179:
situation. If the radioactive material is necessary, it can be ingested orally via stable isotopes of specific elements. This is only suggested to those that have a lack of these elements however, because radioactive material can go from healthy to harmful with very small amounts. The most harmful way to absorb radiation is that of absorption because it is almost impossible to control how much will enter the body.
502:(CEDE) as defined in Title 10, Section 20.1003, of the Code of Federal Regulations of the USA the CEDE dose (HE,50) is the sum of the products of the committed dose equivalents for each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated multiplied by the weighting factors (WT) applicable to each of those organs or tissues.
428:
radiotherapy method where a radioisotope is used as a drug (usually a liquid or pill). A review of this topic was published in 1999. Because the radioactive material becomes intimately mixed with the affected object it is often difficult to decontaminate the object or person in a case where internal
317:
has proposed a model whereby the incidence of cancers increases linearly with effective dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert. This model is widely accepted for external radiation, but its application to internal contamination has been disputed. This model fails to account for the low rates of cancer in
187:
Since irradiation increases with proximity to the source of radiation, and as it is impossible to distance or shield an internal source, radioactive materials inside the body can deliver much higher doses to the host organs than they normally would from outside the body. This is particularly true for
110:
is the integration time in years following the intake. The commitment period is taken to be 50 years for adults, and to age 70 years for children. This refers specifically to the dose to the whole body, in the similar way to external effective dose. The committed effective dose is used to demonstrate
81:
The ICRP states "Radionuclides incorporated in the human body irradiate the tissues over time periods determined by their physical half-life and their biological retention within the body. Thus they may give rise to doses to body tissues for many months or years after the intake. The need to regulate
92:
is the time integral of the equivalent dose rate in a particular tissue or organ that will be received by an individual following intake of radioactive material into the body by a
Reference Person, where t is the integration time in years. This refers specifically to the dose in a specific tissue or
372:
is usually much more hazardous than the internal dose. Normally, the greatest concern with internal exposure is that the radioactive material may stay in the body for an extended period of time, "committing" the subject to accumulating dose long after the initial exposure has ceased. Over a hundred
178:
Other radioisotopes have an affinity for particular tissues, such as plutonium into bone, and may be retained there for years in spite of their foreign nature. In summary, not all radiation is harmful. The radiation can be absorbed through multiple pathways, varying due to the circumstances of the
115:
The ICRP further states "For internal exposure, committed effective doses are generally determined from an assessment of the intakes of radionuclides from bioassay measurements or other quantities (e.g., activity retained in the body or in daily excreta). The radiation dose is determined from the
506:
Confusion between US and ICRP dose quantity systems can arise because the use of the term "dose equivalent" has been used within the ICRP system since 1991 only for quantities calculated using the value of Q (Linear energy transfer - LET), which the ICRP calls "operational quantities". However
262:
Analysis of blood samples, urine samples, fecal samples, and biopsies can provide more exact information about the chemical and isotopic nature of the contaminant, its distribution in the body, and the rate of elimination. Urine samples are the standard way to measure tritium intake, while fecal
270:
If the nature and quantity of radioactive materials taken into the body is known, and a reliable biochemical model of this material is available, this can be sufficient to determine committed dose. In occupational or accident scenarios, approximate estimates can be based on measurements of the
229:
of the material, may range from hours for medical radioisotopes to decades for transuranic waste. Committed dose is the integral of this decaying dose rate over the presumed remaining lifespan of the organism. Most regulations require this integral to be taken over 50 years for uptakes during
200:
might be attributable to cell's tendency to absorb transuranic metals into the cellular nucleus where they would be in very close proximity to the genome, though an elevated effectiveness can also be observed for external alpha radiation in cellular studies. As in the calculations for
474:
both of these produce closely spaced ionizing radiation. This concept is described as a binary system using two separate components for the therapy of cancer. Each component in itself is relatively harmless to the cells, but when combined for treatment they produce a highly cytocidal
507:
within the US NRC system "dose equivalent" is still used to name quantities which are calculated with tissue and radiation weighting factors, which in the ICRP system are now known as the "protection quantities" which are called "effective dose" and "equivalent dose".
259:; it provides no chemical information about any compound that the radioisotope may be bound to; it may be inconclusive regarding the nature of the radioisotope detected; and it is a complex measurement subject to many sources of measurement and calibration error.
488:
The US Nuclear
Regulatory commission defines some non-SI quantities for the calculation of committed dose for use only within the US regulatory system. They carry different names to those used within the International ICRP radiation protection system, thus:
271:
environment that people were exposed to, but this cannot take into account factors such as breathing rate and adherence to hygiene practices. Exact information about the intake and its biochemical impact is usually only available in medical situations where
496:(CDE) is the equivalent dose received by a particular organ or tissue from an internal source, without weighting for tissue sensitivity. This is essentially an intermediate calculation result that cannot be directly compared to final dosimetry quantities
368:. While there is no doubt that internal contamination was the cause of ARS in these cases, there is not enough data to establish what quantities of committed dose might cause ARS symptoms. In most scenarios where ARS is a concern, the external
330:
report endorses the ICRP approaches to the estimation of doses and risks from internal emitters and agrees with CERRIE conclusions that these should be best estimates and that associated uncertainties should receive more attention.
1294:
437:
matrix might never be able to truly become part of an organism, it is normal to consider such particles in the lungs and digestive tract as a form of internal contamination which results in internal exposure.
936:"The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" - M.A. Boyd, Waste Management conference paper 2009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems.
111:
compliance with dose limits and is entered into the "dose of record" for occupational exposures used for recording, reporting and retrospective demonstration of compliance with regulatory dose limits.
1274:
381:, have received committed doses in excess of 10 Gy and went on to die of cancer or natural causes, whereas the same amount of acute external dose would invariably cause an earlier death by ARS.
479:) effect which is lethal (within a limited range of 5-9 micrometers or approximately one cell diameter). Clinical trials, with promising results, are currently carried out in Finland and Japan.
976:- "The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" - M.A. Boyd, 2009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems.
455:
to the neutron energy spectrum suitable for BNCT treatment. The tumor is selectively bombarded with these neutrons. The neutrons quickly slow down in the body to become low energy
1279:
314:
66:
234:
accounting, the entire committed dose is conservatively assigned to the year of uptake, even though it may take many years for the tissues to actually accumulate this dose.
1284:
1001:
159:
are chemically identical to natural isotopes needed by the body, and may be more readily absorbed if the individual has a deficit of that element. For instance,
1794:
1160:
807:
The
Response of the National Radiological Protection Board to the Report of the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE), HPA, UK, 2005
1779:
645:
349:
Internal exposure of the public is controlled by regulatory limits on the radioactive content of food and water. These limits are typically expressed in
346:
have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer, even though there is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with I-131 absorption at moderate doses.
82:
exposures to radionuclides and the accumulation of radiation dose over extended periods of time has led to the definition of committed dose quantities".
614:
286:
taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. ALI is the intake of a given radionuclide in a year that would result in:
949:
661:
209:, committed dose must include corrections for the relative biological effectiveness of the radiation type and weightings for tissue sensitivity.
1748:
327:
1325:
777:
688:
678:
1774:
1743:
1688:
1407:
1289:
499:
1723:
1269:
994:
1880:
197:
944:
342:
tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation. Most studies of very-high-dose I-131 for treatment of
1789:
954:
Limitation of
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (Report No. 116). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).
1310:
536:
313:
Intake of radioactive materials into the body tends to increase the risk of cancer, and possibly other stochastic effects. The
974:
1092:
361:
319:
326:. The informal European Committee on Radiation Risk has questioned the ICRP model used for internal exposure. However a UK
1885:
1855:
1375:
1320:
1315:
987:
440:
99:
is the sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate tissue weighting factors
276:
255:
Whole body counting (WBC) is the most direct approach, but has some limitations: it cannot detect beta emitters such as
764:
31:
health risk due to an intake of radioactive material into the human body. Stochastic in this context is defined as the
1611:
740:
1843:
1698:
1671:
1363:
1102:
43:
338:
is notable in that high doses of the isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses, since they tend to kill
1728:
1581:
1049:
546:
493:
135:
73:
carries a 5.5% chance of developing cancer. Such a risk is the sum of both internal and external radiation dose.
1666:
1440:
1359:
1346:
1341:
887:
369:
365:
357:
206:
1576:
1606:
1400:
1137:
621:
751:
ECRR is not a formal scientific advisory committee to the
European Commission or to the European Parliament
1875:
1847:
1758:
1432:
1367:
1264:
1197:
766:
2010 recommendations of the ECRR : the health effects of exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation
1851:
1586:
1371:
1180:
658:
859:
35:
of cancer induction and genetic damage, due to low levels of radiation. The SI unit of measure is the
1708:
1596:
1553:
1503:
1192:
1185:
1024:
1010:
334:
The true relationship between committed dose and cancer is almost certainly non-linear. For example,
283:
272:
222:
24:
969:
1825:
1784:
1703:
1616:
1207:
1117:
322:
who were exposed to plutonium dust, and the high rates of thyroid cancer in children following the
249:
248:
There is no direct way to measure committed dose. Estimates can be made by analyzing the data from
226:
694:
42:
A committed dose from an internal source represents the same effective risk as the same amount of
1820:
1641:
1621:
1601:
1485:
1393:
1054:
1044:
1039:
710:
526:
516:
323:
243:
196:
emitters that are easily shielded by skin and clothing. Some have hypothesized that alpha's high
55:
819:"The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment"
1713:
1591:
1528:
1493:
1097:
910:
840:
773:
684:
639:
452:
218:
172:
1718:
1238:
1233:
902:
830:
160:
1830:
1815:
1631:
1543:
1533:
1132:
1107:
722:
665:
541:
531:
448:
434:
430:
202:
47:
463:
are captured by the injected boron-10, forming excited (boron-11) which breaks down into
1678:
1636:
1626:
1548:
1538:
1508:
1223:
1170:
1034:
471:
343:
171:
in the event of an accident or attack at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a
149:
1869:
1753:
1513:
1498:
1077:
521:
51:
252:, blood samples, urine samples, fecal samples, biopsies, and measurement of intake.
221:, and biological decay (i.e. excretion from the body). The combined radioactive and
1733:
1693:
1558:
1202:
1122:
1059:
736:
680:
The 2007 Recommendations of the
International Commission on Radiological Protection
410:
399:
378:
46:
applied uniformly to the whole body from an external source, or the same amount of
1385:
163:(KI), administered orally immediately after exposure, may be used to protect the
50:
applied to part of the body. The committed dose is not intended as a measure for
1475:
1243:
1175:
1112:
264:
168:
763:
European
Committee on Radiation Risk (2010). Busby, Chris; et al. (eds.).
1523:
1470:
1127:
393:
374:
335:
156:
28:
1810:
1683:
1518:
1465:
1455:
1416:
1165:
1082:
1029:
835:
818:
783:
476:
464:
350:
231:
189:
914:
844:
447:
tagged chemical that preferentially binds to tumor cells. Neutrons from a
409:
The exposure to the ingestion of a soluble radioactive substance, such as
1460:
1445:
1228:
468:
444:
193:
1738:
1259:
1142:
979:
745:
339:
298:
291:
256:
164:
142:
70:
36:
906:
282:
Annual limit on intake (ALI) is the derived limit for the amount of
124:
The intake of radioactive material can occur through four pathways:
85:
The ICRP defines two dose quantities for individual committed dose.
429:
exposure is occurring. While some very insoluble materials such as
1563:
1450:
129:
582:
580:
418:
217:
The dose rate from a single uptake decays over time due to both
1389:
983:
356:
Intake of very large amounts of radioactive material can cause
414:
817:
Rivkees, Scott A.; Sklar, Charles; Freemark, Michael (1998).
964:
230:
adulthood or over 70 years for uptakes during childhood. In
353:/kilogram, with different limits set for each contaminant.
424:
A person who is being treated for cancer by means of an
93:
organ, in the similar way to external equivalent dose.
389:
Below are a series of examples of internal exposure.
1803:
1767:
1654:
1484:
1431:
1424:
1334:
1303:
1252:
1216:
1151:
1068:
1017:
595:
ICRP publication 103 - paragraph B225 and glossary.
315:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
67:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
888:"Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals afrtin=2+3=9000"
823:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
772:(Regulators' ed.). Aberystwyth: Green Audit.
62:of a health effect which is certain to happen.
360:(ARS) in rare instances. Examples include the
290:a committed effective dose equivalent of 0.02
69:(ICRP) predicts that an effective dose of one
1401:
995:
116:intake using recommended dose coefficients".
8:
301:(20 rems) to any individual organ or tissue,
128:inhalation of airborne contaminants such as
1161:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
148:injection of medical radioisotopes such as
1428:
1408:
1394:
1386:
1002:
988:
980:
861:Radium in Humans: A Review of U.S. Studies
945:US nuclear regulatory commission glossary
834:
294:(2 rems) for a "reference human body", or
886:Wynn, Volkert; Hoffman, Timothy (1999).
263:samples are the standard way to measure
175:which would release radioactive iodine.
558:
1749:Wireless electronic devices and health
718:
708:
683:. ICRP publication 103. Vol. 37.
644:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
637:
328:National Radiological Protection Board
155:Some artificial radioisotopes such as
1326:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
604:ICRP publication 103 - Paragraph 144.
7:
1775:List of civilian radiation accidents
1744:Wireless device radiation and health
1739:Biological dose units and quantities
1689:Electromagnetic radiation and health
950:Argonne national laboratory glossary
565:ICRP publication 103 - Paragraph 83.
659:ICPR: Draft report for consultation
500:Committed effective dose equivalent
297:a committed dose equivalent of 0.2
65:The radiation risk proposed by the
1724:Radioactivity in the life sciences
574:ICRP Publication 103 paragraph 140
14:
198:relative biological effectiveness
586:ICRP publication 103 - Glossary.
16:Measure of radiation health risk
537:Total effective dose equivalent
1093:Computed tomography dose index
362:Alexander Litvinenko poisoning
320:Los Alamos National Laboratory
305:whatever dose is the smaller.
141:absorption of vapours such as
1:
867:. Argonne National Laboratory
441:Boron neutron capture therapy
741:"Written answers: Radiation"
443:(BNCT) involves injecting a
277:radioisotope dose calibrator
1612:Cosmic background radiation
58:, which are defined as the
1902:
1841:
1699:Lasers and aviation safety
1357:
241:
1839:
1729:Radioactive contamination
1582:Electromagnetic radiation
1572:
1355:
1050:Radioactive contamination
547:Committed dose equivalent
494:Committed dose equivalent
97:Committed effective dose,
90:Committed equivalent dose
1881:Radiation health effects
1842:See also the categories
1780:1996 Costa Rica accident
1441:Acoustic radiation force
1358:See also the categories
1347:Radiation-induced cancer
1342:Acute radiation syndrome
370:effective radiation dose
366:Leide das Neves Ferreira
358:acute radiation syndrome
1754:Radiation heat-transfer
1607:Gravitational radiation
836:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5239
398:The exposure caused by
25:radiological protection
1795:1990 Zaragoza accident
1790:1984 Moroccan accident
1759:Linear energy transfer
1433:Non-ionizing radiation
1198:Semiconductor detector
1154:measurement techniques
970:Uk Govt CERRIE website
965:UK Govt COMARE website
858:Rowland, R.E. (1994).
145:oxide through the skin
1785:1987 Goiânia accident
1587:Synchrotron radiation
1577:Earth's energy budget
1559:Radioactive materials
1554:Particle accelerators
1217:Protection techniques
1181:Scintillation counter
1886:Radiation protection
1856:Radiation protection
1709:Radiation protection
1597:Black-body radiation
1504:Background radiation
1419:(physics and health)
1376:Radiation protection
1193:Radiation monitoring
1186:Proportional counter
1071:quantities and units
1025:Background radiation
1011:Radiation protection
284:radioactive material
279:prior to injection.
273:radiopharmaceuticals
223:biological half-life
27:is a measure of the
1826:Radiation hardening
1768:Radiation incidents
1704:Medical radiography
1663:Radiation syndrome
1617:Cherenkov radiation
1208:Whole-body counting
1118:Mean glandular dose
1055:Radioactive sources
697:on 16 November 2012
250:whole body counting
227:effective half-life
1821:Radioactive source
1642:Radiation exposure
1622:Askaryan radiation
1602:Particle radiation
1486:Ionizing radiation
1045:Internal dosimetry
1040:Ionizing radiation
664:2015-06-22 at the
527:Ionizing radiation
517:Internal dosimetry
484:Related quantities
373:people, including
324:Chernobyl accident
275:are measured in a
244:Internal dosimetry
169:radioactive iodine
56:radiation sickness
1863:
1862:
1844:Radiation effects
1714:Radiation therapy
1650:
1649:
1592:Thermal radiation
1529:Neutron radiation
1494:Radioactive decay
1383:
1382:
1364:Radiation effects
1335:Radiation effects
1098:Counts per minute
907:10.1021/cr9804386
779:978-1-897761-16-8
690:978-0-7020-3048-2
453:neutron moderator
402:present within a
318:early workers at
219:radioactive decay
173:nuclear explosive
54:effects, such as
1893:
1804:Related articles
1719:Radiation damage
1544:Nuclear reactors
1429:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1239:Radon mitigation
1234:Potassium iodide
1152:Instruments and
1004:
997:
990:
981:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
918:
895:Chemical Reviews
892:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
866:
855:
849:
848:
838:
814:
808:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
788:
782:. Archived from
771:
760:
754:
753:
739:(4 March 2003).
733:
727:
726:
720:
716:
714:
706:
704:
702:
693:. Archived from
674:
668:
656:
650:
649:
643:
635:
633:
632:
626:
620:. Archived from
619:
611:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
575:
572:
566:
563:
461:thermal neutrons
457:thermal neutrons
451:are shaped by a
431:fission products
183:Physical factors
161:potassium iodide
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1835:
1831:Havana syndrome
1816:Nuclear physics
1799:
1763:
1656:
1646:
1632:Unruh radiation
1568:
1549:Nuclear weapons
1534:Nuclear fission
1480:
1420:
1414:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1360:Medical physics
1351:
1330:
1299:
1248:
1212:
1153:
1147:
1108:Equivalent dose
1070:
1064:
1013:
1008:
961:
941:
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
890:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
857:
856:
852:
829:(11): 3767–76.
816:
815:
811:
806:
802:
792:
790:
789:on 21 July 2012
786:
780:
769:
762:
761:
757:
735:
734:
730:
717:
707:
700:
698:
691:
676:
675:
671:
666:Wayback Machine
657:
653:
636:
630:
628:
624:
617:
615:"Archived copy"
613:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
590:
585:
578:
573:
569:
564:
560:
555:
542:Cumulative dose
532:Collective dose
513:
486:
449:nuclear reactor
435:uranium dioxide
426:unsealed source
387:
311:
246:
240:
215:
203:equivalent dose
185:
138:food or liquids
122:
105:
79:
77:ICRP definition
48:equivalent dose
17:
12:
11:
5:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Health physics
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:Dark radiation
1634:
1629:
1627:Bremsstrahlung
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Nuclear fusion
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Alpha particle
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Lead shielding
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Geiger counter
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Effective dose
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:Committed dose
1085:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Health physics
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
972:
967:
960:
959:External links
957:
956:
955:
952:
947:
939:
938:
929:
920:
901:(9): 2269–92.
878:
850:
809:
800:
778:
755:
728:
719:|journal=
689:
669:
651:
606:
597:
588:
576:
567:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
512:
509:
504:
503:
497:
485:
482:
481:
480:
472:alpha particle
438:
422:
407:
396:
386:
383:
344:Graves disease
310:
309:Health effects
307:
303:
302:
295:
239:
236:
214:
211:
207:effective dose
184:
181:
167:from ingested
153:
152:
150:technetium-99m
146:
139:
132:
121:
118:
113:
112:
103:
94:
78:
75:
44:effective dose
21:committed dose
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Radioactivity
1874:
1873:
1871:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:Radioactivity
1845:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Beta particle
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Cluster decay
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:Main articles
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Radioactivity
1365:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:Organisations
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Absorbed dose
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:Main articles
1016:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
975:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
933:
930:
924:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
882:
879:
863:
862:
854:
851:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
804:
801:
785:
781:
775:
768:
767:
759:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
737:Blears, Hazel
732:
729:
724:
712:
696:
692:
686:
682:
681:
677:Icrp (2007).
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
655:
652:
647:
641:
627:on 2015-09-24
623:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
581:
577:
571:
568:
562:
559:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Radioactivity
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
490:
483:
478:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
384:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
316:
308:
306:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
268:
266:
260:
258:
253:
251:
245:
237:
235:
233:
228:
225:, called the
224:
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
182:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:ingestion of
133:
131:
127:
126:
125:
119:
117:
109:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:deterministic
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1852:Radiobiology
1734:Radiobiology
1694:Laser safety
1372:Radiobiology
1203:Survey meter
1123:Monitor unit
1087:
1069:Measurement
1060:Radiobiology
932:
927:NRC Glossary
923:
898:
894:
881:
869:. Retrieved
860:
853:
826:
822:
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
784:the original
765:
758:
750:
744:
731:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
679:
672:
654:
629:. Retrieved
622:the original
609:
600:
591:
570:
561:
505:
487:
460:
456:
425:
403:
400:Potassium-40
388:
379:radium girls
355:
348:
333:
312:
304:
281:
269:
261:
254:
247:
216:
186:
177:
154:
136:contaminated
123:
114:
107:
100:
96:
89:
84:
80:
64:
59:
41:
32:
20:
18:
1476:Ultraviolet
1471:Radio waves
1244:Respirators
1176:Ion chamber
265:transuranic
238:Measurement
120:Dose intake
33:probability
1870:Categories
1657:and health
1655:Radiation
1524:Cosmic ray
1304:Regulation
631:2014-10-31
553:References
394:Thorotrast
375:Eben Byers
336:iodine-131
242:See also:
157:iodine-131
29:stochastic
1811:Half-life
1684:Dosimetry
1519:Gamma ray
1466:Microwave
1456:Starlight
1417:Radiation
1316:NRC (USA)
1265:HPS (USA)
1166:Dosimeter
1083:Becquerel
1030:Dosimetry
721:ignored (
711:cite book
477:cytotoxic
465:lithium-7
433:within a
351:becquerel
232:dosimetry
1461:Sunlight
1446:Infrared
1321:ONR (UK)
1311:IRR (UK)
1290:SRP (UK)
1229:Glovebox
1133:Roentgen
915:11749482
662:Archived
640:cite web
511:See also
469:helium-4
459:. These
445:boron-10
385:Examples
377:and the
267:intake.
213:Duration
106:, where
60:severity
1672:chronic
1295:UNSCEAR
1260:Euratom
1143:Sievert
845:9814445
746:Hansard
406:person.
340:thyroid
257:tritium
165:thyroid
143:tritium
71:sievert
37:sievert
1854:, and
1374:, and
913:
871:24 May
843:
793:18 May
776:
701:17 May
687:
467:and a
404:normal
1667:acute
1564:X-ray
1451:Light
891:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
625:(PDF)
618:(PDF)
190:alpha
130:radon
1285:IRPA
1280:ICRP
1275:ICRU
1270:IAEA
1113:Gray
911:PMID
873:2012
841:PMID
795:2012
774:ISBN
723:help
703:2012
685:ISBN
646:link
419:milk
415:cows
364:and
205:and
194:beta
192:and
19:The
1138:Rem
1128:Rad
903:doi
831:doi
413:in
23:in
1872::
1850:,
1846:,
1370:,
1366:,
1362:,
909:.
899:99
897:.
893:.
839:.
827:83
825:.
821:.
749:.
743:.
715::
713:}}
709:{{
642:}}
638:{{
579:^
417:'
411:Sr
299:Sv
292:Sv
39:.
1409:e
1402:t
1395:v
1003:e
996:t
989:v
917:.
905::
875:.
847:.
833::
797:.
725:)
705:.
648:)
634:.
475:(
421:.
108:t
104:T
101:W
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.