353:
currently mitigates their ability increase their populations. Cadwallader found a very high mortality among adults, particularly males, post reproduction. The larvae (7–8 mm) hatch from the eggs after 3–4 weeks and form shoals in the slow flowing stream margins. They remain in these shoals until they become approximately 35 mm in length. At this size they have developed camouflage needed to blend into the gravel substrate, and separate from the shoal. Cadwallader found that the juveniles became mature and able to reproduce during early autumn. He also found that the trigger for sexual maturation was primarily controlled by fish size rather than time of year. This mean value for this threshold for sexual maturation was found to be approximately 59 mm in length.
31:
75:
373:
as they spend the daytime hidden under rocks and in the gravel substrate. They feed into the current and pick up their food as it gets washed towards them. Their food consists of small stream invertebrates such as stoneflies and mayflies and while feeding during drift, preferring larger prey. Cadwallader found that individuals in slow moving areas of water would feed at mid-water in a similar fashion to introduced
50:
372:
is nocturnally active. During the day the fish remained hidden in the substrate of the stream simulator. Immediately following emergence after sunset they took up drift-feeding stations in the water column, and later in the night switched to feeding on benthos”. This is done in the evening and night
238:
are a small freshwater fish which usually grow to 100–115 mm in length. They have a large mouth with a somewhat undercut lower jaw, pinched nostrils and a rounded snout. The fins are thick and fleshy. The pectoral fins are low and downturned. The caudal peduncle long and slender, the length of
326:
is a non-migratory fish, populations are confined to the river systems in which they are born. As they do not enter marine environments they become isolated from populations in other water systems. Often, the only interaction between populations in different rivers is during heavy flooding events.
352:
lay comparatively small eggs and have a higher fecundity (reproductive rate), than other non-migratory freshwater fish species. This allows relatively rapid colonization and re-colonization of habitat. The presence of predatory species, combine with late maturation and high juvenile mortality
313:
is fast flowing sections of stream which are well aerated and with open tussock grassland. Here, they inhabit the areas between and under rocks during the day and venture out into the more open areas of water to feed in the evening and night as
318:
generalized is solitary, nocturnal and largely cryptic invertebrate predator. Due to introduced trout, they are often excluded from the main base of rivers, or smaller over crowded rivers, but they can be found in side braids and tributaries.
343:
occurs from August to
September. This involves the females laying hundreds to thousands of eggs beneath boulders in the stream, (the number of eggs laid is dependent of favourable or unfavourable environmental conditions) and the male
250:, that it allows them to move out from the sanctuary under the rocks and spend time in the more open river in relative safety. They are easily confused with koaro which are slightly angled towards each other, but the eyes of
284:
and in eastern Otago. The distribution ranges from low to high elevations in the shallow waters of rivers and streams. It is no longer found in many of the main river systems due to predation from introduced trout species
471:
managed areas which means that these areas are protected, though there is still a large threat from the invasive salmonids. Habitat loss due to increasing irrigation from agricultural land use change is a threat to
845:
Goodman, J.M.; Dunn, N.R.; Ravenscroft, P.J.; Allibone, R.M.; Boubee, J.A.T.; David, B.O.; Griffiths, M.; Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.A; Rolfe, J.R. (2014). "Conservation status of New
Zealand freshwater fish, 2013".
436:
at all stages of their lifecycles so there is no predation safe size threshold, however juveniles are particularly susceptible to predation from trout of all sizes.
1136:
1023:
460:
classified G. vulgaris as "At Risk: Declining" with the qualifier "A(2/1) - Total area of occupancy ≤ 1000 ha (10 km2), predicted decline 10–30%". Also in 2014 the
242:
They are a speckled brown/grey/olive to match the gravel substrate in which they live and have highly variable black banding or blotching along their back. This
1062:
885:
1126:
997:
713:
Woodford, D. J.; McIntosh, A. R. (2010). "Evidence of source-sink metapopulations in a vulnerable native galaxiid fish driven by introduced trout".
468:
457:
348:
and temporarily guarding the eggs. The ‘nest’ is excavated by the male fish, and will generally be laid in by multiple females. Jones states that
1036:
1146:
1141:
1098:
868:
1151:
609:
578:
1041:
428:
were heavily impacted by trout populations. Conversely, populations which were free from trout predation (usually due to
915:
477:
368:. It is a predominately bottom dwelling fish, which feeds in both drift and benthos methods. It has been “observed that
432:) were at a higher altitude and were more stable than those in the presence of trout. Predation from trout occurs on
481:
1067:
476:. The International Union for Conservation of Nature notes that there is an increased risk of habitat loss post
74:
784:"Genes Meet Geology: Fish Phylogeographic Pattern Reflects Ancient, Rather Than Modern, Drainage Connections"
274:
224:
30:
926:
169:
517:
Allibone, R.; West, D.; Franklin, P.; Ling, N.; David, B.; Crow, S.; Closs, G.; Hitchmough, R. (2014).
1103:
262:
species by its less dense mottled pigmentations, a slightly larger and wider body than other species.
1077:
971:
429:
541:
39:
730:
692:
69:
1028:
254:
are larger and angled towards each other so the eyes are more visible when viewed from above.
1131:
1085:
958:
805:
738:
605:
574:
1090:
1054:
904:
795:
722:
684:
649:
536:
281:
488:
and now has the potential to be altered for farming purposes, endangering the habitat of
908:
800:
783:
185:
116:
1120:
1049:
864:
688:
668:
527:
518:
290:
59:
54:
963:
365:
277:
243:
653:
1010:
345:
298:
339:
is a non-migratory species and complete their entire life cycle in freshwater.
247:
136:
126:
464:
rated the SPECIES as "Least
Concern", noting that rates of decline are slow.
673:(Teleostei: Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae): A test of a biogeographic hypothesis"
667:
Wallis, G. P.; Judge, K. F.; Bland, J.; Waters, J. M.; Berra, T. M. (2008).
414:
386:
382:
86:
949:
891:
Cadwallader, P. L. (1976). "Breeding biology of a non-diadromous galaxiid,
809:
742:
984:
943:
877:
467:
The ranges where the
Galaxias vulgaris inhabit are with in New Zealand's
340:
219:
208:
146:
106:
989:
734:
1002:
696:
1015:
726:
484:. Much of the land which became freehold incorporates the habitat of
398:
394:
96:
920:
828:
765:
374:
215:
782:
Waters, J. M.; Craw, D.; Youngson, J. H.; Wallis, G. P. (2001).
461:
211:
976:
924:
424:(brown trout). Woodford and McIntosh found that populations of
833:
complex: implications for interactions with invasive salmonids
512:
510:
508:
916:
602:
New
Zealand Freshwater Fishes: A natural history and guide
604:. pp. 133–117. Wellington, New Zealand, Heinemann Reed.
571:
A Photographic Guide to
Freshwater Fishes of New Zealand
642:
New
Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
933:
573:. pp. 48–49. Auckland, New Zealand, New Holland.
377:species. His study of the stomach composition of
273:are found in rivers and streams throughout the
542:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T197299A2481843.en
401:) adults and larvae, and terrestrial insects.
835:. Doctoral thesis, University of Otago, 2014.
770:in the river Glentui, Canterbury, New Zealand
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
8:
772:. Doctoral thesis, University of Canterbury.
364:primarily feed on the nymphs and larvae of
921:
848:New Zealand Threat Classification Series 7
708:
706:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
48:
29:
20:
799:
565:
563:
561:
559:
540:
496:is however classified as Not Threatened.
632:Benzie, V. (1968). "The life history of
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
335:Unlike many other species in the genus,
258:can be further distinguished from other
823:
821:
819:
504:
381:showed high abundances of Trichoptera (
1137:Endemic freshwater fish of New Zealand
397:) larvae, aquatic Diptera, Elimidae (
7:
1078:73431de3-b006-4da8-b0b0-93020db0041a
239:which is about 1.5 times the depth.
1127:IUCN Red List least concern species
528:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
909:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1976.tb03929.x
895:Stokell, in a New Zealand river".
801:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00833.x
669:"Genetic diversity in New Zealand
405:Predators, parasites, and diseases
14:
689:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00535.x
636:Stokell, with a comparison with
73:
764:<Cadwallader, P. L. (1973).
829:Life history variation in the
1:
654:10.1080/00288330.1968.9515261
1147:Taxa named by Gerald Stokell
671:Galaxias vulgaris sensu lato
444:There is no cultural use of
452:Protection and conservation
1168:
469:Department of Conservation
458:Department of Conservation
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1142:Fish of the South Island
867:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
600:McDowall, R. M. (1990).
456:In 2014 the New Zealand
897:Journal of Fish Biology
715:Ecological Applications
677:Journal of Biogeography
638:G. maculatus attenuatus
385:) larvae, Corydalinae (
280:(with the exception of
1152:Fish described in 1949
24:Common river galaxias
881:. March 2006 version.
827:Jones, P. E. (2014).
535:: e.T197299A2481843.
309:Preferred habitat of
246:is so effective as a
197:common river galaxias
569:McQueen, S. (2013).
430:geographic isolation
420:(rainbow trout) and
409:The key predator of
331:Life cycle/phenology
418:Oncorhynchus mykiss
305:Habitat preferences
287:Oncorhynchus mykiss
201:Canterbury galaxias
40:Conservation status
1114:
1113:
1086:Open Tree of Life
935:Galaxias vulgaris
927:Taxon identifiers
893:Galaxias vulgaris
871:Galaxias vulgaris
831:Galaxias vulgaris
768:Galaxias vulgaris
727:10.1890/08-1909.1
634:Galaxias vulgaris
521:Galaxias vulgaris
494:Galaxias vulgaris
490:Galaxias vulgaris
486:Galaxias vulgaris
474:Galaxias vulgaris
446:Galaxias vulgaris
434:Galaxias vulgaris
411:Galaxias vulgaris
379:Galaxias vulgaris
370:Galaxias vulgaris
357:Diet and foraging
324:Galaxais vulgaris
316:Galaxias vulgaris
311:Galaxias vulgaris
271:Galaxias vulgaris
256:Galaxias vulgaris
236:Galaxias vulgaris
205:Galaxias vulgaris
193:
192:
179:Galaxias vulgaris
63:
1159:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1005:
993:
992:
980:
979:
967:
966:
954:
953:
952:
922:
912:
882:
852:
851:
842:
836:
825:
814:
813:
803:
779:
773:
762:
747:
746:
710:
701:
700:
664:
658:
657:
629:
612:
598:
581:
567:
554:
553:
551:
549:
544:
514:
426:Galaxis vulgaris
362:Galaxis vulgaris
350:Galaxis vulgaris
337:Galaxis vulgaris
223:, found only in
181:
161:G. vulgaris
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
975:
970:
962:
957:
948:
947:
942:
929:
890:
863:
860:
858:Further reading
855:
844:
843:
839:
826:
817:
781:
780:
776:
766:The ecology of
763:
750:
712:
711:
704:
666:
665:
661:
631:
630:
615:
599:
584:
568:
557:
547:
545:
516:
515:
506:
502:
454:
442:
407:
359:
333:
307:
282:Banks Peninsula
268:
233:
227:, New Zealand.
189:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
955:
939:
937:
931:
930:
925:
919:
918:
913:
903:(2): 157–177.
888:
886:NIWA June 2006
883:
865:Froese, Rainer
859:
856:
854:
853:
837:
815:
794:(9): 1844–51.
774:
748:
702:
659:
648:(4): 628–653.
613:
582:
555:
503:
501:
498:
453:
450:
441:
438:
406:
403:
358:
355:
332:
329:
306:
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165:
158:
156:
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151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1164:
1153:
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986:
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945:
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938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
917:
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902:
898:
894:
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872:
866:
862:
861:
857:
849:
841:
838:
834:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
771:
769:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:(4): 967–77.
720:
716:
709:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
672:
663:
660:
655:
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628:
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530:
529:
524:
522:
513:
511:
509:
505:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:tenure review
475:
470:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
440:Cultural uses
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
366:invertebrates
363:
356:
354:
351:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
325:
320:
317:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:rainbow trout
288:
283:
279:
276:
272:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
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237:
230:
228:
226:
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221:
217:
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206:
202:
198:
187:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Galaxiiformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
934:
900:
896:
892:
876:
870:
847:
840:
830:
791:
787:
777:
767:
718:
714:
683:(1): 59–67.
680:
676:
670:
662:
645:
641:
637:
633:
601:
570:
546:. Retrieved
532:
526:
520:
493:
489:
485:
482:high country
473:
466:
455:
445:
443:
433:
425:
422:Salmo trutta
421:
417:
410:
408:
390:
378:
369:
361:
360:
349:
336:
334:
323:
321:
315:
310:
308:
295:Salmo trutta
294:
286:
278:South Island
270:
269:
266:Distribution
259:
255:
251:
244:pigmentation
241:
235:
234:
218:
204:
200:
196:
194:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1011:iNaturalist
548:20 November
391:Deleatidium
346:fertilizing
299:brown trout
252:G. vulgaris
231:Description
1121:Categories
610:0790000229
579:1869663861
500:References
389:) larvae,
275:Canterbury
248:camouflage
225:Canterbury
137:Galaxiidae
788:Evolution
415:salmonids
387:dobsonfly
383:caddisfly
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1132:Galaxias
1029:10449357
985:FishBase
944:Wikidata
878:FishBase
810:11681739
743:20597283
735:25680349
413:are the
341:Spawning
220:Galaxias
209:galaxiid
148:Galaxias
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1104:1014254
1003:5214246
697:2656160
480:in the
293:), and
260:Galaxid
214:of the
207:) is a
186:Stokell
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1091:561134
1075:NZOR:
1055:197299
1042:623470
1016:446034
977:224519
950:Q44193
808:
741:
733:
695:
608:
577:
399:midges
395:mayfly
188:, 1949
1099:WoRMS
1068:66449
1024:IRMNG
990:22531
964:3F2XP
731:JSTOR
693:JSTOR
393:sp. (
375:trout
216:genus
1063:NCBI
1050:IUCN
1037:ITIS
998:GBIF
806:PMID
739:PMID
606:ISBN
575:ISBN
550:2021
533:2014
462:IUCN
212:fish
195:The
972:EoL
959:CoL
905:doi
796:doi
723:doi
685:doi
650:doi
640:".
537:doi
322:As
301:).
199:or
1123::
1101::
1088::
1065::
1052::
1039::
1026::
1013::
1000::
987::
974::
961::
946::
899:.
875:.
818:^
804:.
792:55
790:.
786:.
751:^
737:.
729:.
719:20
717:.
705:^
691:.
681:28
679:.
675:.
644:.
616:^
585:^
558:^
531:.
525:.
507:^
492:.
448:.
911:.
907::
901:8
873:"
869:"
850:.
812:.
798::
745:.
725::
699:.
687::
656:.
652::
646:2
552:.
539::
523:"
519:"
297:(
289:(
203:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
