilder. The problem was that silver bullion was 20% more expensive in the Indies than in the Netherlands. Using the same silver content would therefore make the Dutch guilder 20% less valuable in the Indies, and therefore subject to 2484:

The coinage of copper duiten had an unexpected side-effect. The copper used for those coins was originally imported from Japan (i.e. via Dejima), but the supply was insufficient. In addition Javanese people often melted the coins to fashion copper implements from them, so there was a dearth of coins.

1600:

tariff. The rent could be paid in kind or in cash. If in cash the rent would be calculated according to a price that would be annually determined. In this way a cultivation that was once subject to coercion, was transformed to a form of free agriculture under market conditions. The stated purpose was

1595:

at the turn of the 18th century, and it had become a very profitable quasi-monopoly for a time. The Commissioners sought to give this cultivation a new lease on life by introducing a system that gave Javanese outside the Preanger region an incentive to engage in it. The government of the East Indies

1166:

Meanwhile, Ver Huell himself went to the village of Tiouw where he suddenly was confronted with the surviving child of the Van den Berg family. The child had been wounded during the massacre of his parents and siblings, but feigned to be dead. He was eventually saved by a well-meaning Saparuan family

2122:

Van der Capellen remained behind to try and implement the policies he and his colleagues had developed. He tried to continue the policy of protecting the indigenous people by barring Europeans and ethnic Chinese from the cultivation of coffee. He also partly restored the rights of the Regents, that

1954:

in everything acted as the representative of the king, who was the ultimate authority. This included foreign relations (i.e. concluding treaties); military affairs; legislation, but also dispensation of laws; financial administration and levying of taxes; execution of punishments and giving pardons;

1467:

enterprise the VOC directors were always concerned to avoid taking on unnecessary expense, and they certainly considered setting up a state apparatus in the archipelago, with its provision of public services, an expense to be avoided. The reverse side of this policy was that they could dispense with

1710:

to guarantee the value of paper money. The same amount of paper money was now issued. This helped anchor the value of the paper money in circulation. For every type of money metal (like copper and zinc) the exact value was established in terms of duiten. The issue of coins made of such other metals

1612:

Finally, in this context of the general economy of Java in particular, the Commissioners promulgated a number of important regulations. So were immigrating Europeans no longer freely admitted, but had they to obtain permission from the Governor General to become residents. The development of jungle

1608:

had stagnated since the departure of the British in 1816. There were therefore large arrears of taxes owed, so large even that in some cases the arrears were equal to the annual harvest. The Commissioners therefore decided to remit the taxes for the years since 1816 by a decree they issued in early

1545:

system would transform them (at least in the long run) into farmers who produced for the world market, was the idea. This would be achieved by levying the tax for the moment in kind, in the form of obligatory amounts of prescribed products, but in future cash was supposed to take the place of these

1433:

in the Dutch Indies. The Commissioners opposed this notion, because they feared that this would lead to state interference with free trade. Also, as long as businessmen had free access to the Governor General, a possible conflict would not immediately have international repercussions in the absence

1272:

in the archipel. Under the VOC that freedom had in principle been denied both to foreign-flagged shipping and to private Dutch merchants. But this was no longer an option. So the Commissioners studied the history of the policies applied to the subject in the time of the Company, and later under the

1162:

A fleet of Kora Koras with Ternate and Tidore troops arrived around midnight as reinforcements for the continuation of the campaign on Saparua. That same night (10 November) a severe earthquake woke the soldiers around 3 am. The auxiliary troops performed a landing near Siri-sori as a feint, while

2465:

tried to bribe Van der Capellen by giving him the use of three beautiful slave girls. Van der Capellen, embarrassed by this gift, thought it politic not to refuse, but he immediately manumitted the girls and made sure they got paid work as house servants in colonist families. He of course reported

1719:

In his 1819 report Elout concluded that the reform of the monetary system in 1817 had been a success. The issue of silver Indies guilders had been disappointing, but on the other hand the coining of silver rupees had been very successful, and thanks to the fixed exchange rate with the guilder this

2254:

The VOC was nationalized in 1799; the Batavian Republic assuming its debt of 118 million guilders. On its face it looked a bad deal for the Dutch taxpayer, but with the debt came a claim to the possessions of the defunct company. So on balance and in the long run the deal may not have been so bad

1656:

At their arrival the Commissioners encountered total chaos in the field of the coinage. All kinds of coins circulated, leaving it to the market to determine the exchange rates, which in turn hindered the free circulation of money, and economic activity in general. There also was simply too little

1454:

and the people inhabiting it. The VOC found it convenient to deal only with these native rulers and not engage in "retail" trade (like their Asian competitors in the spice trade), but contract with them on the "wholesale" level for the delivery of the annual harvest of commodities. The Regent was

1307:

to ships under Dutch flag (unless a foreign flagged ship traveled under contract with the Indies Government). In effect this "administrative policy" severely limited foreign-flagged shipping in its free navigation in those islands. It would be a bone of contention with the British, who of course

1170:

The next day the beleaguered troops at Ouw managed to overpower their assailants. Around the same time (11 November) the fighting on the island came to a sudden halt as Pattimnura, together with his main lieutenants, Antonie Reebhok, and the Radja of Tiouw, Thomas Pattiwaal, was surprised by the

1158:

The next part of the campaign was the conquest of the island of Saparua, which started with the posting of the Evertsen division in Fort Duurstede (which was again in Dutch hands) on 5 November 1817. Next a landing was performed near the villages Portho and Haria, which were occupied and set on

1876:

had long been deprived of direct contact with the authorities in the colony, and king William therefore deemed it prudent to let the Commissioners take the true state of affairs into account, and act according to circumstances. And that is what they did, leaving much of what they found (like the

1402:

as levied by monopolists and their ilk works to the detriment of consumers, and of the economy as a whole. The Commissioners realized that it actually was a good thing if the old monopolies of the VOC were abandoned under the new regime they were establishing. And so they decided. All merchants,

1148:

What next happened is not entirely clear according to Kemp. The reports about the matter differ. But it seems that Meijer in the next few days decided to repeat the punitive action, this time on a beach near Pelauw, and in front of around a 1000 shocked witnesses. Again the number of victims was

1122:

and a number of individual villages on that island. Buyskes decided to first stabilize the situation on Ambon, his base of operations. He started out by on 3 October 1817 sacking the incompetent commissioners for the Moluccas, Van Middelkoop (governor) and Engelhard, and assumed the governorship

85:

to an embryonic form of "Imperial Power Colonialism", which would come to full fruition during the 19th century (while retaining aspects of "trade colonialism"). The "constitution" they wrote would remain in force for the Dutch East Indies in the main, though with important amendments, like the

1758:

cases that pertained to them. The Residents could also make local ordinances. Furthermore, they headed the financial administration of the residency and were responsible for drafting its budget. The management of infrastructure, especially the hydraulic management for the residency, was another

4024:

Brieven van en aan Mr. H.J. van der Graaff 1816-1826. Eene bijdrage tot de kennis der Oost-Indische bestuurstoestanden onder de regeering van G.A.G.P. baron van der Capellen. Eerste deel. Geschiedkundig overzicht (Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen Deel

1881:

tax, and of the coffee-plantation regime). At other times they changed it (as with the lifting of the monopolies on the spice trade). In yet other circumstances they created something entirely new (like the system of the coinage). The organisation of the colonial civil service and the judicial

1273:

Daendels regime, and the Raffles regime. The Commissioners concluded that the only solution to the problem would be to allow freedom of navigation to both foreign-flagged shipping and private Dutch shipping on an equal footing, but that Dutch shipping would be privileged by a (discriminatory)

1136:

Hitu was the first target of operations. An expedition under command of major Meijer soon brought the area under control (end of October). Next it was Haruku's turn. Begin November a landing took place there, near Kailolo, again led by major Meijer. The next target was to be Pelauw, which fell

2045:

the Commissioners General completed their mission. The only thing that rested was to appoint the people who would lead the new, permanent government. The Commissioners confirmed their colleague Van der Capellen in his function of Governor General. As Members of the Council of the Indies the

1797:

For the benefit of the colonial officials a pension fund was founded, as well as an orphanage for the children of deceased personnel; and the administration of estates of deceased personnel organised. The rules for the organisation of the corps of colonial officials were made part of the new

1882:

organisation they mainly codified as they found it (in perfected form). All of this was cast in the form of a number of separate regulations, promulgated over the time of their sojourn in the Indies. But now, at the end of 1818, came the time to put it all together in the form of a definite

1397:

Two developments put an end to this halcyon state for the VOC. The British broke the monopoly for nutmeg during their occupation of the Moluccas by exporting rootstock to their other possessions. But more important was that new economic insights gave monopoly a bad name around the time the

1680:

drive the Indies guilder out of circulation. The Commissioner's therefore had to think of a ruse to debase the Indies guilder to such an extent that the intrinsic value of the two coins would be about equal. The solution was to abuse the fact that the subdivision of both guilders was 16

1528:

system deserves a large part of the credit for this. The system was more than just a fiscal innovation. By introducing the notion that the land belonged to the cultivators as tenants, the economy of the archipelago was fundamentally changed. Previously, the people of the Indies were

1715:

was made a capital offense. Paper money issued by the British was now taken out of circulation, as there was enough money available to finance this. Paper money issued under the Daendels regime, on the other hand, was disavowed. It lost what little value it might stil have had.

1277:

policy. However, Elout did not think this was enough to protect the Dutch interests, so he convinced his colleagues to introduce another restriction on inward bound foreign traffic: an obligation for all imports to be landed in Batavia, which was to function as a kind of

2013:

itself: There was to be a Chief Director, comparable to the Governor General, as chief of the bureaucracy. Under him functioned the chiefs of the government departments (called "directors") who had the same kind of secretarial support as the three controlling councils.

1889: 1794:, who were henceforth "to be elected by the population", according to existing customs. It was the intent of the Commissioners not to interfere in the constitutional arrangements of the indigenous population, just to protect them from abuses by the Regents. 2127:

by scaling back their own demands for tribute. This proved illusory. So Van der Capellen in 1824 forced a number of Regents to disgorge their extorted gains. He was also not popular among the old, corrupt elite in Batavia around the former Governor General

1298:

then Batavia, but the accompanying bureaucracy suffocated especially the trade of non-European businessmen in the Indies, who were less used to having to navigate such obstacles. Kemp contrast this with Raffles' policy of deregulation in the new port of

1728: 177:(the successor state to the Batavian Republic). When the Dutch state was resurrected in 1813 by the victorious allies, the British government deemed it politic to return most of the colonies of the Kingdom of Holland to this new sovereign entity (the 1303:, which directly competed with the Dutch Indies ports, and which consequently was allowed to flourish. Finally, Van der Capellen promulgated an apparently innocuous executive order that limited the issuance of customs clearances for shipping to the 2119:, that happened to lie in the lagoon. But the cargo was lost. Elout lost all his precious diaries with a record of all the activities of the Commissioners. After his return to the Netherlands he spent weeks reconstructing this record from memory. 2540:

only recently, and though it was the intent of the new Dutch government to replace it with a number of codes of Dutch origin, this turned out to take decades. In any case, Dutch subjects were supposed to have the benefit of the law in the home

304:

in 1819. In this context it is important to point out that the Dutch kingdom acted as the successor of the VOC, and only exercised the rights that company had possessed previously. The VOC did not possess the entire area that now comprises the

1809:(Statutes of Batavia). That codex was only applicable to Europeans; its jurisdiction was not to be extended to the indigenous population that would remain subject to adat. They codified a number of regulations, however. An Instruction for the 1657:

money, both coins and paper money, in circulation to serve the economy adequately. Let alone to make the transition from a barter economy to a money economy feasible. Apart from this the Commissioners had received the instruction to erect a

2017:

A general government department that merits mention is that of Religion, Education and Arts and Sciences The Commissioners General had (in accordance with their Instruction) also set up a system of regulation of basic education. Private

122: 291:

It took until 18 August 1816 before Fendall finally handed over the government of Java to Van der Capellen, pleading a lack of instructions to do so from his superiors. In other parts of the Indies the handover took even longer. The

325:, that comprised other parts of the Moluccas, was a semi-autonomous vassal state. Other parts of the archipel were even more autonomous, though bound to the VOC (and later the Dutch colonial government) by (unequal) treaties, like 360:

was restored in its powers as a check on the Governor-General, though the Governor-General would be empowered to override the Council under certain circumstances. The Commissioners further decided to leave Raffles' cash-based

1026:. The British had during their occupation of Saparua raised a regiment of mercenary soldiers, in which Matulessy had reached the rank of sergeant. When the Moluccas were handed over to the Dutch commissioners sent out by the 80:

for the colony that they carried in draft-form with them. But instead they promulgated a much-amended version of that draft at the end of their mission in 1818. It embodied a transition from the "Trade Colonialism" of the

2628:

came close. As the "public church" it was supported by the Dutch state, also in the Dutch East Indies. On the other hand it had been the policy of the VOC to practice tolerance toward other religions, and to discourage

2312:

Kemp notes that the Dutch complaints about tardiness of British authorities certainly applied to the lower levels of the EIC hierarchy. He gives a long list of examples. But he also notes that the Governor-General in

2123:

had been eliminated with a stroke of the pen by Daendels, which had caused great resentment. The Commissioners had also naively supposed that the Regents would compensate their subjects for the imposition of the

2380:

Ver Huell describes this as follows "The ringleaders were presented; and Major Meijer made it known to the people in a short and powerful speech that they would be punished with death; and the guilty troop was

1779:) were generally more autonomous than the Regents on Java, so the relationship was characterized as indigenous Princes being "advised" by the Resident, not an explicit hierarchical relationship, therefore. The 2563:

had since 1610 under the VOC been a check on the powers of the Governor General. Daendels had done away with it, but the Commissioners General now resurrected the ancient institution, be it with diminished

1004: 1045:

The subsequent punitive expedition sent out by the Dutch commissioners in the Moluccas had led to a disastrous result, and large loss of Dutch life. Only then saw these commissioners fit to inform the

1201:, near the south-east corner of Saparua. The Radja of this island, Paulus Tiahahu, had chosen the side of the insurgents and led the resistance. He was eventually captured, together with his daughter 2343:

It is important to realize that there were two parallel systems of law in existence at the same time. The first applied exclusively to Europeans and Eurasians throughout the archipelago, who enjoyed

409: 1601:

to protect the population from arbitrary treatment; to improve their circumstances; to guarantee them the fruits of their labor; and to treat them on the same footing as other subjects of the king.

2022:

were subject to permits from the Governor General, and to an inspectorate that monitored the quality of education they provided. They were to be open to children of both genders, for Europeans and

1790:(High Government) of the Dutch East Indies, i.e. the Governor General, "in council", or acting on his own authority. The only exception to this appointment competence regarded the heads of the 1498: 98: 2103:

was a badly constructed ship (like her sister ships that had accompanied her to the Indies and had mostly already been condemned because of their state of unreadiness). Near the island of

2264:

He had the authority to do this without a mandate from the parliament of the new state, because the new Dutch constitution gave supreme authority over the colonies exclusively to the king.

3974:"Het herstel van het Nederlandsch gezag in de Molukken in 1817, naar oorspronkelijke stukken. DERDE GEDEELTE. De bedwinging van den opstand in de Molukken door schout-bij-nacht Buijskes" 1167:

who received permission from Pattimura to take him in. They now handed him over to Ver Huell, who eventually took care to reunite him with his mother's parents in the Netherlands.

2185:

settled a number of questions that had been left open by the 1814 treaty. Its main result was a more precise demarcation of spheres of interest in the Indonesian archipelago and

4155: 1625: 4150: 2026:, as well as children of Javanese parents who wished their children to attend. This system was for the moment brought under the management of the director of agriculture, 2646:

over the objections of Elout, who was Minister of Colonies, and so nominally Van den Bosch's superior, at the time. Van den Bosch prevailed, and Elout resigned in protest.

402: 1886:. And also put the capstone on the edifice they had built, in the form of a regulation of the "government" in the narrow sense of ruling officials and their competences. 2498: 178: 161:

had as lieutenant-governor made an energetic start with the conversion of the institutions of the colony, but he built on the work of the last Dutch governor of Java,

4047: 4010: 3961: 496: 220:

with the intent that they should implement it in the Indies after taking over the government from the British. As it turned out the Commissioners never did this.

2111:

before long, so Buyskes (despite overstepping his role as a mere passenger) ordered Ver Huell to sail to Diego Garcia. There the ship proved unable to cross the

1065:

and two transports. The expedition left for Celebes on 27 July. They reached Ternate on 1 September. There the Sultan was persuaded to supply twenty so-called "

855: 395: 945: 2485:

This was relieved by importing copper blanks from the Netherlands, which had a lower intrinsic value, bringing the Batavia mint an unexpected profit from

920: 3889:"De Garoeda en de Ooievaar. Indonesië van kolonie tot nationale staat. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 266" 2174:

that had come with the Commissioners General to the East Indies, played a major role. Van der Capellen was relieved from office in 1826 and succeeded by

1565:. The estimated size of the harvest to be taxed was a matter of negotiation between the dessa head and the tax collector. In this context the Malay word 885: 870: 865: 1228:

on 16 December 1817. Finally, on 10 February 1818 four insurgent leaders that had been arrested on Ceram were executed, and on 20 February the Ambonese

110: 2677: 1955:

special police powers (such as deporting of undesirable persons), and immigration and settlement matters; and so on, again with the proviso that the

1685:. However the exchange rate between the Indies stuiver and the Dutch stuiver was 20:16. By setting the intrinsic value of the Indies guilder at 16 1604:

When it came to the implementation of the new system of taxation the Commissioners had to reckon with one practical: problem: the collection of the

4018: 3969: 3927: 2151: 1557:

head would parcel out the land allotted to the dessa among individual members of the community. These tenants would till the land as a kind of

840: 546: 309:. The VOC had conquered a large part of the island of Java, and exercised "direct rule" there. But other parts were still autonomous, like the 3888: 1950:

authority in the Dutch East indies. This encompassed the powers normally exercised by the sovereign of a country, with the proviso that the

3869: 3827: 3204: 1311: 2138:. These Europeans sabotaged him wherever possible. His time in office was also marred by armed conflicts with indigenous rulers, like the 982: 188:

William made plans to implement the treaty by sending an expedition to the East Indies, but the project was delayed by the events of the

2475:

Obverse: bust of King William I; reverse: Dutch coat of arms between value indication of "1" and "G"; year 1821 above value-indication.

1979: 1743: 1495:. This would become the legal basis for the introduction of a system of taxation for the common residents to finance a state apparatus. 471: 2274: 2091:, still under the command of captain-lieutenant Ver Huell. Also on board was a big hoard of priceless botanical specimens collected by 1488: 2167: 2115:, so Buyskes (against the wishes of Ver Huell) ordered "abandon ship". The passengers and crew were rescued by an American brig, the 930: 773: 4131: 4100: 2927: 2402: 2080: 1372:, where the growing of the spice was concentrated after 1621. For other spices such as pepper, that grew over a wider area, only an 1337: 1191: 977: 972: 895: 880: 875: 733: 193: 1848:

the metropolitan government that would ultimately promulgate it; the latter could (and would) diverge from it with the stroke of a

1692:

An additional problem that one of the other coins circulating, especially under the indigenous population, was a local form of the

591: 2321:. He also blames Elout for needlessly annoying Fendall with his tactlessness, which may have caused the latter's obstructiveness. 1406:

The VOC had (as only European traders) been allowed to trade on Japan, where a trading post had been maintained on the island of

1328:

Related to the freedom of navigation was the freedom to trade in the commodities that the archipelago produced, first of all the

753: 728: 318: 349:

was solemnly proclaimed on 19 August 1816, which at the same time also proclaimed Van der Capellen as the new Governor-General.

4056: 1872:

could have been promulgated before their departure, but this was left intentionally to their discretion, as the authorities in

686: 4057:"Het beleid der Commissie Generaal; de uitwerking der beginselen van 1815 in het Regeerings Reglement van 1818 (dissertation)" 1771:), which introduced an aspect of the maintenance of appropriate foreign relations. Also, the Regents in these areas (like the 1574: 181:

at that moment in time). To that end the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 was concluded with the Sovereign Prince (as he then was),

3783: 2604: 2143: 1592: 1553:, that was based on a mixture of individual and communal tenure of the land that was formally owned by the government. Every 992: 830: 3909:"A Footnote to the Colonial History of the Dutch East Indies. The "Little East" in the first half of the nineteenth century" 1805:

The Commissioners built on the existing Judicial Organisation and Law. That law was codified under the VOC in the so-called

571: 2560: 2317:

acted on the contrary pro-actively and expedited the transfer of power, even in the absence of the required British Royal

2139: 825: 815: 805: 758: 706: 676: 651: 616: 611: 516: 423: 357: 281: 87: 4080: 800: 3859: 2238:, which soured the relationships with the indigenous population even more, necessitating ever more repressive policies. 1983: 1868:

provisional government, that the Commissioners General, seen as a collective, were also to be for the colony. The draft

1588: 1579: 1561:

and pay the government an in-kind tax in the form of a percentage of the harvest. The tax was based on the principle of

621: 208:

promulgated by Daendels (and still in place under Raffles, with amendments). He handed this to the three Commissioners,

182: 49: 1364:, and monopoly for the market of European consumers of these spices. This policy was most successful for the market in 1038:

had instituted a few other tactless and unpopular policies. This caused Matulessi/Pattimura and his followers to storm

4076: 2175: 2092: 2027: 1639: 778: 666: 586: 269: 1414:. Even during the British occupation of the Dutch Indies this trading post had remained in Dutch hands. Commissioner 1216:

was finally broken at the beginning of December 1817. Meanwhile, the insurgent chiefs were condemned to death by the

1930:) was to consist of the Governor General "in council", or acting alone. The Council in question were four so-called 3931: 2182: 2070: 2047: 1763:

under direct rule was similar, with the proviso that these had to deal with sovereign Indonesian princes (like the

1178: 1035: 987: 790: 661: 476: 466: 461: 285: 53: 2107:

the ship had become so leaky that the crew had to man the pumps 24 hours a day. It was clear that the ship would

1673: 1649: 1631: 1429:

Another matter related with foreign relations was the question whether to allow foreign nations to station their

1236: 1030:

in early 1817, they had disbanded this regiment, causing great distress to Matulessy and his colleagues. The new

501: 743: 738: 3817: 3194: 1864:

in many respects overlapped with the draft-regulation, but its intent was to function as a regulation for this

1235:

For their conduct during the suppression of the insurrection many officers and men received knighthoods of the

1202: 601: 581: 217: 146: 114: 82: 73: 2573:

The Regeringsreglement that the Commissioners promulgated in 1818 also opened the possibility of appointing a

696: 626: 280:, but now came to fulfill the original task of the brigade: defending the Dutch East Indies, under command of 2550:

Oranje devotes a chapter to a comparison between the text of the draft of 1815 and the eventual text of 1818

17: 2382: 2096: 2055: 2051: 2031: 1895: 1786:

The appointment of Residents and Regents, and all other colonial officials, was to be the competence of the

1587:

An ancillary source of revenue for the East Indies government was the leasing of coffee plantations in the

1530: 1521: 1430: 910: 810: 701: 566: 561: 511: 451: 209: 142: 102: 65: 2422:

That is to say, Dutch ships and merchants would enjoy either freedom from the tariff, or a reduced tariff.

1990:

for the Public Finances, for which instructions had been formulated earlier and these were left out of the

1963:

on a quarterly basis, which implied the possibility that the king would overrule measures or policies. The

1661:

between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. In short, the regulation of the coinage was a priority.

2643: 2210: 1943: 1487:

When the Batavian Republic nationalized the VOC and so legally acquired its "assets", the reformers, like

768: 711: 551: 526: 456: 213: 162: 126: 69: 1468:

a system of taxation to gather the revenue that would have been necessary to maintain a state apparatus.

1243:. But Ver Huell had to wait until 1841 before he finally received his Knighthood 3rd class of the Order. 4004: 3955: 3863: 3821: 3198: 2952: 2625: 1269: 1225: 1022:

in the Moluccas, led by the Christian Saparuan sergeant Thomas Matulessy, who had adopted the pseudonym

636: 596: 556: 541: 506: 420: 3735:

Chagos News.The Periodical Newsletter of the Chagos Conservation Trust and Chagos Conservation Trust US

3727: 1283: 860: 232:

set sail on 29 October 1815 from Texel aboard a Dutch navy squadron under command of the member of the

2953:"Pattimura en het kind van Saparua. De Molukken-opstand van 1817 in de Indisch-Nederlandse literatuur" 3855: 2831: 2806: 2591: 2214: 1972: 1844:, but lacked one defining characteristic: it was intended to bind the authorities in the colony, but 1221: 1090: 795: 681: 671: 646: 576: 486: 322: 314: 2393:: reduce by a third). Twenty-three were ordered to kneel down, pray, and were immediately shot dead. 192:, so the expedition could only depart at the end of October 1815. By then he had become King of the 2344: 2034:

in Buitenzorg, which he had founded, and which played an important role in agricultural education.

1967:

was to be supported by a General Secretariat that would be seated in the administrative capital of

1776: 1772: 1464: 1443: 1418:

had been more or less marooned there during this time. The Commissioners now relieved him and sent

1094: 1018:

especially of its member Buyskes, was interrupted in May 1817 by the insurrection on the island of

915: 716: 491: 166: 2367:

population with congregations led by "schoolteachers" who doubled as lay preachers, the so-called

4041: 3985: 3701: 2314: 2234: 1341: 962: 763: 536: 446: 310: 277: 174: 135: 1422:

as his replacement, to re-establish relations of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands with the

2409:, who also was in charge of the flotilla of ships of the line that supported the campaign. His 4127: 2923: 2198: 1747: 1419: 1345: 1149:

about 20, selected from about 400 suspected insurgents, who had surrendered on the promise of

1138: 1031: 641: 606: 284:; another 1200 were spread over the remaining ships. The squadron arrived on the roadstead of 154: 31: 1097:

under the command of the princes Toessan and Doekim;the most impressively martial looked the

4124:

The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815

2220:

In the longer term the costs of the conflicts on Java and the disappointing revenues of the

2059: 1987: 1978:

The High Government was advised and checked by three state organs, comparable to the Dutch

1677: 1340:. In the Indies it used these powers prolifically, using force to keep competitors like the 1106:

In the meantime the insurrection had spread to a number of neighboring islands, among which

950: 748: 521: 441: 158: 2537: 2524: 2134: 2129: 1317: 905: 900: 890: 656: 531: 481: 150: 1856:, which can be translated as "Regulation for the government," was used, and not the term 1308:

were the intended victims of this policy, though this was not acknowledged by the Dutch.

56:

and take over the government of the Dutch Indies from the British lieutenant-governor of

2577:, though this was not a permanent position. This "deputy" would also be a member of the 1442:

Under the VOC the production of commodities remained under the control of the so-called

1344:

at bay, and to force indigenous rulers to conclude (unequal) treaties with it. Like the

2621: 2536:

The law in the Netherlands itself was in flux at the time. Napoleon had introduced his

2462: 2361: 2186: 2171: 2155: 2019: 1764: 1658: 1349: 1333: 1304: 1098: 1039: 967: 940: 935: 845: 631: 273: 42: 200:

as the Dutch name reads, on 3 January 1815, and at the same time issued a draft of a

4144: 3908: 2318: 1707: 1558: 1492: 1415: 1399: 1369: 1321: 2432: 1994:, just like the instructions for the Judiciary. These instructions could be seen as 1934:(Councilors of the Indies) who together with the Governor General were to form this 1813:(Supreme Court) of the Dutch East Indies was promulgated, together with one for the 1224:

on Ambon island. They were transported from Saparua to Ambon and hanged in front of

2702: 2334:, who also explains the fine legal nuances in that text and the legal basis for it 2209:

barred from the Moluccas. The treaty was negotiated by the Dutch ambassador at the

2108: 2104: 2087:

Having finished their business Elout and Buyskes left Batavia in March 1819 aboard

2076: 2038: 1841: 1538: 1383: 1213: 1119: 1115: 1078: 189: 61: 4104: 4022: 2917: 2630: 2486: 2300: 2023: 1995: 1947: 1712: 1614: 1541:, and left to their own devices they would probably only have planted rice. The 1517: 1329: 1171:

Radja of Booi at Siri-sori and captured. The insurgents were brought aboard the

1074: 820: 691: 362: 4081:"Reis naar het oostelijk gedeelte van den Indischen archipel, in het jaar 1821" 1746:

that Daendels had instituted in place. At the head of each residency stood the

1537:

economy. They had no incentive to produce the commodities which interested the

1209:

as a captive. She died of an illness on the way to Java and was buried at sea.

27:

Commission sent out in 1815 to take over the Dutch East Indies from the British

2444:

A method of levying taxation on the basis of a prior estimate. The Dutch word

2163: 2112: 1768: 1711:

against a face value that did not reflect the intrinsic value was prohibited.

1373: 1295: 1279: 342: 139: 2303:, without a formal chairman; but informally Elout took leadership on himself. 3690:"Opgave nopens de Hooge Regeering van Nederlandsch Indië, van 1816 tot 1860" 2190: 2147: 1742:

The Commissioners decided to leave the administrative division of Java into

1567: 1504: 1377: 1357: 1300: 1198: 1197:

Meanwhile, on 7 November another Dutch division had landed on the island of

1151: 1111: 1089:. The kora koras had each about 100 native soldiers aboard (both those from 1066: 1023: 835: 306: 3345: 1460: 387: 296:

were transferred in early 1817; the former VOC possessions in India and on

3371: 3027: 2510:

But he was assisted by indigenous judges in the courts (under the name of

1689:

stuivers, instead of 16 Dutch stuivers, the problem was therefore solved.

2364: 2202: 2159: 1665: 1512:

When the British took over, Raffles put this notion into practice in his

1479: 1474: 1411: 1353: 1291: 1287: 1054: 925: 850: 345:

were still completely independent. The handover of the government to the

326: 293: 170: 48:

as they called themselves) was a commission instituted by the Dutch king

3989: 3973: 3784:"Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, baron van der Capellen.Dutch statesman" 3705: 3689: 1591:

region of West-Java to the local population. The VOC had introduced the

352:

The Commissioners decided to leave the British amendments to Daendel's

2527:; it was continually updated by the jurisprudence in the Dutch courts. 2194: 1791: 1682: 1554: 1019: 334: 301: 297: 2461:

In this context, Oranje mentions the following anecdote. The Radja of

1141:(he released the others, after they had sworn allegiance to the local 1042:

on Saparua and massacre the garrison and the Resident and his family.

2166:

that started during his tenure in office. In all these conflicts the

1534: 1469: 1423: 1407: 1365: 1361: 1274: 1107: 338: 2030:, who played many roles in this period. He was also director of the 2005:

The organisation of the bureaucratic apparatus that would serve the

376:

subsequently began their principal work on the formulation of a new

3978:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië

3694:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië

2594:, except with respect to the judiciary, that was to be independent. 2224:

motivated the Dutch government, that had revived the policy of the

1750:(directly responsible to the Governor General), often deputized by 1664:

The Commissioners started with establishing a new standard coin or

1549:

The Commissioners came, after long study, to a variant of Raffles'

204:(Constitutional Regulation) that was intended to replace the last 157:

and its successor states) in the East Indies in 1810 and 1811. Sir

2497:

See for how this eventually worked out for the entire archipelago

2069: 1968: 1888: 1849: 1832:

in late 1815, they carried along two important documents, a draft

1829: 1727: 1693: 1645: 1638: 1624: 1573: 1497: 1382: 1310: 1177: 1125: 1070: 1003: 121: 109: 97: 2452:: to give out land to farm it for a periodic fee in cash or kind. 2348: 1755: 1706:

The Commissioners had brought along 2 million Dutch guilders in

1700: 1472:

taxes were the only taxes the Company levied, just as the Dutch

1456: 1450: 1142: 1103:), bringing the total to 2000 troops for the entire expedition. 330: 57: 2832:"Dutch Third Rate ship of the line 'Admiraal de Ruyter' (1808)" 2707:

Patriots and Liberators Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813

391: 2807:"Dutch Third Rate ship of the line 'Admiraal Evertsen' (1808)" 2360:

The Moluccas, especially Ambon, Saparua and Ceram had a large

2299:

Governor-General designate. The Commission was to operate as

1910:

First chapter: Of the Governor General and the High Government

1455:

solely held responsible for these deliveries, and he used his

1077:

Ternatean soldiers. This flotilla arrived at the roadstead of

30:

For Commission General for the Dutch Indies in 1946-1947, see

2633:. These policies were continued by the Commissioners General. 4106:

Herinneringen van eene reis naar de Oost-Indien. Eerste Deel

2286:

The VOC and later the Batavian Republic, also used the term

1516:

system, that was based on British common law concepts about

2205:. The British for the time being acquiesced in their being 2062:(who had been the secretary of the Commissioners General). 2002:, even though they preceded the Reglement chronologically. 1959:

had to report on all relevant matters to the government in

1286:

of old. Not only did this hurt the interests of ports like

384:

Interlude: the suppression of the insurrection of Pattimura

64:. The commission consisted of the following three members: 3726:

Resnikoff, Howard L.; Wenban-Smith, Nigel (January 2013).

2603:

There had also been an Advisory Council comparable to the

1767:), or European powers (like the Portuguese settlements in 2273:

It was based in part on the "Charter" drafted in 1803 by

1919:

Fourth chapter: Of Public Finance and its Administration

1212:

The last resistance of the insurgents, on the island of

1906:

as it was eventually drafted had the following layout:

1145:). Buyskes approved this conduct as he later reported. 3032:

Centre National des Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales

2413:

is an important source for the history of the campaign

2009:

in Batavia, followed in large lines the set-up of the

1840:. The first had all the external characteristics of a 3376:

Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales

2075:

Zr. Ms.Admiraal Evertsen just before foundering near

1894:

The palace of the Governor General in Buitenzorg by

2431:Permission from Customs for a ship to proceed. Cf. 1737:(Supreme Court) of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia 3203:Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 19 ( 2217:, without any apparent input of Van der Capellen. 3826:Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 5 ( 2499:Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies 1724:Colonial Administration and Judicial Organisation 3932:"Gedachtenisrede over Indië's Teruggave in 1816" 3512: 3510: 2607:, but this state organ was not continued in the 2189:. The Dutch ceded their interests in Malaya and 1459:rights to get his subjects to expend the mostly 1398:Commissioners had their deliberations. Monopoly 1264:had indicated a number of subjects that the new 179:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1118:, and the northern (Hitu) and western parts of 372:But these were just provisional decisions. The 46:Commissarissen Generaal over Nederlandsch-Indië 2916:Aritonang, J.S.; Steenbrink, K., eds. (2008). 2642:The policy was instituted by Governor-General 2228:(colonial surplus) of the VOC, to replace the 1524:, who assisted Raffles with the design of the 39:Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies 2193:in exchange for a free hand on the island of 1916:Third Chapter: Of the Internal Administration 1828:When the Commissioners General departed from 1699:The Indies guilder would be divided into 120 403: 165:, who actually acted on the authority of the 18:Commissioner-General of the Dutch East Indies 8: 3868:Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek ( 2709:. NewYork: Vintage books. pp. 385, 423. 2330:Cf. the text of the proclamation in Oranje, 76:. One of their tasks was to implement a new 4156:Dutch colonial governors and administrators 4046:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4028:(in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff 4009:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3960:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2738: 2736: 2734: 1463:necessary to produce the commodities. As a 1448:, who were deemed to own all land in their 1352:that could be characterized with one word: 1061:, and another 250 soldiers came aboard the 52:in 1815 to implement the provisions of the 4151:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies 410: 396: 388: 4122:Vries, Jan de; Woude, Ad van der (1997). 2371:who had great influence in the community. 1852:, if necessary. To express this the term 1247:Formulation of the main subjects for the 145:the possessions of her former rival, the 3189: 3187: 90:, until the end of Dutch colonial rule. 3272:De Vries and Van der Woude, pp. 385-396 2659: 2385:(note: he actually uses the Dutch word 2351:, applied to the indigenous population. 2290:for their constitutions for the Indies. 2247: 1783:was also not collected in these areas. 4039: 4002: 3953: 2919:A history of Christianity in Indonesia 2826: 2824: 2152:Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo 1268:should regulate. One of those was the 236:, Rear-Admiral Buyskes, consisting of 1392:), allotted by its charter to the VOC 356:in force for the time being. The old 268:were Buyskes and Elout, the botanist 7: 4109:(in Dutch). Haarlem: Vincent Loosjes 3936:Vereeniging "Moederland en Koloniën" 3894:(in Dutch). Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij 3874:(in Dutch). Sijthoff. pp. 20–24 3199:"Quirijn Maurits Rudolph Ver-Huell" 2168:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 2037:With the promulgation, subject to 25: 2514:) that administered the adat laws 2403:Quirijn Maurits Rudolph Ver Huell 2046:Commissioners General appointed: 1922:Fifth chapter: General Provisions 1338:States General of the Netherlands 1256:Freedom of navigation and trading 380:that would be completed in 1818. 194:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 3864:"Anthing, Carl Heinrich Wilhelm" 2158:(1824-1825), and especially the 1986:, the Council of Finance, and a 1913:Second chapter: Of the Judiciary 1294:, who had a much more important 1073:) with a considerable number of 319:Governorate of the Banda Islands 272:, and about 600 soldiers of the 3145:Ver Huell, pp. 252-260, 270-272 2620:The Netherlands did not have a 1360:on the market for producers of 321:was under direct rule, but the 254:Zr. Ms. Maria van Reigersbergen 4126:. Cambridge University Press. 2405:was the acting captain of the 2144:Second expedition to Palembang 1520:. The Dutch colonial official 153:of that entity claimed by the 1: 2861:Blok and Molhuysen, pp. 22-23 2140:First expedition to Palembang 1131:Map of Ambon and surroundings 1036:Johannes Rudolph van den Berg 282:Carl Heinrich Wilhelm Anthing 3688:Kloot, M.A. van der (1862). 2466:the "gift" to his colleagues 1836:for the East Indies, and an 1434:of foreign representatives. 1220:(Council of Justice) of the 946:Lombok and Karangasem (1894) 329:. And in 1817 the island of 50:William I of the Netherlands 2852:Reinwardt and Muller, p. 51 2678:"A Typology of Colonialism" 2575:lieutenant-Governor-General 2523:This was a codification of 2448:is derived from the French 2232:with the far more coercive 2176:Leonard du Bus de Gisignies 1720:achieved the same purpose. 1571:(to haggle) comes to mind. 270:Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt 4172: 3822:"Cornelis Theodorus Elout" 2957:Indische Letteren. JRG, 10 2951:Zonneveld, P. van (1995). 2922:. Brill. pp. 99–110. 2624:, but the position of the 2183:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1648:, circulating next to the 1316:Embassy of the VOC to the 242:Zr. Ms. Admiraal De Ruyter 54:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 29: 2590:There was no notion of a 2407:Zr. Ms. Admiraal Evertsen 2089:Zr. Ms. Admiraal Evertsen 2041:by king William, of this 1674:Netherlands Indies gulden 1650:Netherlands Indies gulden 1632:Netherlands Indies gulden 1348:before it the VOC used a 1282:after the example of the 1237:Military Order of William 1184:Zr. Ms. Admiraal Evertsen 1087:Zr. Ms. Admiraal Evertsen 1081:, where it was joined by 1014:However, the work of the 434: 238:Zr. Ms. Admiraal Evertsen 3907:Jong, C.G.F. de (2015). 3504:Oranje, pp. 173-175, 177 1260:The instruction for the 697:South Africa (1659-1677) 692:New Netherland (1659–63) 632:New Netherland (1643–45) 173:had in 1810 annexed the 74:Cornelis Theodorus Elout 4055:Oranje, D.J.P. (1936). 3728:"Shipwreck and Artwork" 3209:(in Dutch). p. 160 3028:"Tiercer, verbe. trans" 2097:Hortus Botanicus Leiden 2056:Herman Warner Muntinghe 1896:Josias Cornelis Rappard 1262:Commissarissen Generaal 1047:Commissarissen Generaal 1028:Commissarissen Generaal 1016:Commissarissen Generaal 472:Banda Islands (1609–21) 374:Commissarissen Generaal 347:Commissarissen Generaal 234:Commissarissen Generaal 230:Commissarissen Generaal 198:Commissarissen Generaal 66:Godert van der Capellen 4019:Kemp, P.H. van der (3) 3970:Kemp, P.H. van der (2) 3928:Kemp, P.H. van der (1) 3832:(in Dutch). p. 99 3181:Ver Huell, pp. 274-275 3118:Ver Huell, pp. 239-240 3088:Ver Huell, pp. 230-239 3079:Ver Huell, pp. 222-230 2676:Shoemaker, N. (2015). 2644:Johannes van den Bosch 2347:; the other, known as 2170:that evolved from the 2084: 1980:High Councils of State 1942:was to be the highest 1899: 1739: 1653: 1636: 1584: 1509: 1394: 1325: 1194: 1133: 1057:, where he joined the 1051:Zr. Ms. Prins Frederik 1011: 677:2nd Recife (1652-1654) 300:followed in 1818; and 276:who had served at the 224:Work of the Commission 163:Herman Willem Daendels 138:had, with help of the 131: 119: 107: 70:Arnold Adriaan Buyskes 4079:; Muller, F. (1858). 3372:"amodier verbe trans" 3163:Verhuell, pp. 263-270 3127:Ver Huell, pp.241-242 2626:Dutch Reformed Church 2561:Council of the Indies 2073: 1984:General Audit Chamber 1926:The High Government ( 1892: 1731: 1642: 1628: 1593:cultivation of coffee 1577: 1501: 1388:Official trade zone ( 1386: 1356:. Or more precisely, 1314: 1270:freedom of navigation 1239:. Buyskes was made a 1181: 1129: 1114:, the south coast of 1009:The Dutch East Indies 1007: 759:Sri Lanka (1764-1766) 707:Sri Lanka (1670-1670) 365:system (known as the 358:Council of the Indies 333:, and large parts of 307:Republic of Indonesia 125: 113: 101: 3887:Burgers, H. (2011). 2592:Separation of powers 2215:Anton Reinhard Falck 1973:Buitenzorg Residency 1860:(Constitution). The 1807:Bataviasche Statuten 1222:Governorate of Ambon 1069:" (indigenous armed 921:Gold Coast (1869–70) 557:Liuqiu Island (1636) 487:Pescadores (1622–24) 323:Sultanate of Ternate 315:Yogyakarta Sultanate 4063:(in Dutch). Utrecht 3678:Oranje, pp. 187-190 3669:Oranje, pp. 186-187 3642:Oranje, pp. 181-184 3633:Oranje, pp. 204-227 3606:Oranje, pp. 200-227 3597:Oranje, pp. 197-201 3588:Oranje, pp. 194-195 3552:Oranje, pp. 246-252 3534:Oranje, pp. 190-191 3516:Oranje, pp. 178-179 3477:Oranje, pp. 170-171 3468:Oranje, pp. 169-170 3459:Oranje, pp. 160-168 3450:Oranje, pp. 167-168 3441:Oranje, pp. 145-148 3432:Oranje, pp. 116-121 3423:Oranje, pp. 115-116 3405:Oranje, pp. 105-115 3396:Oranje, pp. 128-129 3254:Kemp (1), pp. 24-25 3136:Kemp (2), pp. 70-71 3097:Kemp (2), pp. 73-75 3070:Kemp (2), pp. 41-45 3008:Kemp (2), pp. 20-21 2345:extraterritoriality 2211:Court of St James's 1777:Pontianak Sultanate 1773:Sultanate of Banjar 1752:assistent-residents 1531:subsistence farmers 993:Indonesia (1946–49) 988:Indonesia (1941–45) 881:Palembang (1851–59) 687:Malabar (1658-1663) 502:Persian Gulf (1625) 457:Cape Rachado (1606) 264:. On board of the 196:. He instituted the 86:institution of the 3764:Kemp(3), pp. 25-26 2990:Kemp (2), pp. 7-16 2906:Burgers, pp. 74-75 2870:Kemp (1), pp.13-21 2609:Regeringsreglement 2288:Regeringsreglement 2275:Dirk van Hogendorp 2085: 2043:Regeringsreglement 2000:Regeringsreglement 1998:, elaborating the 1992:Regeringsreglement 1904:Regeringsreglement 1900: 1884:Regeringsreglement 1854:Regeringsreglement 1834:Regeringsreglement 1823:Regeringsreglement 1815:Raden van Justitie 1800:Regeringsreglement 1740: 1654: 1644:East Indies Java ' 1637: 1585: 1510: 1489:Dirk van Hogendorp 1395: 1326: 1284:Amsterdam Entrepôt 1266:Regeringsreglement 1249:Regeringsreglement 1195: 1175:and put in irons. 1134: 1012: 916:Pasoemah (1864–68) 886:Montrado (1854–55) 796:Cape Colony (1806) 779:Cape Colony (1795) 682:2nd Colombo (1654) 652:Philippines (1646) 627:Cambodia (1643–44) 562:Porto Calvo (1637) 542:Liaoluo Bay (1633) 425:colonial campaigns 378:Regeringsreglement 354:Regeringsreglement 311:Surakarta Sunanate 278:Battle of Waterloo 206:Regeringsreglement 202:Regeringsreglement 175:Kingdom of Holland 136:East India Company 132: 120: 108: 78:Regeringsreglement 4077:Reinwardt, C.G.C. 3818:Aa, A. J. van der 3326:Oranje, pp. 89-95 3317:Oranje, pp. 84-88 3308:Oranje, pp. 83-84 3299:Oranje, pp. 81-82 3281:Oranje, pp. 53-67 3263:Oranje, pp. 76-77 3236:Oranje, pp. 50-73 3227:Oranje, pp. 72-73 3195:Aa, A. J. van der 2888:Oranje, pp. 44-50 2719:Burgers, pp.71-72 2199:British Bencoolen 2095:intended for the 2032:Botanical Gardens 1465:profit-maximizing 1420:Jan Cock Blomhoff 1346:Portuguese Empire 1218:Raad van Justitie 1059:Zr. Ms. Amsterdam 1001: 1000: 836:Sumatra (1821–37) 774:Gold Coast (1782) 667:Guararapes (1649) 662:Guararapes (1648) 572:Vietnam (1637–43) 522:Batavia (1628–29) 467:Mozambique (1608) 462:Mozambique (1607) 341:, and of course 246:Zr. Ms. Amsterdam 155:Batavian Republic 32:Dutch East Indies 16:(Redirected from 4163: 4137: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4101:Ver Huel, Q.M.R. 4096: 4094: 4092: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3913:Researchgate.net 3903: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3172:Kemp (2), p. 109 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2981:Kemp (2), pp.3-6 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2760:Oranje, pp.17-22 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2605:Council of State 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2378: 2372: 2358: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2081:Q.M.R. Ver Huell 1988:Receiver General 1733:Building of the 1522:Herman Muntinghe 1203:Martha Christina 1192:Q.R.M. Ver Huell 983:Venezuela (1908) 931:Mandor (1884–85) 926:Aceh (1873–1913) 906:Borneo (1859–63) 861:Ahanta (1837–39) 831:Palembang (1821) 826:Palembang (1819) 702:Taiwan (1661–62) 592:Itamaracá (1640) 547:Taiwan (1635–36) 429: 428: 426: 412: 405: 398: 389: 317:. Elsewhere the 288:on 21 May 1816. 210:Van der Capellen 159:Stamford Raffles 104:Van der Capellen 21: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4090: 4088: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4017: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3984:(1): 1, 3–167. 3968: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3862:, eds. (1921). 3860:Molhuysen, P.C. 3854: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3807:Jong, pp. 11-13 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061:Kemp (2), p. 40 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3017:Kemp (2), ch, 4 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999:Kemp (2), p. 17 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2631:proselytization 2619: 2615: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2538:Napoleonic Code 2535: 2531: 2525:Roman-Dutch law 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2456: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2401: 2397: 2379: 2375: 2359: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2135:Oudgastenpartij 2132:, known as the 2130:Johannes Siberg 2083: 2068: 2020:Primary schools 1932:Raden van Indië 1898: 1826: 1811:Hooggerechtshof 1738: 1735:Hooggerechtshof 1726: 1670:Indische gulden 1652: 1635: 1623: 1583: 1533:who lived in a 1508: 1507:with cultivator 1440: 1393: 1324: 1318:Shunzhi Emperor 1258: 1253: 1132: 1010: 1002: 997: 951:Pedir (1897–98) 911:Japan (1863–64) 806:Moluccas (1810) 739:India (1739–41) 637:India (1644-45) 587:Mormugão (1639) 582:Salvador (1638) 537:Abrolhos (1631) 507:Salvador (1625) 492:Salvador (1624) 430: 424: 419: 418: 416: 386: 250:Zr. Ms. Braband 226: 151:nationalization 129: 117: 105: 96: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4169: 4167: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4119: 4097: 4073: 4061:bibliotheek.nl 4052: 4015: 3966: 3924: 3904: 3884: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3820:, ed. (1859). 3809: 3800: 3788:Britannica.com 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3718: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3660:Oranje, p. 184 3653: 3651:Oranje, p. 181 3644: 3635: 3626: 3624:Oranje, p. 204 3617: 3615:Oranje, p. 200 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3579:Oranje, p. 194 3572: 3570:Oranje, p. 193 3563: 3561:Oranje, p. 192 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3525:Oranje, p. 270 3518: 3506: 3497: 3495:Oranje, p. 172 3488: 3486:Oranje, p. 171 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3414:Oranje, p. 115 3407: 3398: 3389: 3363: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3197:, ed. (1876). 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3154:Kemp (2) p.108 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3052:VerHuel, p.218 3045: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2942: 2928: 2908: 2899: 2897:Burgers, p. 73 2890: 2881: 2879:Burgers, p. 69 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2820: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2769:Burgers, p. 70 2762: 2753: 2751:Schama, p. 449 2744: 2742:Burgers, p. 74 2730: 2721: 2712: 2694: 2682:historians.org 2668: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2635: 2622:State religion 2613: 2596: 2583: 2566: 2552: 2543: 2529: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2477: 2468: 2463:Buleleng, Bali 2454: 2437: 2424: 2415: 2395: 2373: 2362:Dutch Reformed 2353: 2336: 2323: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2257: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2235:Cultuurstelsel 2187:British Malaya 2172:Indies Brigade 2156:First Bone War 2074: 2067: 2064: 2052:J.A. van Braam 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1893: 1825: 1819: 1765:Sultan of Aceh 1732: 1725: 1722: 1713:Counterfeiting 1659:monetary union 1643: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1578: 1502: 1439: 1436: 1387: 1380:was achieved. 1350:business model 1334:Dutch Republic 1315: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1190:to Tidore, by 1188:Zr. Ms. Nassau 1139:summarily shot 1130: 1083:Zr. Ms. Nassau 1040:Fort Duurstede 1008: 999: 998: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968:Bone (1905–06) 965: 963:Kerinci (1903) 954: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 901:Bone (1858–59) 898: 893: 891:Nias (1855–64) 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Java (1825–30) 848: 846:Bone (1824–25) 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 816:Algiers (1816) 813: 808: 803: 801:Java (1806–07) 798: 793: 791:Surinam (1804) 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 754:Java (1749–57) 751: 746: 744:Java (1741–43) 741: 736: 734:Java (1719–23) 731: 729:Java (1704–07) 720: 719: 717:Java (1674–80) 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 642:Tabocas (1645) 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 602:Malacca (1641) 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 452:Malacca (1606) 449: 447:Amboina (1605) 444: 435: 432: 431: 417: 415: 414: 407: 400: 392: 385: 382: 274:Indies Brigade 225: 222: 127: 115: 103: 95: 92: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4168: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4135: 4133:0-521-57061-1 4129: 4125: 4120: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3890: 3885: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3543:Jong, pp.9-11 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3335:Oranje, p. 95 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3290:Oranje, p. 80 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3245:Oranje, p. 70 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2931: 2929:9789004170261 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579:Hoge Regering 2576: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197:, especially 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162:with Prince 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150:(1821-1837), 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2011:Hoge Regering 2008: 2007:Hoge Regering 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Hoge Regering 1962: 1958: 1957:Hoge Regering 1953: 1952:Hoge Regering 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:Hoge Regering 1937: 1936:Hoge Regering 1933: 1929: 1928:Hoge Regering 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1788:Hoge Regering 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1678:Gresham's law 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1559:sharecroppers 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Hendrik Doeff 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1391: 1390:Octrooigebied 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Banda Islands 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1322:Johan Nieuhof 1319: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1305:Spice Islands 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226:Fort Victoria 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:Prins Fredrik 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1034:for Sapurua, 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1006: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 959: 958: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 841:Borneo (1823) 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 787: 786: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 769:Ceylon (1782) 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 749:Penfui (1749) 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 672:Taiwan (1652) 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Brazil (1645) 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 617:Taiwan (1642) 615: 613: 612:Taiwan (1641) 610: 608: 607:Luanda (1641) 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Ceylon (1640) 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 567:Elmina (1637) 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Brazil (1636) 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Recife (1630) 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 512:Elmina (1625) 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 497:Luanda (1624) 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Bantam (1601) 440: 439: 438: 433: 427: 422: 413: 408: 406: 401: 399: 394: 393: 390: 383: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 299: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262:Zr. Ms. Spion 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:French Empire 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 130: 124: 118: 112: 106: 100: 93: 91: 89: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4105: 4089:. Retrieved 4085:Google Books 4084: 4065:. Retrieved 4060: 4030:. Retrieved 4023: 4005:cite journal 3993:. Retrieved 3981: 3980:(in Dutch). 3977: 3956:cite journal 3944:. Retrieved 3939: 3938:(in Dutch). 3935: 3916:. Retrieved 3912: 3896:. Retrieved 3876:. Retrieved 3867: 3834:. Retrieved 3825: 3812: 3803: 3791:. Retrieved 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3755:Oranje, p. 5 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3734: 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3697: 3696:(in Dutch). 3693: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3380:. Retrieved 3375: 3366: 3354:. Retrieved 3349: 3346:"admodiatie" 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3202: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2960: 2959:(in Dutch). 2956: 2945: 2933:. Retrieved 2918: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2834:. Threedecks 2811:. Retrieved 2809:. Threedecks 2801: 2796:Oranje, p. 7 2792: 2783: 2778:Oranje, p. 8 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2728:Oranje. p.42 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2685:. Retrieved 2681: 2671: 2666:Oranje, p. 2 2662: 2638: 2616: 2608: 2599: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2555: 2546: 2532: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2493: 2480: 2471: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2427: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2390: 2389:from French 2386: 2376: 2368: 2356: 2339: 2331: 2326: 2308: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2269: 2260: 2250: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2206: 2180: 2133: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2113:barrier reef 2105:Diego Garcia 2100: 2088: 2086: 2077:Diego Garcia 2042: 2039:homologation 2036: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1996:organic laws 1991: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1903: 1901: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1842:constitution 1837: 1833: 1827: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1734: 1718: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1586: 1566: 1562: 1550: 1548: 1546:deliveries. 1542: 1539:colonisators 1525: 1513: 1511: 1486: 1480: 1473: 1461:unpaid labor 1449: 1444: 1441: 1428: 1405: 1396: 1389: 1327: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1248: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1135: 1105: 1099: 1086: 1082: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1027: 1015: 1013: 957:20th century 956: 955: 936:Jambi (1885) 821:Ambon (1817) 785:19th century 784: 783: 764:India (1781) 723:18th century 722: 721: 712:India (1673) 657:Kombi (1647) 622:Chile (1643) 532:Jambi (1630) 482:Macau (1622) 477:Johor (1613) 437:17th century 436: 377: 373: 371: 366: 353: 351: 346: 290: 265: 261: 258:Zr. Ms. Iris 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:(flagship), 237: 233: 229: 227: 205: 201: 197: 190:Hundred Days 187: 134:The British 133: 77: 62:John Fendall 45: 38: 36: 3378:(in French) 3350:woorden.org 3106:Ver Huell, 3034:(in French) 2787:Oranje, p.1 2487:seigniorage 2301:triumvirate 2079:in 1819 by 2048:P.T. Chassé 2024:Indo people 1948:legislative 1862:Instruction 1838:Instruction 1744:residencies 1621:The coinage 1563:admodiation 1518:land tenure 1503:A Javanese 1330:Spice trade 978:Bali (1908) 973:Bali (1906) 896:Bali (1858) 876:Bali (1849) 871:Bali (1848) 866:Bali (1846) 856:Aceh (1831) 811:Java (1811) 517:Cuba (1628) 363:land tenure 149:(since the 4145:Categories 4087:(in Dutch) 3856:Blok, P.J. 3352:(in Dutch) 2703:Schama, S. 2654:References 2446:admodiatie 2255:after all. 2226:batig slot 2164:Diponegoro 1969:Buitenzorg 1769:East Timor 1668:unit, the 1615:manumitted 1438:Tax system 1374:oligopsony 1296:hinterland 1241:Commandeur 1067:kora koras 941:Edi (1890) 577:Goa (1638) 343:New Guinea 140:Royal Navy 94:Background 4042:cite book 3773:Jong, p.9 2512:landraden 2433:clearance 2387:tiërceren 2383:decimated 2230:landrente 2222:landrente 2191:Singapore 2148:Padri War 2125:landrente 2117:Pickering 2093:Reinwardt 2066:Aftermath 2028:Reinwardt 1944:executive 1879:landrente 1870:reglement 1821:The 1818 1781:landrente 1606:landrente 1598:landrente 1551:landrente 1543:landrente 1526:landrente 1514:landrente 1378:oligopoly 1358:Monopsony 1320:1656, by 1301:Singapore 1232:Ulupaha. 1199:Nusa Laut 1112:Nusa Laut 1093:and from 1075:impressed 1024:Pattimura 367:landrente 266:De Ruyter 183:William I 143:conquered 88:Volksraad 4113:23 March 4103:(1835). 4091:19 March 4067:18 March 4021:(1901). 3995:15 March 3990:20769637 3972:(1912). 3946:25 March 3930:(1916). 3918:28 March 3898:18 March 3878:18 March 3741:15 March 3706:25733839 3382:28 March 3356:28 March 3213:28 March 3038:23 March 2967:15 March 2935:24 March 2838:21 March 2813:21 March 2705:(1977). 2541:country. 2365:Ambonese 2315:Calcutta 2207:de facto 2160:Java War 2154:(1823), 2146:(1821), 2142:(1819), 2101:Evertsen 2060:R. d'Ozy 1866:specific 1858:Grondwet 1775:and the 1748:Resident 1683:stuivers 1666:currency 1617:slaves. 1589:Preanger 1580:Preanger 1475:Regenten 1412:Nagasaki 1376:, resp. 1354:Monopoly 1292:Surabaya 1288:Semarang 1207:Evertsen 1173:Evertsen 1055:Surabaya 1032:Resident 313:and the 294:Moluccas 171:Napoleon 3849:Sources 3836:3 April 3793:2 April 3711:2 April 2963:: 41–54 2687:2 April 2564:powers. 2450:amodier 2391:tiercer 2369:mèsters 2319:Warrant 2203:Biliton 2195:Sumatra 2109:founder 1971:in the 1634:, 1821 1493:tenants 1478:did in 1445:Regents 1431:consuls 1368:in the 1251:of 1818 1230:kapitan 1100:Alfoers 1091:Ternate 1020:Saparua 335:Sumatra 327:Celebes 302:Sumatra 298:Malacca 286:Batavia 214:Buyskes 128:Buyskes 4130: 4032:29 May 3988: 3942:: 1–32 3704: 3700:: 26. 3108:passim 2926: 2411:memoir 2332:Beleid 2099:. The 2058:, and 1982:: the 1961:Patria 1938:. The 1874:Patria 1792:dessas 1708:specie 1701:duiten 1687:Indies 1582:region 1535:barter 1481:Patria 1470:Excise 1424:Shogun 1408:Dejima 1366:nutmeg 1362:spices 1336:, the 1280:Staple 1275:tariff 1182:Visit 1108:Haruku 1095:Tidore 339:Borneo 260:, and 216:, and 72:, and 3986:JSTOR 3892:(PDF) 3731:(PDF) 3702:JSTOR 2242:Notes 1850:quill 1830:Texel 1694:rupee 1646:rupee 1568:tahar 1555:dessa 1505:sawah 1410:near 1214:Ceram 1152:ampun 1143:Radja 1120:Ambon 1116:Ceram 1079:Ambon 1071:proas 421:Dutch 218:Elout 169:, as 116:Elout 43:Dutch 4128:ISBN 4115:2023 4093:2023 4069:2023 4048:link 4034:2023 4025:LII) 4011:link 3997:2023 3962:link 3948:2023 3920:2023 3900:2023 3880:2023 3870:DNBL 3838:2023 3828:DBNL 3795:2023 3743:2023 3737:(41) 3713:2023 3384:2023 3358:2023 3215:2023 3205:DBNL 3040:2023 2969:2023 2937:2023 2924:ISBN 2840:2023 2815:2023 2689:2023 2559:The 2349:Adat 2201:and 2181:The 1946:and 1902:The 1756:adat 1457:adat 1451:Fief 1400:rent 1290:and 1186:and 1085:and 331:Bali 228:The 58:Java 41:(in 37:The 1846:not 1761:not 1342:EIC 1053:to 147:VOC 83:VOC 4147:: 4083:. 4059:. 4044:}} 4040:{{ 4007:}} 4003:{{ 3982:66 3976:. 3958:}} 3954:{{ 3940:16 3934:. 3911:. 3866:. 3858:; 3824:. 3786:. 3733:. 3692:. 3509:^ 3374:. 3348:. 3201:. 3186:^ 3030:. 2961:10 2955:. 2823:^ 2733:^ 2680:. 2213:, 2178:. 2054:, 2050:, 1975:. 1802:. 1630:A 1484:. 1426:. 1110:, 337:, 256:, 252:, 248:, 244:, 212:, 185:. 68:, 60:, 4136:. 4117:. 4095:. 4071:. 4050:) 4036:. 4013:) 3999:. 3964:) 3950:. 3922:. 3902:. 3882:. 3872:) 3840:. 3830:) 3797:. 3745:. 3715:. 3698:8 3386:. 3360:. 3217:. 3207:) 3042:. 2971:. 2949:* 2939:. 2842:. 2817:. 2691:. 2611:. 2581:. 2501:. 2435:. 2277:. 1672:( 411:e 404:t 397:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies

Index