133:
435:(CFTC). One of the duties assigned to the CFTC was the administration of a quasi-judicial reparations procedure by which customers of commodities brokers could seek legal redress for brokers’ alleged violations of the Act or other CFTC regulations. One of the CFTC's regulations also provided the agency to adjudicate counterclaims “arising out of the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences set forth in the
565:, not only were the CFTC's orders reviewable in the U.S. district courts, the CFTC was not granted the full powers of an Article III court, and the parties were given the option of invoking the agency's jurisdiction, rather than being compelled to use it. Furthermore, any issue of intrusion upon the powers of state courts was irrelevant, Justice O’Connor reasoned, because federal courts may exercise
544:
situation faced by the litigants here was common: a claim and counterclaim arising out of the same transaction and occurrence, and it was well within the statutory jurisdiction of the CFTC to adjudicate such both actions. This is in keeping with
Congress’ intent to create a more efficient means of adjudicating such disputes, as well as the administration's interpretation of the statute.
24:
584:, dissented on the grounds that allowing Congress to grant such jurisdictional powers to administrative agencies eroded the powers of Article III courts, and deprived litigants of the impartial decision-making authority of an independent judiciary. He accused the majority of putting concerns of convenience and
552:
is not absolute, and is subject to waiver by the parties. In this case, Schor waived his right to a trial with respect to Conti's counterclaim, and elected to have the entire dispute resolved before the CFTC. It was only after the CFTC ruled against him that he challenged the agency's jurisdiction.
543:
interpretation issue first. She held that the D.C. Circuit created a false distinction between the CFTC's jurisdiction over state law counterclaims and counterclaims arising under the CEA, simply to avoid a constitutional problem, and ignored the legislative intent of
Congress in doing so. The
475:(ALJ) in the CFTC reparations proceeding ruled in Conti's favor on both claims, and it was at that point Schor challenged the CFTC's jurisdiction to hear Conti's counterclaim against him. The ALJ rejected this contention, and the CFTC declined to review the decision. Schor then petitioned the
451:
In
February 1980, respondents Schor and Mortgage Services of America, Inc. filed complaints with the CFTC against brokerage firm ContiCommodity Services, Inc. (Conti) and Richard L. Sandor, one of the firm's employees, alleging violations of the CEA. Meanwhile, Conti filed an action under
439:”. The section of the statute and the CFTC regulation at issue in this case, both of which were intended to provide an inexpensive and expeditious method for the settlement of futures contract-related claims, were challenged by the customers of a broker as being violative of
556:
Additionally, Justice O’Connor held that
Congress’ grant of judicial power to the CFTC for the adjudication of state-law counterclaims did not intrude on the powers of the judiciary. She concluded that while Congress could not vest administrative agencies with ancillary or
592:. Also, because the individual and structural/separation of powers issues served by Article III were “coextensive”, Brennan reasoned that the consent of the litigants to appear before a non-Article III tribunal should have no bearing on the legal analysis in this case.
1048:
1965:
479:
for review. The Court of
Appeals held that the CFTC had jurisdiction over Schor's claim against Conti, but not over Conti's state-law based counterclaim against Schor for the debit balance, seeking to avoid the constitutional problems faced in
1840:
1263:
1255:
1223:
547:
She then turned to the
Article III issue. Justice O’Connor chose to interpret Article III liberally, examining the underlying purposes of adjudication of cases by an independent judiciary. The right to be heard by an
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to recover the debit balance in Schor's account. Schor filed a counterclaim in the federal suit, asserting the same charges against Conti it had made in its complaint to the CFTC. Schor
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amended the Act to create a more comprehensive regulatory framework for the trading of future contracts. To that end, Congress created an administrative agency called the
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of all claims, it was not outright forbidden for
Congress to vest an agency with such jurisdiction over some claims. Unlike the situation in
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the suit, in order to present its counterclaim against Schor for the debit balance as a defense in the CFTC action.
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34:
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301:
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To
Justice O’Connor, Schor's actions constituted an express waiver of his right to a civil trial.
2290:
2176:
2133:
1989:
1869:
1770:
1588:
1428:
1327:
1023:
577:
362:
805:
254:
Congress may grant pendent jurisdiction over state law counterclaims to administrative agencies.
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2190:
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2093:
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1684:
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1484:
1135:
1003:
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536:
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313:
309:
289:
1049:
Black & White
Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
2227:
1692:
1239:
1011:
787:
585:
493:
424:
269:
2274:
2235:
1981:
1941:
1893:
1460:
831:
528:
2005:
1966:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1909:
1860:
1832:
1713:
1040:
716:
646:
524:
297:
693:
2351:
1816:
1779:
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The Court of Appeals reinstated its previous judgment, and the Supreme Court granted
496:, and remanded the case back to the Court of Appeals for further consideration under
189:
2013:
397:
393:
169:
1264:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
520:
285:
23:
1841:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
488:
417:
221:
185:
1256:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
1224:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
668:
436:
217:
181:
1807:
1725:
823:
540:
338:
O'Connor, joined by Burger, White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, Stevens
1677:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
477:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2022:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
1926:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
458:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
617:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
210:
2262:
2213:
1711:
1669:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1406:
877:
835:
132:
1272:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
464:
the district court action, but the judge declined. Conti then
17:
957:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1629:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1621:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
682:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
483:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1248:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
949:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
2161:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1065:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
2388:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2054:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
933:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
602:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478
156:
Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor, et al.
1605:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1296:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
917:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
612:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
539:, authored the opinion of the Court, addressing the
2144:
1934:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
1859:
1806:
1769:
1724:
1120:
1083:
1022:
967:
890:
350:
342:
334:
329:
258:
248:
202:
197:
161:
151:
144:
125:
1533:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
2378:United States Constitution Article Three case law
1549:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
1110:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
706:Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co.
498:Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co.
423:, prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of
2046:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
1102:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
384:, 478 U.S. 833 (1986), was a case in which the
57:"Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor"
1312:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
1645:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
1453:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
847:
764:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
441:Article III of the United States Constitution
381:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
126:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
8:
2373:United States commodity and futures case law
1653:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
1280:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
925:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
749:, 478 U.S. at 867 (Brennan, J., dissenting).
188:144; 54 U.S.L.W. 5096; Comm. Fut. L. Rep. (
2259:
2210:
1721:
1708:
1557:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
1403:
1344:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
887:
874:
854:
840:
832:
122:
730:Schor v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n
660:Schor v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n
636:Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Schor
607:List of United States Supreme Court cases
207:Schor v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2126:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
2038:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
628:
44:Please improve this article by adding
2368:United States administrative case law
1304:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
1073:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
120:1986 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2070:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
1565:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
433:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
232:922 (1985); on remand, 770 F.2d
2283:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
1825:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
1192:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
988:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1958:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
1360:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
901:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
386:Supreme Court of the United States
138:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2383:United States Supreme Court cases
1144:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
774:833 (1986) is available from:
236:(D.C. Cir. 1985); cert. granted,
1320:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
131:
22:
1661:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
1352:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
486:The U.S. Supreme Court granted
2358:1986 in United States case law
1998:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1950:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
1288:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
1200:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
569:over state law claims anyway.
447:Facts & procedural history
1:
2363:Good Behavior Clause case law
2030:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
1759:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
1368:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
1057:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
224:. granted, judgment vacated,
46:secondary or tertiary sources
1974:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
1168:Schillinger v. United States
1094:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
1743:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
1184:United States v. Wunderlich
346:Brennan, joined by Marshall
2404:
2299:Mistretta v. United States
1525:Burton v. United States II
1501:City of St. Louis v. Myers
1376:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
980:Murdock v. City of Memphis
824:Oyez (oral argument audio)
737: (D.C. Cir. 1985).
392:may, in some cases, exert
2269:
2258:
2222:
2209:
2110:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
1720:
1707:
1517:Burton v. United States I
1469:United States v. Jackalow
1445:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1415:
1402:
886:
873:
355:
263:
253:
130:
2331:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2102:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1751:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1541:Muskrat v. United States
1509:Barrett v. United States
1216:United States v. Stanley
996:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
971:independent state ground
473:Administrative Law Judge
2315:United States v. Hatter
2307:Peretz v. United States
2244:Cramer v. United States
1886:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1637:Thomas v. Union Carbide
1336:United States v. Bormes
1085:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
1033:United States v. Hudson
2078:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
1796:Nixon v. United States
1493:United States v. Klein
1384:Trump v. United States
1232:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
1176:Feres v. United States
1152:Mississippi v. Johnson
909:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
567:ancillary jurisdiction
454:diversity jurisdiction
410:Commodity Exchange Act
278:William J. Brennan Jr.
33:relies excessively on
2236:United States v. Burr
2185:Rucho v. Common Cause
2086:Texas v. Pennsylvania
2062:Bond v. United States
1918:Sierra Club v. Morton
1613:Arizona v. New Mexico
1597:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
1573:Wisconsin v. Illinois
1477:Ex parte Vallandigham
1437:United States v. More
1127:presidential immunity
665:740 F.2d 1262
466:voluntarily dismissed
390:administrative agency
145:Argued April 29, 1986
1160:United States v. Lee
735:770 F.2d 211
590:separation of powers
559:pendent jurisdiction
550:Article III tribunal
517:Chief Justice Burger
494:vacated the judgment
357:U.S. Const. art. III
180:106 S. Ct. 3245; 92
147:Decided July 7, 1986
1902:Altvater v. Freeman
1878:Fairchild v. Hughes
1788:Goldwater v. Carter
1735:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1421:Chisholm v. Georgia
1208:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
815:Library of Congress
322:Sandra Day O'Connor
302:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
2291:Forrester v. White
2177:Vieth v. Jubelirer
2134:Murthy v. Missouri
1990:Diamond v. Charles
1870:Bailiff v. Tipping
1771:Political question
1589:Colegrove v. Green
1429:Marbury v. Madison
1328:Samantar v. Yousuf
1122:Sovereign immunity
1024:Federal common law
863:U.S. Supreme Court
274:Associate Justices
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2323:Stern v. Marshall
2254:
2253:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2191:Benisek v. Lamone
2169:Davis v. Bandemer
2118:Biden v. Nebraska
2094:Trump v. New York
1849:Trump v. New York
1703:
1702:
1685:Bowles v. Russell
1581:Crowell v. Benson
1485:Ex parte McCardle
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1136:Little v. Barreme
1004:Harrison v. NAACP
941:Younger v. Harris
563:Northern Pipeline
425:futures contracts
377:
376:
310:William Rehnquist
290:Thurgood Marshall
118:
117:
110:
92:
2395:
2260:
2228:Ex parte Bollman
2211:
1722:
1709:
1693:Patchak v. Zinke
1404:
1240:Clinton v. Jones
1012:Michigan v. Long
888:
875:
856:
849:
842:
833:
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822:
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586:judicial economy
582:Justice Marshall
513:Justice O’Connor
508:Majority opinion
462:moved to dismiss
373:
270:Warren E. Burger
259:Court membership
244:1018 (1985).
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2275:Stuart v. Laird
2265:
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2218:
2197:
2140:
1982:Allen v. Wright
1942:Warth v. Seldin
1894:Ex parte Levitt
1855:
1802:
1765:
1716:
1699:
1461:Sheldon v. Sill
1411:
1390:
1125:
1116:
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578:Justice Brennan
575:
510:
449:
406:
396:over state-law
360:
314:John P. Stevens
312:
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2153:Hayburn's Case
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2010:
2006:Raines v. Byrd
2002:
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1910:Flast v. Cohen
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1833:Laird v. Tatum
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1714:Justiciability
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1041:Swift v. Tyson
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797:Google Scholar
758:
757:External links
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521:Justices White
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298:Harry Blackmun
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414:7 U.S.C.
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98:November 2019
90:
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59: –
58:
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53:Find sources:
47:
41:
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36:
31:This article
29:
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2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2014:FEC v. Akins
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
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1427:
1419:
1409:Jurisdiction
1382:
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969:Adequate and
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
763:
746:
742:
729:
724:
719: (1985).
705:
701:
696: (1982).
680:
676:
659:
654:
649: (1986).
635:
631:
580:, joined by
576:
562:
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515:, joined by
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394:jurisdiction
380:
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351:Laws applied
317:
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198:Case history
173:
155:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
32:
15:
866:Article III
671: 1984).
427:. In 1974,
286:Byron White
2352:Categories
892:Abstention
880:Federalism
623:References
502:certiorari
489:certiorari
404:Background
192:) ¶ 23,116
186:U.S. LEXIS
184:675; 1986
68:newspapers
35:references
669:D.C. Cir.
588:ahead of
541:statutory
533:Rehnquist
437:complaint
218:D.C. Cir.
182:L. Ed. 2d
162:Citations
1861:Standing
1808:Ripeness
1726:Mootness
868:case law
762:Text of
596:See also
525:Blackmun
429:Congress
418:§ 1
388:held an
367:§ 1
335:Majority
2216:Treason
788:Findlaw
573:Dissent
537:Stevens
504:again.
456:in the
421:et seq.
412:(CEA),
343:Dissent
249:Holding
220:1984),
82:scholar
2334:(2016)
2326:(2011)
2318:(2001)
2310:(1991)
2302:(1989)
2294:(1988)
2286:(1824)
2278:(1803)
2264:Others
2247:(1945)
2239:(1807)
2231:(1807)
2194:(2019)
2180:(2004)
2172:(1986)
2164:(1985)
2156:(1792)
2145:Others
2137:(2024)
2129:(2024)
2121:(2023)
2113:(2021)
2105:(2021)
2097:(2020)
2089:(2020)
2081:(2016)
2073:(2013)
2065:(2011)
2057:(2011)
2049:(2007)
2041:(2007)
2033:(2006)
2025:(2000)
2017:(1998)
2009:(1997)
2001:(1992)
1993:(1986)
1985:(1984)
1977:(1983)
1969:(1982)
1961:(1978)
1953:(1977)
1945:(1975)
1937:(1974)
1929:(1973)
1921:(1972)
1913:(1968)
1905:(1943)
1897:(1937)
1889:(1923)
1881:(1922)
1873:(1805)
1852:(2020)
1844:(1985)
1836:(1972)
1828:(1967)
1820:(1961)
1799:(1993)
1791:(1979)
1783:(1962)
1762:(2023)
1754:(2021)
1746:(2016)
1738:(1974)
1696:(2018)
1688:(2007)
1680:(2005)
1672:(2002)
1664:(1995)
1656:(1986)
1648:(1986)
1640:(1985)
1632:(1982)
1624:(1977)
1616:(1976)
1608:(1974)
1600:(1962)
1592:(1946)
1584:(1932)
1576:(1929)
1568:(1926)
1560:(1921)
1552:(1916)
1544:(1911)
1536:(1908)
1528:(1906)
1520:(1905)
1512:(1898)
1504:(1885)
1496:(1871)
1488:(1869)
1480:(1864)
1472:(1862)
1464:(1850)
1456:(1828)
1448:(1816)
1440:(1805)
1432:(1803)
1424:(1793)
1387:(2024)
1379:(2020)
1371:(2019)
1363:(2019)
1355:(2015)
1347:(2014)
1339:(2012)
1331:(2010)
1323:(2008)
1315:(2007)
1307:(2006)
1299:(2005)
1291:(2004)
1283:(2003)
1275:(2003)
1267:(2001)
1259:(1999)
1251:(1998)
1243:(1997)
1235:(1993)
1227:(1991)
1219:(1987)
1211:(1982)
1203:(1978)
1195:(1964)
1187:(1951)
1179:(1950)
1171:(1894)
1163:(1882)
1155:(1867)
1147:(1812)
1139:(1804)
1113:(2005)
1105:(1983)
1097:(1923)
1076:(1943)
1068:(1938)
1060:(1938)
1052:(1928)
1044:(1842)
1036:(1812)
1015:(1983)
1007:(1959)
999:(1935)
991:(1896)
983:(1875)
960:(1983)
952:(1976)
944:(1971)
936:(1964)
928:(1962)
920:(1959)
912:(1943)
904:(1941)
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
806:Justia
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
733:,
708:,
685:,
667: (
663:,
529:Powell
416:
365:
363:U.S.C.
320:
318:·
316:
308:
306:·
304:
296:
294:·
292:
284:
282:·
280:
209:, 740
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
770:
747:Schor
712:
689:
642:
240:
228:
203:Prior
89:JSTOR
75:books
772:U.S.
714:U.S.
691:U.S.
644:U.S.
535:and
519:and
471:The
408:The
242:U.S.
230:U.S.
222:cert
214:1262
211:F.2d
175:more
167:U.S.
165:478
61:news
1124:and
768:478
717:568
710:473
687:458
647:833
640:478
371:27f
238:474
234:211
226:473
190:CCH
170:833
37:to
2354::
2188:/
766:,
694:50
638:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
492:,
443:.
400:.
361:7
359:;
48:.
855:e
848:t
841:v
369:-
216:(
178:)
172:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
42:.
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