Comanche - Knowledge (XXG)

1829:

days, they vigorously rubbed them in a mixture of fat, brains and liver to soften them. They softened them further by rinsing and working back and forth over a rawhide thong. Finally, they were smoked over a fire, which gave them a tan color. To finish the tipi covering, women laid the tanned hides side by side and stitched them together. As many as 22 hides could be used, but 14 was the average. The sewn cover was tied to a pole and raised, wrapped around the cone-shaped frame, and pinned with pencil-sized wooden skewers. Two wing-shaped flaps at the top of the tipi were turned back to make an opening, which could be adjusted to keep out moisture and held pockets of insulating air. With a fire pit in the center of the earthen floor, the tipis stayed warm in winter. In summer, the bottom edges of the tipis could be rolled up to let in a breeze. Cooking was done outside during hot weather. Tipis were very practical homes for nomads. Working together, women could quickly set them up or take them down. An entire Comanche band could be packed and chasing a buffalo herd within about 20 minutes. The women did most food processing and preparation.

1665:(or another man of distinction) to do so. He did this in the hope of his child living a long and productive life. During the public naming ceremony, the medicine man lit his pipe and offered smoke to the heavens, earth, and each of the four directions. He prayed that the child would remain happy and healthy. He then lifted the child to symbolize its growing up and announced the child's name four times. He held the child a little higher each time he said the name. It was believed that the child's name foretold its future; even a weak or sick child could grow up to be a great warrior, hunter, and raider if given a name suggesting courage and strength. Boys were often named after their grandfather, uncle, or other relative. Girls were usually named after one of their father's relatives, but the name was selected by the mother. As children grew up they also acquired nicknames at different points in their lives, to express some aspect of their lives. 2117:

metal on their arms. Except for black, which was the color for war, there was no standard color or pattern for face and body painting: it was a matter of individual preference. For example, one man might paint one side of his face white and the other side red; another might paint one side of his body green and the other side with green and black stripes. One Comanche might always paint himself in a particular way, while another might change the colors and designs when so inclined. Some designs had special meaning to the individual, and special colors and designs might have been revealed in a dream. Women might also tattoo their face or arms. They were fond of painting their bodies and were free to do so as they pleased. It was popular for women to paint the insides of their ears a bright red and paint great orange and red circles on their cheeks. They usually painted red and yellow around their lips.

1749:). Following this quest, his father gave him a good horse to ride into battle and another mount for the trail. If he had proved himself as a warrior, a Give Away Dance might be held in his honor. As drummers faced east, the honored boy and other young men danced. His parents, along with his other relatives and the people in the band, threw presents at his feet – especially blankets and horses symbolized by sticks. Anyone might snatch one of the gifts for themselves, although those with many possessions refrained; they did not want to appear greedy. People often gave away all their belongings during these dances, providing for others in the band, but leaving themselves with nothing. 719: 1810:

Being herbivores, horses were also easier to feed than dogs, since meat was a valuable resource. The horse was of the utmost value to the Comanche. A Comanche man's wealth was measured by the size of his horse herd. Horses were prime targets to steal during raids; often raids were conducted specifically to capture horses. Often horse herds numbering in the hundreds were stolen by Comanche during raids against other Indian nations, Spanish, Mexicans, and later from the ranches of Texans. Horses were used for warfare with the Comanche being considered to be among the finest light cavalry and mounted warriors in history.

1657:, and the mother went back to work. She could easily carry the cradleboard on her back, or prop it against a tree where the baby could watch her while she collected seeds or roots. Cradleboards consisted of a flat board to which a basket was attached. The latter was made from rawhide straps, or a leather sheath that laced up the front. With soft, dry moss as a diaper, the young one was safely tucked into the leather pocket. During cold weather, the baby was wrapped in blankets, and then placed in the cradleboard. The baby remained in the cradleboard for about ten months; then it was allowed to crawl around. 1896: 2078:

flared skirt and wide, long sleeves, with buckskin fringes on the sleeves and hem. Beads and pieces of metal were attached in geometric patterns. Women wore buckskin moccasins with buffalo soles. Women decorated their shirts, leggings and moccasins with fringes of deer-skin, animal fur, and human hair. They also decorated their shirts and leggings with patterns and shapes of beads and scraps of material. In winter they, too, wore warm buffalo robes and tall, fur-lined buffalo-hide boots. Unlike boys, girls old enough to walk were dressed in breechcloths. By age 12 or 13, they wore women's clothing.

1814: 1601: 1235: 2100:. In severe cold, they might wear a brimless, woolly buffalo hide hat. At war, some warriors wore a headdress of buffalo scalp. Warriors cut away most of the hide and flesh from a buffalo head, leaving only a portion of the woolly head and the horns. This type of hat was worn only by the Comanche. Women did not let their hair grow as long as the men did. Young women might wear their hair long and braided, but women parted their hair in the middle and kept it short. Like the men, they painted their scalp along the parting with bright paint. 2227:, from which the Comanche diverged around 1700. The two languages remain closely related, but a few low-level sound changes inhibit mutual intelligibility. The earliest records of Comanche from 1786 clearly show a dialect of Shoshone, but by the beginning of the 20th century, these sound changes had modified the way Comanche sounded in subtle, but profound, ways. Although efforts are now being made to ensure survival of the language, most of its speakers are elderly, and less than 1% of the Comanches can speak it. 1798: 1590: 1573: 1786: 1775: 2037: 628:

left to join their husbands. The central man in that group was their grandfather, father, or uncle. He was called 'paraivo', 'chief'. After his death, one of the other men took his place; if none were available, the band members might drift apart to other groups where they might have relatives and/or establish new relations by marrying an existing member. There was no separate term for or status of 'peace chief' or 'war chief'; any man leading a war party was a 'war chief'.

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making bows and arrows, lances, and shields. The thick neck skin of an old bull was ideal for war shields that deflected arrows as well as bullets. Since they spent most of each day on horseback, they also fashioned leather into saddles, stirrups, and other equipment for their mounts. Buffalo hair was used to fill saddle pads and was used in rope and halters.

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River offered protection from storms and enemies. With them shared two smaller bands the same tribal areas: the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit) ("Those Living Downstream") and Tanimʉʉ (Tanima, Dahaʉi, Tevawish) ("Liver Eaters"). All three bands together were known as "Middle Comanche" because they lived "in the middle" of the Comancheria.

2630:

and H. Howe all reported that the Comanche numbered up to 30,000. The Comanche population apparently rapidly declined in the 2nd half of the 19th century. The census of 1890 found only 1,598 in Oklahoma. According to Indian Affairs there were 1,507 (in 1895), 1,499 (in 1900), 1401 (in 1905) and 1,476

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Because of their frequent nomadic traveling, Comanche had to make sure that their household goods and other possessions were unbreakable. They did not use pottery that could easily be broken on long journeys. Weaving, wood carving, and metal working were unknown. Instead, they depended on buffalo for

1809:

for transportation. Later, they acquired horses from other tribes, such as the Pueblo, and from the Spaniards. Because horses are faster, easier to control and stronger, this helped with hunting, warfare and moving camp. Larger dwellings were made due to the ability to pull and carry more belongings.

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Boys were highly respected because they would become warriors and might die young in battle. As he approached manhood, a boy went on his first buffalo hunt. If he made a kill, his father honored him with a feast. Only after he had proven himself on a buffalo hunt was a young man allowed to go to war.

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October 6–21, 1892, further reduced their reservation to 480,000 acres (1,900 km) at a cost of $ 1.25 per acre ($ 308.88/km), with an allotment of 160 acres (0.65 km) per person per tribe to be held in trust. New allotments were made in 1906 to all children born after the agreement, and the

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There has been, and continues to be, much confusion in the presentation of Comanche group names. Groups on all levels of organization, families, nʉmʉnahkahni, bands, and divisions, were given names, but many 'band lists' do not distinguish these levels. In addition, there could be alternate names and

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In the mid 19th century, other powerful divisions arose, such as the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) ('wanderers', literally 'go someplace and return'), and the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) ('Antelope Eaters'). The latter originally some local groups of the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) from the Cimarron River Valley

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was the primary social unit of the Comanche. A typical band might number several hundred people. It was a family group, centered around a group of men, all of whom were relatives, sons, brothers or cousins. Since marriage with a known relative was forbidden, wives came from another group, and sisters

2095:

fur. They also braided a strand of hair from the top of their head. This slender braid, called a scalp lock, was decorated with colored scraps of cloth and beads, and a single feather. Comanche men rarely wore anything on their heads. Only after they moved onto a reservation late in the 19th century

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A boy identified not only with his father but with his father's family, as well as with the bravest warriors in the band. He learned to ride a horse before he could walk. By the time he was four or five, he was expected to be able to skillfully handle a horse. When he was five or six, he was given a

1660:

Both girls and boys were welcomed into the band, but boys were favored. If the baby was a boy, one of the midwives informed the father or grandfather, "It's your close friend". Families might paint a flap on the tipi to tell the rest of the tribe that they had been strengthened with another warrior.

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Children learned from example, by observing and listening to their parents and others in the band. As soon as she was old enough to walk, a girl followed her mother about the camp and played at the daily tasks of cooking and making clothing. She was also very close to her mother's sisters, who were

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label encompassed the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) between the Arkansas River and Canadian River and the prominent and powerful Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) who roamed the high plains of Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles between Red and Canadian River, the famous Palo Duro Canyon offered them and their horse herds

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The power and success of the Comanche attracted bands of neighboring peoples who joined them and became part of Comanche society; an Arapaho group became known as Saria Tʉhka (Chariticas, Sata Teichas – 'Dog Eaters') band, an Eastern Shoshone group as Pohoi (Pohoee – 'wild sage') band, and a Plains

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The name Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi) vanished from history in the early 19th century, probably merging into the other divisions, they are likely the forerunners of the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni), Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada), and the Hʉpenʉʉ (Hois) local group of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka). Due to pressure by

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After the Mescalero Apache, Jicarilla Apache and Lipan Apache had been largely displaced from the Southern Plains by the Comanche and allied tribes in the 1780s, the Spanish began to divide the now dominant Comanche into two geographical groups, which only partially corresponded to the former three

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Stiff rawhide was fashioned into saddles, stirrups and cinches, knife cases, buckets, and moccasin soles. Rawhide was also made into rattles and drums. Strips of rawhide were twisted into sturdy ropes. Scraped to resemble white parchment, rawhide skins were folded to make parfleches in which food,

2090:

quill brushes, greased it and parted it in the center from the forehead to the back of the neck. They painted the scalp along the parting with yellow, red, or white clay (or other colors). They wore their hair in two long braids tied with leather thongs or colored cloth, and sometimes wrapped with

2077:

skins) with knee-length buffalo-hide boots. Young boys usually went naked except in cold weather. By age 8 or 9, they wore adult clothing. In the 19th century, men had replaced the buckskin breechcloths by woven cloth, and wore loose-fitting buckskin shirts. Women wore long deerskin dresses with a

1405:. The treaty was very specifically between the Peneteka band and the German Immigration Company. No other band or tribe was involved. The German Immigration Company was dissolved by Meusebach himself shortly after it had served its purpose. By 1875, the Comanches had been relocated to reservations. 2155:

was used for bowstrings and sewing thread. Hooves were turned into glue and rattles. Horns were shaped into cups, spoons, and ladles, while the tail made a whip, fly-swatter, or a tipi decoration. Men made tools, scrapers, needles, pipes and children's toys from the bones. But men concentrated on

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his face, arms, and chest with geometric designs, and painted his face and body. Traditionally they used paints made of berry juice and the colored clays of the Comancheria. Later, traders supplied them with vermilion (red pigment) and bright grease paints. Men wore bands of leather and strips of

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label encompassed the aggressive Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) ("wanderers", "those who turn back") between the headwaters of the Red River and the Colorado River in the south and the Western Cross Timbers in the east, their preferred range were on the Brazos River headwaters and its tributaries, the Pease

1990:

through trade and raids. They roasted meat over a fire or boiled it. To boil fresh or dried meat and vegetables, women dug a pit in the ground, which they lined with animal skins or bison stomach and filled with water to make a kind of cooking pot. They placed heated stones in the water until it

1828:

The Comanche covered their tipis with buffalo hides sewn together. To prepare the hides, women spread them on the ground, scraped off the fat and flesh with blades of bone or antler, and dried them in the sun. Then the women scraped off the thick hair and soaked the hides in water. After several

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who was told by a Comanche chief that the tribe consisted of 12 villages and when Bourgmont visited one of those villages, he found there 800 warriors (if every other village was equally populous, the total number of warriors would be 9,600). In 1774 a French trader, J. Gaignard, wrote that one

1761:

During the 19th century, the traditional Comanche burial custom was to wrap the deceased's body in a blanket and place it on a horse, behind a rider, who would then ride in search of an appropriate burial place, such as a secure cave. After entombment, the rider covered the body with stones and

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label encompassed the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka) ("Honey Eaters"), the southernmost, largest, and best known band among whites as they lived near the first Spanish and Texan settlements; their tribal areas extended from the upper reaches of the rivers in central Texas and Colorado River southward,

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They were formidable warriors who developed strategies for using traditional weapons for fighting on horseback. Warfare was a major part of Comanche life. Comanche raids into Mexico traditionally took place during the full moon, when the Comanche could see to ride at night. This led to the term

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to central Texas. The earliest references to them in the Spanish records date from 1706, when reports reached Santa Fe that Utes and Comanches were about to attack. In the Comanche advance, the Apaches were driven off the Plains. By the end of the 18th century the struggle between Comanches and

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The Proto-Comanche movement to the Plains was part of the larger phenomenon known as the "Shoshonean Expansion" in which that language family spread across the Great Basin and across the mountains into Wyoming. The Kotsoteka ("Bison Eaters") were probably among the first. Other groups followed.

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of New Mexico, but were feared for their raids against settlers in Texas. Similarly, they were, at one time or another, at war with virtually every other Native American group living on the South Plains, leaving opportunities for political maneuvering by European colonial powers and the United

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northwestern Texas. They were the only band that never signed a contract with the Texans or Americans, and they were the last to give up the resistance. Because of their relative isolation from the other bands on the westernmost edge of the Comancheria, they were called the "Western Comanche".

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Removing the lining of the inner stomach, women made the paunch into a water bag. The lining was stretched over four sticks and filled with water to make a pot for cooking soups and stews. With wood scarce on the plains, women relied on buffalo chips (dried dung) as fuel for cooking and heat.

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recorded that some 60 years earlier (i.e., c. 1724) the Apaches had been routed from the southern Plains in a nine-day battle at La Gran Sierra del Fierro ‘The Great Mountain of Iron’, somewhere northwest of Texas. There is, however, no other record, documentary or legendary, of such a fight.

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label encompassed the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) ('Antelope Eaters'), which is the last to develop as an independent band in the 19th century. They lived on the hot, low-shadow desert plateaus of Llano Estacado in eastern New Mexico and found shelter in Tule Canyon and Palo Duro Canyon in

1752:

Girls learned to gather berries, nuts, and roots. They carried water and collected wood, and at about 12 years old learned to cook meals, make tipis, sew clothing, prepare hides, and perform other tasks essential to becoming a wife and mother. They were then considered ready to be married.

1915:, during their migration to the Great Plains, both men and women shared responsibility for gathering and providing food. When the Comanche reached the plains, hunting predominated. Hunting was considered a male activity and was a principal source of prestige. For meat, the Comanche hunted 1296:(1867), which offered churches, schools, and annuities in return for a vast tract of land totaling over 60,000 square miles (160,000 km). The government promised to stop the buffalo hunters, who were decimating the great herds of the Plains, provided that the Comanche, along with the 774:, which in turn were divided by geographical terms into first three (later four) regional groupings: Northern Comanche, Middle Comanche, Southern Comanche, Eastern Comanche, and later Western Comanche. However, these terms generally do not correspond to the Native language terms. 563:

The horse became a key element in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture. It was of such strategic importance that some scholars suggested that the Comanche broke away from the Shoshone and moved south to search for additional sources of horses among the settlers of

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raiders, many Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) moved southeast, joining the "Eastern Comanche" and becoming known as the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit). Many Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to northern Comancheria and became later closely associated with the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika).

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The Comanche supplied horses and mules to all comers. As early as 1795, Comanche were selling horses to Anglo-American traders and by the mid-19th century, Comanche-supplied horses were flowing into St. Louis via other Indian middlemen (Seminole, Osage, Shawnee).

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In the late 19th century, many Comanche children were placed in boarding schools with children from different tribes. The children were taught English and discouraged from speaking their native language. Anecdotally, enforcement of speaking English was severe.

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In contrast to many treaties of its day, this treaty was very brief and simple, with all parties agreeing to a mutual cooperation and a sharing of the land. The treaty was agreed to at a meeting in San Saba County, and signed by all parties on May 9, 1847, in

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Entering the Western economy was a challenge for the Comanche in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many tribal members were defrauded of whatever remained of their land and possessions. Appointed paramount chief by the United States government, Chief

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As European Americans encroached on their territory, the Comanche waged war on the settlers and raided their settlements, as well as those of neighboring Native American tribes. They took with them captives from other tribes during warfare, using them as

2171: 2016:, the Comanche were very hospitable. They prepared meals whenever a visitor arrived in camp, which led to outsiders' belief that the Comanches ate at all hours of the day or night. Many families offered thanks as they sat down to eat their meals. 671:, while those Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) that remained in the northwest and west, together with Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi – 'Timber/Forest People') (and sometimes Yaparʉhka (Yamparika)), which had moved southward to the North Canadian River, were called 2060:

Comanche clothing was simple and easy to wear. Men wore a leather belt with a breechcloth — a long piece of buckskin brought up between the legs and looped over and under the belt at the front and back, and loose-fitting deerskin leggings.

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of 1680, various Plains peoples acquired horses, but it was probably some time before they were very numerous. As late as 1725, Comanches were described as using large dogs rather than horses to carry their bison hide "campaign tents".

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Over time, these divisions were altered in various ways, primarily due to changes in political resources. As noted above, the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) were probably the first proto-Comanche group to separate from the Eastern Shoshones.

1762:

returned to camp, where the mourners burned all the deceased's possessions. The primary mourner slashed his arms to express his grief. The Quahada band followed this custom longer than other bands and buried their relatives in the

1541:

I do not think this legislature should interfere with a man's religion, also these people should be allowed to retain this health restorer. These healthy gentleman before you use peyote and those that do not use it are not so

2027:

pouch, pemmican was eaten only when the men did not have time to hunt. Similarly, in camp, people ate pemmican only when other food was scarce. Traders ate pemmican sliced and dipped in honey, which they called Indian bread.

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to the north, there was never a single Comanche political unit or "Nation" recognized by all Comanches. Rather the divisions; the most "tribe-like" units, acted independently, pursuing their own economic and political goals.

1706:. Often, a boy was taught to ride and shoot by his grandfather, since his father and other warriors were on raids and hunts. His grandfather also taught him about his own boyhood and the history and legends of the Comanche. 1673:

The Comanche looked on their children as their most precious gift. Children were rarely punished. Sometimes, though, an older sister or other relative was called upon to discipline a child, or the parents arranged for a

2234:

Quanah Parker learned and spoke English and was adamant that his own children do the same. The second generation then grew up speaking English, because it was believed that it was better for them not to know Comanche.

1312:, move to a reservation totaling less than 5,000 square miles (13,000 km) of land. However, the government did not prevent the slaughtering of the herds. The Comanche under Quenatosavit White Eagle (later called 1721:

as they learned to patiently and quietly stalk game. They became more self-reliant, yet, by playing together as a group, also formed the bonds and cooperative spirit that they would need when they hunted and raided.

1935:. When game was scarce, the men hunted wild mustangs, and sometimes ate their own ponies. In later years the Comanche raided Texas ranches and stole longhorn cattle. They did not eat fish or fowl, unless starving. 2614:

division of the Comanche (the Naytane, also known as Yamparika) had 4,000 warriors divided into four bands which were never together. In 1786 Spaniards estimated that the Comanches may have numbered up to 30,000.

598:"Comanche Moon", during which the Comanche raided for horses, captives, and weapons. Comanche raids, especially in the 1840s, reached hundreds of miles deep into Mexico devastating northern parts of the country. 1434:

In 1850, another treaty was signed in San Saba, between the United States government and a number of local tribes, among which were the Comanches. This treaty was named for the nearest military fort, which was

2009:. They also drank the milk from the slashed udders of bison, deer, and elk. Among their delicacies was the curdled milk from the stomachs of suckling bison calves. They also enjoyed bison tripe, or stomachs. 568:

to the south (rather than search for new herds of buffalo.) The Comanche have the longest documented existence as horse-mounted Plains peoples; they had horses when the Cheyennes still lived in earth lodges.

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settlers, or adopting them into their tribe. Thousands of captives from raids on Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers were assimilated into Comanche society. At their peak, the Comanche language was the

1717:

As the boy grew older, he joined the other boys to hunt birds. He eventually ranged farther from camp looking for better game to kill. Encouraged to be skillful hunters, boys learned the signs of the

358:, meaning "the human beings" or "the people". The earliest known use of the term "Comanche" dates to 1706, when the Comanche were reported by Spanish officials to be preparing to attack far-outlying 2149:

to make soft and supple buckskin, which was used for tipi covers, warm robes, blankets, cloths, and moccasins. They used buckskin for bedding, cradles, dolls, bags, pouches, quivers, and gun cases.

1328:. Within just 10 years, the buffalo were on the verge of extinction, effectively ending the Comanche way of life as hunters. In May 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by the Quahada warrior 747:

The northernmost Comanche division was the Yaparʉhka (Yapai Nʉʉ or Yamparika — ‘(Yap)Root-Eaters’). As the last band to move onto the Plains, they retained much of their Eastern Shoshone tradition.

2898: 5631: 6446: 5129: 1351:. This treaty was not affiliated with any level of government. Meusebach brokered the treaty to settle the lands on the Fisher-Miller Land Grant, from which were formed the 10 counties of 1245:

The Comanche maintained an ambiguous relationship with Europeans and later settlers attempting to colonize their territory. The Comanche were valued as trading partners since 1786 via the

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had soles made from thick, tough buffalo hide with soft deerskin uppers. Men wore nothing on the upper body, except in winter when they wore heavy robes of buffalo hide (or occasionally,

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Extended family group (nʉmʉnahkahni – "the people who live together in a household", no size limits, but kinship recognition was limited to relatives two generations above or three below)

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Plummer, R., Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Plummer, 1839, in Parker's Narrative and History of Texas, Louisville: Morning Courier, 1844, pp. 88–118

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around year 1820 estimated the Comanche at between 38,000 and 41,000. In 1819 three bands of the Comanche were reported as 2,500 warriors. Indian Affairs 1837 reported 19,200 people.

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counties. Their current Tribal Chairman is Mark Woommavovah. The tribe requires enrolled members to have at least 1/8 blood quantum level (equivalent to one great-grandparent).

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with hanging earrings made of pieces of shell or loops of brass or silver wire. A female relative would pierce the outer edge of the ear with six or eight holes. The men also

1273:

While the Comanche managed to maintain their independence and increase their territory, by the mid-19th century, they faced annihilation because of a wave of epidemics due to

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The Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center in Lawton, Oklahoma, has permanent and changing exhibitions on Comanche history and culture. It opened to the public in 2007.

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WahaToya (literally 'Two Mountains'); (given as Foothills in Cloud People – those who live near Walsenburg, CO)<Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999>

639:– "branch", comprising several local groups linked by kinship, sodalities (political, medicine, and military) and common interest in hunting, gathering, war, peace, trade). 1094:

Itehtah'o (‘Burnt Meat’, nicknamed by other Comanche, because they threw their surplus of meat out in the spring, where it dried and became black, looking like burnt meat)

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including much of the Edwards Plateau, and eastward to the Western Cross Timbers; because they dominated the southern Comancheria they were called "Southern Comanche".

5624: 1638:. One or two stakes were driven into the ground near the expectant mother's bedding for her to grip during the pain of labor. After the birth, the midwives hung the 4549: 6466: 5122: 1454: 2513: 4739: 450:. They have their own Department of Higher Education, primarily awarding scholarships and financial aid for members' college educations. They own 10 tribal 6461: 6441: 6032: 5617: 5609: 2622:

in 1847 reported that they had 2,500 lodges. Indian Affairs 1849 reported them as 4,000 warriors and 20,000 total population. Around the mid-19th century

1289:(1849) took a major toll on the Comanche, whose population dropped from an estimated 20,000 in the late 18th century to just a few thousand by the 1870s. 5647: 2936: 663:

Naciones. The Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) ('Buffalo Eaters'), which had moved southeast in the 1750s and 1760s to the Southern Plains in Texas, were called

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Marez, Curtis (June 2001). "Signifying Spain, Becoming Comanche, Making Mexicans: Indian Captivity and the History of Chicana/o Popular Performance".

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Comanche generally ate a light meal breakfast and a large dinner. They ate during the day when they were hungry or when it was convenient. Like other

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to scare the child. Occasionally, old people donned sheets and frightened disobedient boys and girls. Children were also told about Big Maneater Owl (

3433: 6436: 5115: 3407: 1199:. However, the massive population of the settlers from the east and the diseases they brought led to pressure and decline of Comanche power and the 530: 3265: 5107: 4711: 4470: 4213:

McLaughlin, John E. (2000). Casad, Gene; Willett, Thomas (eds.). "Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages".

1491: 515:. The Comanche Nation Fair takes place every September. The Comanche Little Ponies host two annual dances—one over New Year's Eve and one in May. 6025: 1694:, meaning mother. She was given a little deerskin doll, which she took with her everywhere. She learned to make all the clothing for the doll. 511:

Each July, Comanche gather from across the United States to celebrate their heritage and culture in Walters at the annual Comanche Homecoming

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campaigned vigorously for better deals for his people, meeting with Washington politicians frequently; and helped manage land for the tribe.

5164: 3983: 5866: 5184: 4636: 296: 5786: 4603:

The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751–1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico

1646:

tree. The people believed that if the umbilical cord was not disturbed before it rotted, the baby would live a long and prosperous life.

1422:, near Fredericksburg. Petri's sketches and watercolors gave witness to the friendly relationships between the Germans and various local 798:

of protection from strong winter storms as well as from enemies, because the two bands dominated and ranged in the northern Comancheria.

5659: 5169: 5153: 2609:

that the tribe numbered up to 40,000 people, being able to muster up to 8,000 warriors. This high population appears to be confirmed by

1938:

Women prepared and cooked bison meat and other game. Women also gathered wild fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, roots and tubers, including

300: 334:

In the 21st century, the Comanche Nation has 17,000 members, around 7,000 of whom reside in tribal jurisdictional areas around Lawton,

6056: 5806: 4788: 4452: 3336:

Bell, J.D., A true Story of My Capture by, and Life with the Comanche Indians, in "Every Day Seemed Like a Holiday", The Captivity of

3176: 1991:

boiled and had cooked their stew. After Spanish contact, Comanche traded for copper pots and iron kettles, which made cooking easier.

1550:, many Comanche left the traditional tribal lands in Oklahoma to seek jobs and more opportunities in the cities of California and the 718: 5676: 4043: 3310:

Lee, N., Three Years Among the Comanches, in Captured by the Indians, Drimmer, F., editor, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961,

2137:

most of their tools, household goods, and weapons. They made nearly 200 different utilitarian items from the horns, hide, and bones.

1462:

remaining land was opened to white settlement. With this new arrangement, the era of the Comanche reservation came to an abrupt end.

5731: 5671: 4566: 4440: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4363: 4305: 4279: 4222: 4166: 3464: 3370: 2982: 2470: 1882: 5602:

of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today

1029:

Toyanʉmʉnʉ (′Foothills People′ – those who lived near Las Vegas, NM) <Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999>

552:

Contact with the Shoshones of Wyoming was maintained until the 1830s when it was broken by the advancing Cheyennes and Arapahoes.

2670: 4577: 1895: 6155: 5145: 5023: 2390: 1439:. The treaty was never officially ratified by any level of government and was binding only on the part of the Native Americans. 6456: 914:(‘Timber People’ because they lived in more wooded areas in the Central Plains north of the Arkansas River. Also spelled Hois. 6306: 6267: 6074: 4073: 3354: 3315: 2820:

Fowles, Severin, Arterberry, Lindsay Montgomery, Atherton, Heather (2017), "Comanche New Mexico: The Eighteenth Century", in

1864: 1766:. Christian missionaries persuaded Comanche people to bury their dead in coffins in graveyards, which is the practice today. 1339:

The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.

4868: 5941: 5545: 3925: 1395: 4924: 2634:

Comanche population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. The census of 2020 found 28,193 Comanches in the USA.

1317: 5821: 5696: 3279: 338:, and the surrounding areas of southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche Homecoming Annual Dance takes place in mid-July in 4432:

Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540–1795

589:

Apaches had assumed legendary proportions: in 1784, in recounting the history of the southern Plains, Texas governor

4687: 4217:. Sonora, Mexico: Friends of Uto-Aztecan Universidad de Sonora, División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes, Hermosillo. 1813: 5756: 5706: 4894: 3270: 1600: 1551: 1423: 1325: 1234: 577: 403: 1853: 1741:

When he was ready to become a warrior, at about age 15 or 16, a young man first "made his medicine" by going on a

606:

Kavanagh has defined four levels of social-political integration in traditional pre-reservation Comanche society:

5726: 5711: 4873: 4747: 2537: 1860: 1409: 1263: 411: 31: 5971: 5826: 4914: 386:) in accord with the Spanish pronunciation. Before 1740, French explorers from the east sometimes used the name 6176: 5836: 5791: 4975: 4858: 2643: 2262: 1609: 1443: 1376: 1293: 1184: 782: 590: 431: 423: 4036:"Graduated… time to play Earthbound. Anyone else still play another 2? #ForTheAcademy https://t.co/UB8d6UHEYh" 5766: 5096: 4904: 4889: 4461: 2327:(Puhihwikwasu'u) (c. 1790 – 1858), war chief and later head chief of the Quahadi band; father of Peta Nocona 2125: 1797: 1589: 1572: 1415: 1388: 1368: 898:– ′Somehow being (sexual) together′, ′to have sex′, called by other groups, because they preferred to marry 501: 435: 415: 211: 4120: 2734: 6431: 6360: 6160: 6079: 5741: 5736: 5248: 5213: 5091: 4980: 4965: 4821: 4781: 2431: 2362: 2290: 1527: 1487: 1380: 1118: 704: 688: 427: 419: 407: 126: 1166: 902:

and chose their partners from their own local group; this was viewed critically by other Comanche people)

623:

Residential local group or 'band', comprised one or more nʉmʉnahkahni, one of which formed its core. The

6405: 5174: 4899: 4863: 4816: 3340:, Gelo, D.J. and Zesch, S., editors, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2003, pp. 49–67 2581: 2557: 2547: 2409:(Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnunʉ) (c. 1790 – 1872), chief of the Ketahto band and later of the entire Yamparika division 2220: 2053: 1785: 1774: 1402: 1180: 849: 545: 241: 4719: 4478: 2531: 1526:

Parker became wealthy as a cattleman. He also campaigned for the Comanches' permission to practice the

4578:"Reconsidering Empire: Current Interpretations of Native American Agency during Colonization (review)" 3349:

Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870–1879, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press,

6324: 6285: 5751: 5535: 5238: 5038: 4618: 4039: 2474: 2318: 1559: 1495: 1384: 1372: 1356: 1352: 1188: 5520: 5475: 5425: 4660: 4289: 2249:, a group of 17 young men, referred to as "the Comanche code talkers", were trained and used by the 2036: 6370: 6314: 6280: 6196: 5976: 5460: 5450: 4848: 4159:

Comanches and Mennonites on the Oklahoma Plains: A.J. and Magdalena Becker and the Post Oak Mission

2623: 2066: 1975: 1924: 1616: 1458: 1364: 1360: 1162: 447: 5490: 5465: 3788: 2299:(Potsʉnakwahipʉ) (c. 1800 – c. 1865/1870), war chief and later head chief of the Penateka division 1215: 6365: 5926: 5906: 5816: 5599: 5505: 5430: 5243: 4530: 4201: 4193: 2855: 2543: 2450: 2279:

Mo'o-wai ("Pushing aside" or "Pushing-in-the-middle"), aka "Shaking Hand", chief of the Kotsoteka

1554:. About half of the Comanche population still lives in Oklahoma, centered on the town of Lawton. 351: 324: 4650: 4106: 3959: 3951: 2462: 2002:. They especially liked to make a sweet mush of bison marrow mixed with crushed mesquite beans. 1494:

to allot Lehmann, as an adopted member of the Comanche nation, 160 acres of Oklahoma land, near

3604: 2795: 2120: 6426: 6334: 6252: 6186: 5951: 5936: 5921: 5901: 5896: 5510: 5500: 5228: 5218: 4985: 4853: 4811: 4774: 4731: 4606: 4562: 4518: 4499: 4436: 4415: 4396: 4377: 4359: 4311: 4301: 4275: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4162: 4143: 4011: 4001: 3963: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3715: 3608: 3575: 3550: 3525: 3485: 3460: 3366: 3350: 3311: 3275: 2978: 2878: 2627: 2253:

to send messages conveying sensitive information that could not be deciphered by the Germans.

2224: 2194: 2165: 2146: 1998:, to flavor bison meat. They stored the tallow in intestine casings or rawhide pouches called 1763: 1683: 1436: 1419: 1348: 1267: 1255: 1192: 1137: 786: 474: 394:

and the French were not aware of the change of tribe in the region in the early 18th century.

339: 245: 233: 203: 114: 55: 5530: 5515: 5480: 5470: 4090: 3457:

Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements and Conventions 1775–1979, Vol 1

1320:(1874). The attack was a disaster for the Comanche, and the US army was called in during the 6319: 6290: 6247: 6237: 6119: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5931: 5916: 5911: 5881: 5876: 5856: 5701: 5440: 5298: 5258: 5253: 5203: 5198: 5193: 4970: 4840: 4589: 4351: 4185: 3596: 2847: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2497: 2374: 2308: 2174: 2048: 1908: 1634:

of the tipi and dug two holes. One of the holes was for heating water and the other for the

1316:"Coyote's Vagina") retaliated by attacking a group of hunters in the Texas Panhandle in the 1220: 1176: 524: 328: 226: 166: 110: 5285: 3173: 2355:(Lone Wanderer) (c. 1820 – c. 1864), chief of the Quahadi division; father of Quanah Parker 1336:

reservation in Oklahoma. The last independent Kiowa and Kiowa Apache had also surrendered.

954:

in eastern New Mexico, westernmost Comanche Band). One of their local groups was nicknamed

6329: 6191: 6134: 6109: 5986: 5966: 5891: 5776: 5721: 5691: 5389: 5233: 4960: 4542: 3180: 2553: 2485: 2216: 2189: 2023:, but this was primarily a tasty, high-energy food reserved for war parties. Carried in a 1912: 1746: 1122: 696: 468: 462: 295:

and hunted, particularly bison. They traded with neighboring Native American peoples, and

237: 151: 2272:

These are notable Comanche people from the 18th and 19th centuries, prior to allotment.

1241:, prominent chief of the Comanche Indians with a feather fan; photo by James Mooney, 1892 1195:. The Comanche were noted as fierce warriors who fought vigorously for their homeland of 248:

dialect, but diverged and became a separate language. The Comanche were once part of the

4726: 4078:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 487-489. 4005: 2572:(born 1931), librarian, educator, and founder of the American Indian Library Association 1506: 1292:

The US began efforts in the late 1860s to move the Comanche into reservations, with the

744:

as well as descendants of some Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), which had pulled both southwards.

659:(divisions): Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), Yaparʉhka (Yamparika), and Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka). 323:

Diseases, destruction of the buffalo herds, and territory loss forced most Comanches on

6295: 6257: 6242: 6227: 6006: 5961: 5956: 5886: 5851: 5565: 5553: 5304: 5223: 5208: 4955: 4430: 4294: 4176:

McLaughlin, John E. (1992). "A Counter-Intuitive Solution in Central Numic Phonology".

3547:

Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979

3382: 2615: 2587: 2525: 2519: 2346: 2013: 1703: 1639: 1471: 951: 692: 684: 680: 585: 505: 490: 4234:

Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies: Enduring Veterans, 1800 to the Present

3365:

Smith, C.L., 1927, The Boy Captives, San Saba: San Saba Printing & Office Supply,

2681: 826:

nicknames. The spelling differences between Spanish and English add to the confusion.

777: 6420: 6375: 6129: 5831: 5801: 5796: 5681: 5549: 5525: 5485: 5444: 5406: 5313: 5068: 5003: 4950: 4919: 4909: 4205: 3597: 3123: 3098: 2859: 2606: 2593: 2503: 2466: 2396: 2358: 2086:

Comanche people took pride in their hair, which was worn long. They arranged it with

1900: 1821: 1779: 1631: 1594: 1577: 1520: 1479: 1478:, only to escape and be rescued by the Comanches. Lehmann became the adoptive son of 1347:

The Peneteka band agreed to a peace treaty with the German Immigration Company under

1329: 1324:

to drive the remaining Comanche in the area into the reservation, culminating in the

1321: 1238: 1172: 1158: 736: 723: 708: 556: 391: 317: 292: 85: 4035: 3637: 3327:

Babb, T.A., In the Bosom of the Comanches, 1912, Dallas: John F. Worley Printing Co.

1219:

Comanches watching an American caravan in West Texas, 1850, by the US Army officer,

711:. They were probably the ancestors of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka – 'Honey Eaters'). 6339: 6275: 6232: 6219: 6181: 6124: 5946: 5781: 5771: 5394: 5379: 5331: 5294: 5073: 5058: 5053: 5028: 2619: 2584:"Comanche Boy" (born 1978), professional boxer and NABC super middleweight champion 2509: 2378: 2368: 2312: 2302: 2296: 2246: 2182: 2109: 1916: 1742: 1709: 1699: 1662: 1547: 1297: 1259: 1204: 925: 754:

The Texans and Americans divided the Comanche into five large dominant bands – the

700: 624: 581: 259:

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche lived in most of present-day northwestern

215: 130: 1653:

and remained with its mother in the tipi for a few days. The baby was placed in a

722:

War on the plains: Comanche (right) trying to lance an Osage warrior. Painting by

4450:

Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2001). DeMallie, Raymond J. (ed.). "High Plains: Comanche".

2709: 1627:. Men were not allowed inside the tipi during or immediately after the delivery. 508:

in Lawton. It closed in 2017 because of problems with accreditation and funding.

5561: 5347: 5280: 5048: 5033: 5013: 4945: 4929: 3337: 2444: 2352: 2324: 2284: 2239: 2178: 1842: 1801:

Three mounted Comanche warriors, left, Frank Moetah. Photo by James Mooney, 1892

1654: 1623:, or a brush lodge if it was summer. One or more of the older women assisted as 1605: 1511: 1251: 1196: 969: 856:– ‘Awl People’; after the death of a man named 'Awl' they changed their name to 610: 451: 281: 253: 4655: 2528:(born 1931), political activist and founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity 2170: 17: 6139: 5746: 5359: 4189: 4031: 2491: 1675: 1246: 1200: 614: 540: 363: 264: 97: 3024:"Comanche Red River Hotel Casino | Oklahoma Casinos | $ 99 nightly" 6344: 5398: 5371: 5351: 5018: 2406: 2275: 2250: 2097: 2087: 2062: 2041: 2024: 1951: 1928: 1650: 1624: 1486:

verifying Lehmann's life as his adopted son 1877–1878. On May 29, 1908, the

1483: 1333: 1226: 565: 335: 4755: 4610: 4315: 2453:(1827–1863), American captive, wife of Peta Nocona, mother of Quanah Parker 2052:

Chosequah, a Comanche warrior wearing full traditional regalia. Painted by

486: 3023: 1270:

refused to create an official boundary between Texas and the Comancheria.

6060: 6050: 5651: 5642: 5598:

extinct language / extinct tribe / early,

5557: 4695: 2999:"Comanche Nation Casinos | Lawton Oklahoma | Slots Table Games" 2851: 2400: 2020: 2005:

The Comanches sometimes ate raw meat, especially raw liver flavored with

1955: 1635: 1305: 1278: 950:– ‘Sunshades on Their Backs’, because they lived on desert plains of the 899: 644: 279:. Spanish colonists and later Mexicans called their historical territory 276: 268: 249: 147: 143: 89: 4522: 4095:. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 24. 3572:

The Captured: A True Story of Abduction by Indians on the Texas Frontier

2998: 1149: 6104: 5841: 5571: 5540: 5435: 5414: 5402: 5383: 5339: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5043: 5008: 4593: 4197: 4055: 2428:(White Knife) (c. 1805/1810 – c. 1878/1880), chief of the Penateka band 2412: 2384: 2342: 2339:(Shaking Hand, Pushing-in-the-Middle) (c. 1825 – 1886), Kotsoteka chief 2336: 1987: 1983: 1947: 1867: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1806: 1718: 1313: 1309: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1087:– ‘Cold People’, i.e. ‘Northern People’, probably another name for the 648: 3073: 3048: 2824:, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 158–160. Downloaded from 2506:, Tsat-Tah Mo-oh Kahn (born 1947), ceramic artist, professor, sculptor 1805:

When they lived with the Shoshone, the Comanche mainly used dog-drawn

1725: 218:

of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the

5981: 5811: 5495: 5455: 5410: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5343: 5335: 5290: 5063: 2425: 2330: 2238:

Comanches were among the Native Americans who were first utilized as

2113: 2092: 2074: 1995: 1971: 1643: 1531: 1475: 512: 359: 312: 272: 2434:(Isa-viah) (c. 1800/1805 – 1854), war chief of the Penateka division 1072:

Other names, which may or may not refer to Comanche groups include:

4121:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Comanche People in the US" 3507:

INDIAN TREATIES 1835 to 1902 Vol. XXII – Kiowa, Comanche and Apache

2735:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Comanche People in the US" 1557:

Recently, an 80-minute 1920 silent film was "rediscovered", titled

493:, Comanche activist and founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity 5761: 5686: 5321: 5140: 4676: 4331:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West

2825: 2481:

These are 20th- and 21st-century citizens of the Comanche Nation.

2461: 2321:(Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ) (c. 1805/1810 – c. 1888), chief of the Nokoni band 2274: 2169: 2152: 2119: 2047: 2035: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1943: 1894: 1812: 1796: 1784: 1773: 1730: 1724: 1708: 1599: 1588: 1571: 1505: 1301: 1233: 1225: 1214: 1148: 776: 732: 717: 539: 289: 260: 93: 4681: 3074:"Comanche Star Casino | Oklahoma Casinos | Walters, OK" 2469:(Comanche Nation) professor, ceramic artist, and sculptor at the 4670: 4393:

Being Comanche: A Social History of an American Indian Community

3678: 3676: 2070: 2006: 1939: 1932: 1620: 1470:

One of the most famous captives in Texas was a German boy named

402:

The Comanche Nation is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma. Their

6021: 5613: 5111: 4770: 1661:

Sometimes a man named his child, but mostly the father asked a

1091:

or one of their local groups – because they lived to the north)

4215:

Uto-Aztecan: Structural, Temporal, and Geographic Perspectives

2751: 2540:(1909–2005), educator, activist, sister of Morris Tabbyyetchy. 2145:

clothing, and other personal belongings were kept. Women also

1920: 1836: 3549:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 355, 356, 357, 358. 968:(‘Movers’, ‘Returners’); allegedly, after the death of chief 187: 4092:

Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America

3956:

Code Talkers and Warriors: Native Americans and World War II

3480:

Germunden, Gerd; Calloway, Colin G; Zantop, Suzanne (2002).

54: 4766: 2877:. NewHaven and London: Yale University Press. p. 171. 190: 172: 3049:"Comanche Spur Casino | Elgin Oklahoma Indian Casino" 2371:(1887–1956), son of Quanah Parker and Methodist missionary 2333:(c. 1840–c. 1890), warrior and medicine man of the Quahadi 679:. The "Western Comanche" lived in the region of the upper 362:

settlements in southern Colorado. The Spanish adopted the

4677:

The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee

4274:. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press. 3638:"The Daughter of Dawn | Oklahoma Historical Society" 2977:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 364. 2935:

Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.

2671:"2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory" 1537:

Before the first Oklahoma legislature, Quanah testified:

288:

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche practiced a

181: 1564:

It features a cast of more than 300 Comanche and Kiowa.

446:

The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues

6396:

List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado

3482:

Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections

3149: 2124:

Comanche beaded ration bag, c. 1880, collection of the

864:– ‘Sewing People’ . Other Yapai local groups included: 4161:. Fresno, CA: Centers for Mennonite Brethren Studies. 4007:

Native American women : a biographical dictionary

3825:

The Indians of Texas: from prehistoric to modern times

1903:. Bison were the primary food source for the Comanche. 1593:

Comanche mother and baby son in cradleboard, photo by

867:

Ketahtoh or Ketatore (‘Don't Wear Shoes’, also called

2590:(1912–2014), professor, regalia maker, textile artist 1482:. On August 26, 1901, Quanah Parker provided a legal 184: 169: 6388: 6353: 6304: 6266: 6218: 6209: 6169: 6148: 6097: 6088: 6067: 5865: 5658: 5580: 5267: 5183: 5152: 5082: 4994: 4938: 4882: 4839: 4804: 4142:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 3383:"Frontier Forts > The Passing of the Indian Era" 2631:(in 1910). The census of 1910 reported only 1,171. 2447:(1856–1950), American woman and captive of Comanche 2403:) (c. 1780 – 1840), Penateka chief and medicine man 2393:(c. 1800 – c. 1849), war chief of the Penateka Band 1187:armies. These were both expeditionary, as with the 390:for the Comanche since it was already used for the 178: 175: 137: 120: 104: 79: 67: 4293: 1994:Women used berries and nuts, as well as honey and 4272:Peyote Religious Art: Symbols of Faith and Belief 3545:Deloria, Vine J Jr.; DeMaille, Raymond J (1999). 2596:(1951–2014), classical composer, political writer 2488:(born 1951), activist and women's health advocate 2293:(died ca. 1900), second chief of the Quahadi band 2287:(Pahayoko) (late 1780s – c. 1860), Penateka chief 1514:, drumming with friend at Redstone Baptist Church 6447:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 4515:A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations 3522:The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense 2800:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 1682:), who lived in a cave on the south side of the 1277:diseases to which they had no immunity, such as 1117:, 'Salt People' or 'Salt Creek people') live in 852:’; One of its local groups may have been called 4605:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 3524:. University of Texas Press. pp. 138–140. 2975:Native American Placenames of the United States 1619:while the band was in camp, she was moved to a 655:Before the 1750s, the Spanish identified three 584:, into a sweep of territory extending from the 3459:. University of Oklahoma. pp. 1493–1494. 3215: 3213: 3194: 3192: 2500:(1921–2005), World War II Comanche code talker 2361:(c. 1845 – 1911), Quahadi chief, a founder of 1125:; mostly descendants of the Nokoni Pianavowit. 894:– ′Lots of Maggots on the Penis′, also called 45: 6033: 5625: 5123: 4782: 4477:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from 4324:Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill 4178:International Journal of American Linguistics 4010:. Internet Archive. New York : Garland. 1534:, which was condemned by European Americans. 1455:Agreement with the Comanche, Kiowa and Apache 1266:. His efforts were thwarted in 1845 when the 311:, selling them to the Spanish and (later) to 8: 4475:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 4340:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996 4333:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967 4326:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983 4300:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3484:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 65. 3128:Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center 2959:Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel. 1952. 42: 4582:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 3984:"Comanche Indians Honor D-Day Code-Talkers" 3733: 3731: 3455:Demallie, Raymond J; Deloria, Vine (1999). 3266:"Penateka Comanches ~ Marker Number: 16257" 2522:(1944–1988), guitarist and recording artist 881:Pibianigwai (‘Loud Talkers’, ‘Loud Askers’) 6215: 6094: 6040: 6026: 6018: 5632: 5618: 5610: 5130: 5116: 5108: 4789: 4775: 4767: 4356:The Comanches: The Destruction of a People 4296:The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains 4251:Rollings, William H.; Deer, Ada E (2004). 4075:Primitive society and its vital statistics 1418:and his family moved to the settlement of 631:Division (sometimes called tribe, Spanish 41: 5588:Sam Houston and Native American relations 4625:. Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series. 4561:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. 4559:Los Comanches the horse people, 1751–1845 4498:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4338:The Black Infantry in the West, 1869–1891 2514:North American Indian Women's Association 2096:did men begin to wear the typical Plains 1883:Learn how and when to remove this message 1285:. Outbreaks of smallpox (1817, 1848) and 4435:. College Station: Texas A&M Press. 2961:The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains 2305:, Tehcap (1832–1860s), Quahadi war chief 1203:of their major presence in the southern 531:Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche 485: 75:28,193 self-identified, US Census (2020) 4548:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4410:Hamalainen (Hämäläinen), Pekka (2008). 4395:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 3958:. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 3926:"Code Talkers – World War I Centennial" 3599:The A to Z of Native American Movements 2704: 2702: 2655: 1510:Mac Silverhorn (Comanche), grandson of 1492:United States Secretary of the Interior 303:, and American colonists and settlers. 73:17,000 enrolled Comanche Nation (2021), 4538: 4528: 4374:The Comanches: The History of a People 3828:. University of Texas Press. pp. 3737:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp. 124, 125 2746: 2744: 2381:) (ca. 1820/1825 – 1875), Nokoni chief 1793:and horse. Photo by James Mooney, 1892 1530:religious rites, such as the usage of 1037:Tayʉʉwit / Teyʉwit (‘Hospitable Ones’) 695:. The "Eastern Comanche" lived on the 6401:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado 4067: 4065: 3753:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp. 126–132 3691:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp.122, 123 3670:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp.143, 144 3595:Leahy, Todd; Wilson, Raymond (2009). 2789: 2787: 2785: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2349:) (late 1780s – 1849), Penateka chief 2242:by the U.S. Army during World War I. 1136:– ‘Hill Wearing Away’), live east of 1022:Some names given by others include: 7: 6467:Native American tribes in New Mexico 4414:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3714:. Benchmark Books. pp. 22, 23. 2938:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide 2044:at the Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin 1899:Comanches chasing bison, painted by 1865:adding citations to reliable sources 1057:Mʉtsahne or Motsai (‘Undercut Bank’) 1050:– ‘Head of the Stream’, also called 976:– ‘Not Staying in one place’, and/or 874:Motso (′Bearded Ones′, derived from 80:Regions with significant populations 4046:from the original on March 16, 2022 2534:(born 1995), athlete (hammer throw) 6462:Native American tribes in Colorado 6442:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 5947:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 4453:Handbook of North American Indians 4372:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed (2003). 4140:The Comanches: A History 1706–1875 3574:. St. Martin's. pp. 239–241. 2873:Hämäläinen, Pekka (January 2008). 2678:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission 2578:, Comanche/Choctaw author, curator 2494:(born 1986), professional wrestler 1080:– ‘Corn Eating People’) Witchitas. 980:– ‘Bad Campers’, ‘Poor Wanderer’. 751:Apache group as Tasipenanʉʉ band. 699:and the Texas plains of the upper 675:("Western Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or 667:("Eastern Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or 27:Plains Native North American tribe 25: 4740:"Photographs of Comanche Indians" 2471:Institute of American Indian Arts 1630:First, the midwives softened the 1258:, almost succeeded in reaching a 1254:, president of the newly created 1043:Taykahpwai / Tekapwai (‘No Meat’) 6452:Native American history of Texas 6049: 5641: 5139: 4830: 3870:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 32, 33 3861:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 31, 32 2923:Governor Cuervo y Valdez Report, 2903:Comanche Nation official website 2546:(1932–1996), Flatstyle painter, 1841: 1040:Kʉvahrahtpaht (‘Steep Climbers’) 958:('Elk', literally‘Water Horse’). 832:Some of the Comanche group names 458:Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton 165: 6437:Native American tribes in Texas 6156:Southern Ute Indian Reservation 5146:Native American tribes in Texas 4601:Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940). 3888:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp 25, 26 3812:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 29–30 3771:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 20–24 3700:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.124 3682:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.120 3661:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.142 3174:Comanche Nation Tourism Center. 3099:"Oklahoma Casino List by Tribe" 2963:(University of Oklahoma Press). 2822:New Mexico and the Pimeria Alta 2680:. November 2011. Archived from 2516:and foster care reform advocate 2223:. It is closely related to the 1852:needs additional citations for 1686:and ate bad children at night. 1576:Uwat (Comanche), photograph by 1474:. He had been kidnapped by the 1332:, surrendered and moved to the 1230:Comanche warriors, c. 1867–1874 990:Tanimʉʉ or Tanima (also called 946:– ‘Antelope-Eaters’; nicknamed 643:In contrast to the neighboring 500:In 2002, the tribe founded the 6075:Outline of Colorado prehistory 4429:John, Elizabeth A. H. (1975). 3782:"Indian Culture and the Horse" 3520:Webb, Walter Prescott (1965). 3436:. Texas Historical Association 3408:"THC-Fisher-Miller Land Grant" 3028:www.comancheredrivercasino.com 2779:. (Nebraska, 1993). Pages 1–2. 1818:Comanche Feats of Horsemenship 1262:with the Comanche in the 1844 987:– ‘Those Who Live Downstream’, 884:Sʉhmʉhtʉhka (‘Eat Everything’) 854:Widyʉ Nʉʉ / Widyʉ / Widyʉ Yapa 263:and adjacent areas in eastern 1: 5546:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes 4292:; Hoebel, E. Adamson (1952). 4236:. University of Texas Press. 3414:. Texas Historical Commission 2973:Bright, William, ed. (2004). 2802:. Oklahoma Historical Society 2752:"Home | Comanche Nation" 2605:In 1832 Comanche chiefs told 2416: 1978:. The Comanche also acquired 1974:, and tuna, the fruit of the 1770:Transportation and habitation 1713:A 19th-century Comanche child 1033:Unassignable names include: 978:Tʉtsʉ Noyʉkanʉʉ / Detsanayʉka 772:Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) 244:family. Originally, it was a 133:, traditional tribal religion 4925:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 4661:Resources in other libraries 4576:Spady, James O'Neil (2009). 4494:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2008). 4469:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2007). 4255:. Chelsea House Publishers. 4138:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (1996). 3003:www.comanchenationcasino.com 2512:(1920–2005), founder of the 1907:The Comanche were initially 1318:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 1068:Pohoi / Pohoee (‘Wild Sage’) 1054:– ‘Those Who Live Upstream’) 544:Pre-contact distribution of 320:of the Great Plains region. 4716:Oklahoma Historical Society 4232:Meadows, William C (2003). 4157:Kroeker, Marvin E. (1997). 4089:Domenech, Emmanuel (1860). 3952:"The Comanche Code Talkers" 3930:www.worldwar1centennial.org 3852:Rollings, Deer (2004) p. 31 3603:. Scarecrow Press. p. 3280:Texas Historical Commission 2387:(1895–1984), medicine woman 2188:The language spoken by the 1065:Pekwi Tʉhka (‘Fish-Eaters’) 62:Flag of the Comanche Nation 6483: 5170:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe 4895:Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 4621:; Cash, Joseph W. (1976). 4391:Foster, Morris W. (1991). 4376:. New York: Anchor Books. 4072:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 3906:McLaughlin (2000), 293–304 3879:Rollings, Deer (2004) p 28 3822:Newcomb, W.W. Jr. (2002). 3509:. Histree. pp. 15–19. 3387:www.texasbeyondhistory.net 3271:Texas Historic Sites Atlas 3078:www.comanchestarcasino.com 3053:www.comanchespurcasino.com 2566:(1939–2013), artist, nurse 2260: 2221:Uto-Aztecan language group 2163: 1778:Comanche Tipis painted by 1441: 1407: 1393: 1326:Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1211:Relationship with settlers 1156: 983:Tahnahwah or Tenawa (also 580:took them to the southern 528: 522: 404:tribal jurisdictional area 29: 5596: 4874:Treaty of Tehuacana Creek 4869:Meusebach–Comanche Treaty 4828: 4656:Resources in your library 4352:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed 4190:10.1086/ijal.58.2.3519754 3990:. NBC News. June 9, 2014. 3897:McLaughlin (1992), 158–81 3150:"Comanche Nation College" 2538:Dorothy Sunrise Lorentino 2439:Notable Comanche captives 2108:Comanche men usually had 1911:. When they lived in the 1414:Five years later, artist 1410:Meusebach-Comanche Treaty 1343:Meusebach–Comanche treaty 1264:Treaty of Tehuacana Creek 928:’, spelled in Spanish as 887:Wahkoh (‘Shell Ornament’) 789:in 1834, by George Catlin 783:meeting the U.S. dragoons 142: 125: 109: 84: 72: 53: 32:Comanche (disambiguation) 6177:Battle of Beecher Island 4976:Quanah Parker Star House 4859:Fort Martin Scott Treaty 4513:Kenner, Charles (1969). 4322:Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. 4270:Swan, Daniel C. (1999). 3915:Hämäläinen (2008), p.171 3710:De Capua, Sarah (2006). 3505:Watson, Larry S (1994). 2644:Quanah Parker Star House 2458:Comanche Nation citizens 2268:Historic Comanche people 2263:Category:Comanche people 2225:language of the Shoshone 2132:Art and material culture 1610:Birmingham Museum of Art 1444:Fort Martin Scott Treaty 1430:Fort Martin Scott treaty 1396:Fisher–Miller Land Grant 1294:Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1140:, descendants of Waysee. 707:Rivers, and east to the 591:Domingo Cabello y Robles 473:Comanche Star Casino in 467:Comanche Spur Casino in 5912:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 5097:Comanche Nation College 4890:Battle of Blanco Canyon 4744:Portal to Texas History 4557:Noyes, Stanley (1993). 4462:Smithsonian Institution 4004:; Lisa, Laurie (1993). 3154:Comanche Nation College 2941:. University of Arizona 2126:Oklahoma History Center 1733:in war regalia, c. 1830 1416:Friedrich Richard Petri 972:they called themselves 768:Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka) 760:Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) 737:Plains Apache (Naishan) 502:Comanche Nation College 207: 46: 6361:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 6161:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe 6080:Prehistory of Colorado 5648:Native American tribes 5092:Comanche Nation Casino 4966:Fort Parker State Park 4822:Native American Church 3988:D-Day 70th Anniversary 3412:Texas Historic Markers 2899:"The Homecoming Dance" 2775:Jean Ormsbee Charney. 2478: 2363:Native American Church 2315:(died 1779), war chief 2280: 2185: 2128: 2057: 2045: 2019:Comanche children ate 1904: 1825: 1802: 1794: 1782: 1734: 1714: 1612: 1597: 1581: 1544: 1528:Native American Church 1515: 1488:United States Congress 1466:Captive Herman Lehmann 1250:States. At one point, 1242: 1231: 1223: 1171:The Comanche fought a 1154: 1153:Comancheria 1770–1850. 890:Waw'ai or Wohoi (also 790: 727: 548: 494: 127:Native American Church 59: 6406:Trail of the Ancients 5268:Historical Indigenous 5175:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 4930:Comanche Code Talkers 4900:Battle of Pease River 4864:Medicine Lodge Treaty 4756:"The Texas Comanches" 4002:Bataille, Gretchen M. 3570:Zesch, Scott (2005). 3434:"THC-Comanche Treaty" 2777:A Grammar of Comanche 2582:George Tahdooahnippah 2558:Native American flute 2548:Native American flute 2465: 2278: 2261:Further information: 2173: 2123: 2051: 2039: 1898: 1816: 1800: 1788: 1777: 1728: 1712: 1615:If a woman went into 1603: 1592: 1575: 1539: 1509: 1442:Further information: 1408:Further information: 1403:Fredericksburg, Texas 1394:Further information: 1237: 1229: 1218: 1152: 871:– ‘Wearing No Shoes’) 780: 756:Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) 721: 673:Cuchanec Occidentales 546:Uto-Aztecan languages 543: 489: 482:Cultural institutions 370:(enemy), spelling it 366:name for the people: 212:Native American tribe 210:, "the people") is a 138:Related ethnic groups 58: 6354:Noted archaeologists 6325:Dismal River culture 6286:Mount Albion complex 6089:Contemporary peoples 5942:Mescalero-Chiricahua 5697:Cheyenne and Arapaho 5185:Indigenous languages 5154:Federally recognized 4915:Comanche–Mexico Wars 4905:Buffalo Hunters' War 4722:on October 29, 2013. 4496:Comanche Ethnography 4460:. Washington, D.C.: 4329:Leckie, William H.. 4034:(October 29, 2021). 2852:10.1353/aq.2001.0018 2794:Kavanagh, Thomas W. 2475:Santa Fe, New Mexico 1861:improve this article 1690:called not aunt but 1560:The Daughter of Dawn 1105:Modern Local Groups 1061:Old Shoshone names 461:Red River Casino in 442:Economic development 220:federally recognized 30:For other uses, see 6371:Waldo Rudolph Wedel 6315:Ancestral Puebloans 6281:Basketmaker culture 6210:Precontact cultures 6197:Sand Creek massacre 4849:Cherokee Commission 4623:The Comanche People 4481:on October 29, 2013 4412:The Comanche Empire 4358:. New York: Knopf. 4107:"Yamparika Indians" 2875:The Comanche Empire 2550:-player, NEA fellow 1976:prickly pear cactus 1459:Cherokee Commission 1449:Cherokee Commission 1173:number of conflicts 1163:Comanche-Mexico War 1121:in the vicinity of 811:"Southern Comanche" 795:"Northern Comanche" 764:Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) 665:Cuchanec Orientales 448:tribal vehicle tags 331:by the late 1870s. 225:, headquartered in 50: 6366:Paul Sidney Martin 6091:native to Colorado 6057:Indigenous peoples 5712:Citizen Potawatomi 4750:on March 11, 2007. 4727:"Comanche Indians" 4673:– official website 4594:10.1353/cch.0.0077 4336:Fowler, Arlen L.. 3950:Holm, Tom (2007). 3237:Wallace and Hoebel 3186:(16 February 2009) 3179:2008-11-04 at the 2840:American Quarterly 2796:"Comanche (tribe)" 2756:comanchenation.com 2601:Population history 2544:Doc Tate Nevaquaya 2532:Janee' Kassanavoid 2479: 2451:Cynthia Ann Parker 2422:–1900), translator 2281: 2186: 2129: 2058: 2046: 1905: 1826: 1803: 1795: 1783: 1764:Witchita Mountains 1735: 1729:Comanches of West 1715: 1684:Witchita Mountains 1613: 1598: 1582: 1516: 1243: 1232: 1224: 1155: 1083:It'chit'a'bʉd'ah ( 819:"Western Comanche" 791: 731:southwards moving 728: 549: 495: 454:and four casinos: 60: 6457:Texas–Indian Wars 6414: 6413: 6384: 6383: 6335:Panhandle culture 6253:Plainview complex 6205: 6204: 6187:Comanche Campaign 6015: 6014: 5937:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 5677:Alabama-Quassarte 5607: 5606: 5165:Alabama–Coushatta 5105: 5104: 4986:Wichita Mountains 4854:Comanche Campaign 4812:Comanche language 4732:Handbook of Texas 4637:Library resources 4505:978-0-8032-2764-4 4262:978-0-7910-8349-9 4243:978-0-292-70518-0 4149:978-0-8032-7792-2 4017:978-0-8240-5267-6 3969:978-0-7910-9340-5 3839:978-0-292-78425-3 3794:on April 12, 2019 3721:978-0-7614-2249-5 3642:www.okhistory.org 3614:978-0-8108-6892-2 3581:978-0-312-31789-8 3556:978-0-8061-3118-4 3531:978-0-292-78110-8 3491:978-0-8032-6420-5 3276:Camp Verde, Texas 3130:. Comanche Nation 2884:978-0-300-15117-6 2687:on April 24, 2012 2257:Notable Comanches 2166:Comanche language 2082:Hair and headgear 1893: 1892: 1885: 1789:Comanche warrior 1437:Fort Martin Scott 1349:John O. Meusebach 1268:Texas legislature 1256:Republic of Texas 1189:raids into Mexico 1167:Texas–Indian Wars 1138:Walters, Oklahoma 1018:– ‘Honey-Eaters’; 1010:(other variants: 998:– ‘Liver-Eaters’, 803:"Middle Comanche" 787:Wichita Mountains 657:Comanche Naciones 475:Walters, Oklahoma 340:Walters, Oklahoma 234:Comanche language 158: 157: 16:(Redirected from 6474: 6389:Related articles 6320:Apishapa culture 6291:Oshara tradition 6248:Hell Gap complex 6238:Folsom tradition 6216: 6120:Jicarilla Apache 6095: 6054: 6053: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6019: 5867:Tribal languages 5847:United Keetoowah 5777:Muscogee (Creek) 5737:Fort Sill Apache 5672:Absentee Shawnee 5646: 5645: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5611: 5270:peoples of Texas 5144: 5143: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5109: 4995:Notable historic 4971:Palo Duro Canyon 4834: 4833: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4763: 4751: 4746:. Archived from 4723: 4718:. Archived from 4707: 4705: 4703: 4698:on March 8, 2010 4694:. Archived from 4626: 4619:Wolff, Gerald W. 4614: 4597: 4572: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4509: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4465: 4446: 4425: 4406: 4387: 4369: 4319: 4299: 4285: 4266: 4247: 4228: 4209: 4172: 4153: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3787:. Archived from 3786: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3373: 3363: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3187: 3184:Comanche Nation. 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2675: 2667: 2576:Paul Chaat Smith 2570:Lotsee Patterson 2498:Charles Chibitty 2421: 2418: 2375:Piaru-ekaruhkapu 2309:Tavibo Naritgant 2175:Charles Chibitty 1909:hunter-gatherers 1888: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1845: 1837: 1649:The newborn was 1457:signed with the 1101:– ‘Ridge People’ 850:(Yap)Root-Eaters 691:Rivers, and the 677:Western Comanche 669:Eastern Comanche 525:Comanche history 329:Indian Territory 240:language of the 227:Lawton, Oklahoma 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 68:Total population 51: 49: 21: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6380: 6349: 6330:Fremont culture 6300: 6262: 6211: 6201: 6192:Meeker Massacre 6165: 6144: 6090: 6084: 6063: 6048: 6046: 6016: 6011: 5869: 5861: 5732:Eastern Shawnee 5722:Delaware Nation 5663: 5661: 5654: 5640: 5638: 5608: 5603: 5592: 5576: 5390:Cherokee, Texas 5274:Oklahoma today) 5273: 5272:(Several are in 5271: 5269: 5263: 5187: 5179: 5158: 5155: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5106: 5101: 5084: 5078: 4996: 4990: 4961:Edwards Plateau 4934: 4878: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4800: 4795: 4754: 4738: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4692:History Channel 4686: 4671:Comanche Nation 4667: 4666: 4665: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4617: 4600: 4575: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4537: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4468: 4449: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4370:Republished as 4366: 4350: 4347: 4345:Further reading 4308: 4290:Wallace, Ernest 4288: 4282: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4231: 4225: 4212: 4175: 4169: 4156: 4150: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4049: 4047: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3364: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246:Kavanagh (1996) 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3181:Wayback Machine 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2714:Comanche Nation 2708: 2707: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2657: 2652: 2640: 2603: 2554:Sonny Nevaquaya 2486:Charon Asetoyer 2460: 2441: 2419: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2190:Comanche people 2168: 2162: 2134: 2106: 2104:Body decoration 2084: 2034: 1913:Rocky Mountains 1889: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1846: 1835: 1772: 1759: 1747:rite of passage 1671: 1587: 1570: 1504: 1490:authorized the 1468: 1451: 1446: 1432: 1424:Native American 1412: 1398: 1345: 1213: 1169: 1157:Main articles: 1147: 1123:Cyril, Oklahoma 940:Kwahadi/Quohada 834: 697:Edwards Plateau 604: 576:Their original 538: 533: 527: 521: 484: 469:Elgin, Oklahoma 463:Devol, Oklahoma 444: 400: 350:The Comanche's 348: 271:, southwestern 267:, southeastern 223:Comanche Nation 216:Southern Plains 168: 164: 74: 63: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Comanche people 15: 12: 11: 5: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6296:Picosa culture 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6258:Plano cultures 6255: 6250: 6245: 6243:Goshen complex 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Clovis culture 6224: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5870:(still spoken) 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:Otoe-Missouria 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5727:Delaware Tribe 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5655: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5581:Related topics 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5566:Wichita proper 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5392: 5387: 5329: 5307: 5302: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4956:Comanche Trail 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4817:Comanche Flute 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4752: 4736: 4724: 4708: 4684: 4682:Comanche Lodge 4679: 4674: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631:External links 4629: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4598: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4510: 4504: 4491: 4466: 4447: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4407: 4401: 4388: 4382: 4364: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4306: 4286: 4280: 4267: 4261: 4248: 4242: 4229: 4223: 4210: 4184:(2): 158–181. 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4112: 4098: 4081: 4061: 4023: 4016: 3993: 3975: 3968: 3942: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3814: 3805: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3739: 3727: 3720: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3629: 3620: 3613: 3587: 3580: 3562: 3555: 3537: 3530: 3512: 3497: 3490: 3472: 3465: 3447: 3425: 3399: 3374: 3358: 3342: 3329: 3320: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3257: 3255:Kavanagh 41–53 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3209: 3200: 3188: 3166: 3141: 3115: 3103:500nations.com 3090: 3065: 3040: 3015: 2990: 2983: 2965: 2952: 2927: 2915: 2890: 2883: 2865: 2846:(2): 267–307. 2830: 2813: 2781: 2768: 2740: 2726: 2698: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2616:Jedidiah Morse 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2588:Josephine Wapp 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2526:LaDonna Harris 2523: 2520:Jesse Ed Davis 2517: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2410: 2404: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2372: 2366: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2269: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2217:Numic language 2164:Main article: 2161: 2158: 2133: 2130: 2105: 2102: 2083: 2080: 2033: 2030: 1891: 1890: 1849: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1771: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1670: 1667: 1640:umbilical cord 1586: 1583: 1569: 1566: 1503: 1502:Recent history 1500: 1472:Herman Lehmann 1467: 1464: 1450: 1447: 1431: 1428: 1344: 1341: 1212: 1209: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1126: 1109:Ohnonʉʉ (also 1103: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1081: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1001: 1000: 999: 988: 959: 952:Llano Estacado 933: 926:Buffalo-Eaters 915: 905: 904: 903: 888: 885: 882: 879: 872: 833: 830: 693:Llano Estacado 641: 640: 629: 621: 618: 617:nuclear family 603: 600: 586:Arkansas River 537: 534: 523:Main article: 520: 517: 506:tribal college 491:LaDonna Harris 483: 480: 479: 478: 471: 465: 459: 443: 440: 406:is located in 399: 396: 347: 344: 275:, and western 252:people of the 156: 155: 140: 139: 135: 134: 123: 122: 118: 117: 107: 106: 102: 101: 82: 81: 77: 76: 70: 69: 65: 64: 61: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6479: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:Plains tribes 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6376:Joe Ben Wheat 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6208: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Seneca-Cayuga 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5601: 5600:obsolete name 5595: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Quanah Parker 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Spirit Talker 5002: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Blanco Canyon 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:Red River War 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Comanche Wars 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4761: 4760:Texas Indians 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4568:0-585-27380-4 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4442:0-89096-000-3 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4421:9780300126549 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4402:0-8165-1367-8 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4383:1-4000-3049-8 4379: 4375: 4367: 4365:0-394-48856-3 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307:9780806102498 4303: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4281:1-57806-096-6 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4224:970-689-030-0 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4168:0-921788-42-8 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3466:0-8061-3118-7 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3440:September 17, 3435: 3429: 3426: 3418:September 16, 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371:0-943639-24-7 3368: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3318:, pp. 277–313 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3124:"Our Mission" 3119: 3116: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2984:9780806135984 2980: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2624:A. W. Whipple 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2607:George Catlin 2600: 2595: 2594:David Yeagley 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564:Diane O'Leary 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504:Karita Coffey 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Karita Coffey 2464: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397:Spirit Talker 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359:Quanah Parker 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2054:E. A. 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