1310:"), and their subsequent flooding of the press as to their supposed finality, is considered by some collectors to have started a slow decay within the non-regular buyer comic community which then led to drops in sales. Many comic retailers believe that numerous comic speculators took the death and crippling of two major characters to signify the end of the Batman and Superman series. As many comic readers and retailers knew full well, very little in comics actually changes with any finality. Many aspects of the status quo returned after the story arcs were over (Superman died, but was resurrected, and Batman was crippled, but eventually recovered).
1314:
received not only staggering sales during the week that
Superman died, but also had to try to meet the demand. This led to the saturation of the market and the devaluing of what was thought to be the end of an American icon. Some comic book retailers and theorists deem DC's practices in the press forum, and their relationship with the non-specialized consumer, to be grossly negligent of the status of the market, and that their marketing campaign, most likely not malicious in intent, spelled doom for the speculator market and comic sales in general. Others place the blame for the
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sales through regular channels, the ability to focus more specifically on specific target groups as well as distributing comics not on a sale-or-return basis, but in limited runs according to sales predictions from the retailers themselves, over-printing and overhead costs could be drastically reduced. From the 1970s to the present day, comics publishers have been targeting more and more of their titles to collector audiences with features such as limited editions, the use of high quality paper, or the inclusion of novelty items.
1492:, where comics are inspected for flaws, graded accordingly and placed in an inner well – a sealed sleeve of Barex, a highly gas-impermeable plastic polymer. Then, the comics are sealed through a combination of compression and ultrasonic vibration in a transparent, hard plastic capsule. This process is often referred to in slang as "slabbing" and there is debate as to whether this provides better protection for the books than an acid-free backing board and Mylar sleeve.
1348:– a crossover between Image Comics and Valiant Comics – is often considered to have been the final nail in the speculation market's coffin; although heavily hyped and highly anticipated when initially solicited, the books from the Image Comics side shipped so many months late that reader interest disappeared by the time the series finally materialized, leaving some retailers holding hundreds of unsellable copies of the various
181:
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1295:), and Marvel felt it could preserve some of its cash flow if it made the move to becoming one of the few publishers to also distribute directly to the comic market. This backfired terribly when the bottom fell out of the market, as they were stocked with multiple printings of variant and "collectible" issues that were no longer in high demand, and they could not cover the costs of their distribution service.
79:
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that aged very poorly. As a result, popular comic books published from the 1940s through the 1960s are extremely difficult to find and thus highly prized by collectors. By contrast, the speculator boom of the 1990s saw large print runs of comics on high-grade paper that were carefully stored by multitudes of collectors, creating a glut of product in the collectors market.
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various plastic compositions may contain elements or have other properties that could harm the comic in years to come. Mylars are the only bags available that are archival safe. Corrugated plastic boxes, preferred by some collectors, offer greater protection against acid while also offering better protection against moisture damage and vermin damage.
1249:, which helped fuel the speculator boom with monthly columns such as the "Wizard Top 10" (highlighting the "hottest" back-issues of the month), "Market Watch" (which not only reported back-issue market trends, but also predicted future price trends), and "Comic Watch" (highlighting key "undervalued" back-issues).
1212:
Low-budget independent publishers also proliferated during this period. The low price of producing comics, and the ease and efficiency of the direct market enabled fly-by-night publishers to flood the market with product, much of it of low quality. A number of these publishers attempted to cash in on
1807:
With comics being a popular topic on the
Internet, many websites dedicated to helping users manage their comic collections have been created. These websites also contain a platform for communication to assist with discussions between collectors. Some websites allow purchasing and reading comic books
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Comic collectors are people who collect comics or comic books. Many comic readers keep their comics for an indefinite period and have large accumulations, but a true collector differs in enthusiasm and degree; collectors will generally at least seek past issues rather than being content to read what
1495:
Storing a comic as a computer file (scanning and saving the comic as a comic book file or .cbz/.cbr) is also an option, allowing those without access to the comic itself a chance to see at the least the story for themselves. However, as with other digital means of storing media, this also allows for
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Many comic speculators who were only in the market to see important comics mature, then sell them for a profit, did not quite understand how quick the turnaround would be on the story recant, and many rushed out to scoop up as many copies of whatever issues were to be deemed significant. Comic shops
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covers. When a comic was polybagged, the collector had to choose between either reading the comic book or keeping it in pristine condition for potential financial gain, or buying two or more copies to do both. Gimmicks included glow-in-the-dark, hologram-enhanced, die-cut, embossing, foil stamped or
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A subscription crease describes a specific flaw in the condition of a comic book, particularly a crease through the entire book running from top to bottom. It is a term commonly used by comic book collectors. When comic book publishers began mailing comics directly to monthly subscribers they would
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comic books were valuable because they were genuinely rare. Since comic books were originally marketed to children and not viewed as collectible until much later, most Golden Age comics didn't survive to the present era. And before the 1990s, comic books were typically printed on cheap paper stock
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The speculators who made a profit or at least broke even on their comic book "investments" did so only by selling to other speculators. In truth, very few of the comics produced in the early 1990s have retained their value in the current market; with hundreds of thousands (or, in several prominent
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in 1981, the comic sold over 400,000 copies, a very respectable figure and one that astounded the company. Hereafter, comics publishers started tailoring ever-increasing percentages of marketing and production solely for the sale in specialist stores. While the bulk of the revenues still came from
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storage bags are popular, and allow a comic to be "bagged" in a contained environment, and have become the traditional way of storing comics. Some comic shops now sell comics already in bags, although the quality of the bag can vary. These types of bags are not considered "archival safe" because
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foil-embossed covers. Gimmicks were almost entirely cosmetic in nature, and almost never extended to improved content of the comics. However, many speculators would buy multiple copies of these issues, anticipating that demand would allow them to sell them for a substantial profit in the future.
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simply fold the comic in half and stuff it into a standard #10 business envelope. This method was expedient and cost effective – the comic book business survived on razor-thin margins – but resulted in a clearly visible line running from top to bottom of a comic. The "memory" factor inherent in
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Since 1997, comic book sales have fallen to a fraction of early-1990s levels, with print runs of many popular titles down as much as 90% from their peaks. Currently, most of the hype generated around the major companies' comics involves changes to the characters, well-known creators writing or
857:
for buying and selling comic books has greatly increased the visibility of actual comic book sale prices, leading to improved price guide accuracy, particularly for online price guides such as comicspriceguide.com and GPAnalysis. GPA only tracks sales of slabbed books, and therefore is not an
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for $ 65 million in June 1994. Acclaim renamed the line
Acclaim Comics in 1996. Their primary motivation was to make the properties more suitable for use in video game development. Eventually, Acclaim filed for bankruptcy following the collapse of its video game business. The miniseries
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The comic book speculator market reached a saturation point in the early 1990s, and finally collapsed between 1993 through 1997. Two-thirds of all comic book specialty stores closed in this period, and numerous publishers were driven out of business. Even industry giant
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are available and provide estimates of comic book values as well as information on comic book creators and characters. The price guides assign values for comic books based on demand, availability, and the copy's condition. The longest running price guide is the annual
1404:(CGC) and Professional Grading eXperts LLC (PGX). Improved accountability has increased collector confidence, although some collectors have complained that the market has once again become more about speculation, instead of being focused on the art and stories.
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In response to collectors' interest in preserving their collections, products designed for the protection and storage of comic books became available, including special bags; boxes; and acid-free "backing boards", designed to keep the comic book flat.
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Collecting original art is the collecting of the artists' production pencils and inks used in the creation of comic books. Unlike mass-produced comic books, there is only one piece of original art for each individual comic book page or cover.
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played a large role in the growth of the comics speculation market in 1977 when he acquired the high-value "Mile High
Collection" – 16,000 comic books dating from 1937 to 1955 – and slowly began releasing select books into the marketplace.
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when he entered the film industry. A longtime comics fan, Cage amassed an impressive collection over the years, but in
October 2002, he auctioned off most of his collection for combined proceeds of over $ 1.68 million through
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was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1997, although they were able to continue publishing. It is surmised that one of the main factors in Marvel's downfall was the decision to switch to self-distribution (via their purchase of
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is a reader and collector well into middle age, stating as recently as a July 2006 interview that he was reading currently-published comic books. Jackson gave Marvel Comics permission to use his likeness for the re-imagined
1673:. Heritage sold Nicolas Cage's remaining comics privately over the next year for approximately another $ 325,000, and in 2009 they also auctioned part of Cage's movie poster collection. Cage also starred in the 2007 film
2108:"How cult comic book shop Forbidden Planet changed the way we consume geek culture: Four decades on, the institution is still enjoying a position both at the top of the market and in the hearts of nerds across the land"
1415:#1 reportedly sold between an undisclosed buyer and seller on the comic book online auction site "Comic Connect" for $ 1,000,000 topped the list for a few days. It was quickly eclipsed by a CGC-graded 8.0 Very Fine
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Once aware of this niche market, the mainstream press focused on its potential for making money. Features appeared in newspapers, magazines and television shows detailing how rare, high-demand comics such as
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in Apri 1968 — but were still a small market. The number of shops grew in the 1970s but remained relatively minimal — this is a list of notable early such retailers in the U.S. and the year they opened:
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2749:"Jonathan Ross donates rare £40,000 Spider-Man comic to Comic Relief The BBC presenter Jonathan Ross will donate one of the world's rarest comics - a £40,000 Spider-Man cartoon strip - to Comic Relief"
1427:#1, a CGC-graded 8.5 was reportedly sold between an undisclosed buyer and seller on "Comics Connect" for $ 1.5 million, thus setting the current record for the highest sum ever paid for a comic book.
875:
Before the late 1960s, virtually no specialized comic stores existed and the notion of comics as collectible art was in its infancy. A few collector-based retail establishments existed, most notably
809:, where they could meet to discuss their favorite comics with each other and eventually with the creators themselves. As of 2010, numerous conventions and festivals are held around the world, with
2417:
1644:
As comic book characters become more mainstream through adaptations in other media (primarily television and film), a number of notable people have professed to be comic book collectors, such as:
837:
to track creator, character appearances, and storylines, as well as websites combining comic book price guides with personalized collection tracking to provide collection values in real-time. The
1396:; but even there, comic books remain a buyer's market. In the 2000s, prices for genuinely rare near-mint comics rose steadily, doubling in some cases. This was aided in part by newly established
1447:
which can react with the fibers of the paper of comics, eventually destroying a comic. If these products are used to store comics, these collectors advise using products marked as acid free.
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started to recognize the new movements and started publishing material that was intended for sale in specialist shops only. When Marvel tested the new comics specialty market with the title
2011:
4024:
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2725:
702:), it has a major following around the world today and is partially responsible for the increased interest in comics after the temporary slump experienced during the 1980s.
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While some people collect comic books for personal interest in the medium or characters, others prefer to collect for profit. To assist both types of comic book collector,
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2334:
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1521:, who prize condition, consider this a defect that lowers the desirability of a particular issue. This practice faded away in the early 1970s when publishers found a
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191:
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for the first time, was sold by
Heritage Auctions in January 2022 for over $ 3 million. As of 2022, it is the most expensive page of a comic book ever sold.
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2425:
1227:
2304:"Newswatch: Industry Sales Records in 1993 Shadowed by Collapse of Speculator Boom: Image Receives Brunt of Criticism for Their Role in Market Crash",
4258:
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1019:
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2165:
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is a popular online resource for comic book creator and character information. Popular online price guide and collection tracking services include
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opportunity in mailing comics in larger envelopes, unfolded. Hence the appearance of in-issue ads touting that monthly comics were "Mailed flat!"
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96:
51:
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Comics are collected for several possible reasons, including appreciation, nostalgia, financial profit, and completion of the collection. The
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Veteran comic book fans pointed out an important fact about the collectors market that was largely overlooked by speculators: popular
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During this time, mainstream comic book publishers began to pander specifically to the collectors' market. Techniques used included
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cases, over ten million) copies produced of certain issues, the value of these comics has all but disappeared. "Hot" comics like
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1027:
910:
2405:"$ 1-million-plus Batman comic leads Guinness World Record-breaking $ 5.6 million comics auction at Heritage," (press release)
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with the pencils and ink, can be protected against direct sunlight as well as acid deterioration by using an archival quality
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Many private collections of comics exist, and they have also started to find their way onto the shelves of public libraries.
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122:
100:
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To preserve comics, which are a printed medium, it is prescribed that they be stored in cool, dark places, as sunlight can
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on Marvel (whose product line had bloated to hundreds of separate titles by late 1993, including the poorly received "
4380:
4162:
4134:
4118:
4056:
4007:
3512:
3274:
1292:
1291:). Until then, many publishers went through secondary distributors (such as the current and only mass distributor,
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began publishing the full addresses of the people writing in, which allowed comic fans to reach out to each other.
731:
203:
57:
111:
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1652:, who changed his original last name of Coppola (part of an extended family working in film, including his uncle
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illustrating a title, and media coverage surrounding an adaptation to another medium such as film or television.
1357:
1288:
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1137:
802:
388:
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made their mark, mainstream attention returned to the comic book industry in 1989 with the success of the movie
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359:
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920:
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810:
640:
89:
1755:, and later played a similar version of Fury in several of the film and television projects comprising the
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817:
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3997:
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1792:, owned one of the world's largest comic book collections, including six copies of a rare 1938 issue of
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advise against storing comics in cardboard boxes, or using backing boards, as these are both sources of
1397:
1338:
1307:
1186:
1162:
838:
806:
762:
589:
444:
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918:), launched in 1964, brought fans together for the purpose of adding to their comic book collections.
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1411:#1, bought by Jay Parrino (USA) in November 2001. The sale of a CGC-graded 8.0 "very fine" issue of
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2668:"Nothing To Laugh At: Heritage Sets Record For World's Largest Comic Book Auction -- $ 5.2 Million!"
1735:. Smith has also written stories for comics published by Marvel and DC; as a nod to his work on the
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In the U.S. a few specialist shops had opened their doors by the 1960s — such as Gary
Arlington's
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3350:
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2016:
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1622:
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The bust can also be linked back to some of the series that caused the boom a few years earlier.
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decision to publish two blockbuster stories depicting the loss of their two major superheroes ("
813:, held annually in San Diego, being the largest and best-known convention in the United States.
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run by the early panelologists themselves. Two early London-based comics speciality shops were
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as his favorite comic from his childhood. Affleck played that series' title character in the
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1010:
884:
880:
854:
795:
573:
543:
533:
408:
369:
302:
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1995:
Nolan, Michelle (May 2001). "Pioneering Comics
Retailer John Barrett Dies at 50". Newswatch.
1048:, Tokyo, Japan (1979) — originally opened in 1880; shifted focus exclusively to manga in 1979
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528:
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481:
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402:
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3355:
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The Comics
Collection, including the Sol Davidson Collection at the University of Florida.
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891:
715:
614:
471:
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website, Steven Sykora discussed preserving collections by submitting comic books to the
1337:– at one point the third-largest comic book publisher – was sold to the video game giant
1242:
This period also saw a corresponding expansion in price guide publications, most notably
686:
to be sought after and preserved. Though considerably more recent than the collecting of
1392:
The one remaining bastion for comic speculation remains in online auction sites such as
4334:
3883:
3871:
3866:
3839:
3817:
3774:
3745:
3733:
3704:
3479:
3437:
3405:
3323:
3269:
2956:
1485:
1369:
1365:
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955:
948:
791:
787:
752:
568:
558:
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496:
439:
414:
283:
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17:
1725:, whose love for comics has been reflected in much of his film work in the so-called "
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reached its highest peaks. This boom period began with the publication of titles like
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3824:
3716:
3664:
3464:
3427:
3400:
3385:
3073:
3037:
3010:
2993:
2197:"The 1900s: 10 biggest events from 100 years in comics," CBGXtra.com (Dec. 12, 2005).
2156:"How a Group of Desperate Comics Creators Hatched Doomsday, Superman's Deadliest Foe"
1825:
1763:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1377:
1283:
1255:
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1045:
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364:
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3015:
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1373:
1327:
783:
774:
734:. Since the 1960s, two publishers have dominated the American comic book industry:
699:
491:
466:
461:
323:
2206:
Hass, Nancy. "Comic-Book Sleaze Albany
Publisher Vexed About Quick-Buck Artists,"
890:
The origins of comic book collecting as an organized hobby has its roots in early
1942:
1004:
In the UK, the only distribution channels available were ordinary newsstands and
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2973:
2858:
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2063:
1833:
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1722:
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1323:
1143:
1116:
962:
683:
679:
675:
563:
354:
344:
78:
2353:"Comics Publishers Suffer Tough Summer: Body Count Rises in Market Shakedown,"
2127:
Hayner, Don. "Big bucks in rare comics – Classic find in '77 began a new era,"
2084:
1407:
Until February 2002, the highest price paid for a comic book was $ 350,000 for
4317:
3474:
3096:
3058:
2936:
1819:
1815:
1789:
1657:
1568:
1548:
1518:
1440:
1330:, who fed the speculator feeding frenzy more than any other comics publisher.
1094:
1005:
849:, and GPAnalysis. The increased popularity of online auctioning services like
740:
711:
625:
594:
339:
801:
As comic books regained their popularity in the 1960s during the boom of the
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1982:
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1522:
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1344:
1319:
1299:
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899:
757:
719:
691:
270:
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1852:
The first letters page with the letter writers' full addresses appeared in
4113:
3502:
3123:
3108:
3020:
2872:
1731:
1665:
1182:
1127:
1109:
834:
833:. The growth of the Internet in the late 1990s saw development of online
723:
374:
2618:"Spider-Man art from 1984 Marvel Comics series breaks record at $ 3.36M"
3025:
3003:
1564:
1205:
1201:
998:
905:
379:
318:
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3699:
3417:
2913:
2862:
1703:
727:
518:
506:
262:
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holds many collections of comic strips, comic books and periodicals.
883:, which was in full swing by 1940. Claude Held had followed suit in
2592:"A page of Spider-Man comic book history just sold for $ 3 million"
3728:
3118:
1514:
1093:
1038:
1034:
1015:
846:
827:, first published in 1970. Another current monthly price guide is
779:
746:
671:
501:
1517:
assured that this crease would be visible forever. Consequently,
1766:
is a long time collector of comic books. He donated his copy of
1739:
comic, he had a cameo in the film adaptation as a morgue worker.
1611:, the website of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent
1444:
1393:
850:
695:
4211:
Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
2886:
2472:
2689:
2449:"Storing Your Comics: Bags & Boards & Boxes….Oh, My!!"
1071:
During the late 1970s–early 1980s major comic publishers like
174:
72:
31:
2546:
2404:
1881:
Of comics and men: a cultural history of American comic books
1473:
coupled with glass which has been treated to protect against
1380:
also ceased publication in the period between 1993 and 1997.
1578:
at Bowling Green State University's Popular Culture Library.
842:
2407:
Heritage Auctions (Mar. 3, 2010). Accessed March 30, 2011.
2882:
2195:"Nov. 17, 1992: A $ 30 Million Day – and the Days After,"
1265:#1 can today be found selling for under a dollar apiece.
1189:, respectively) had sold for thousands of dollars, with
879:'s retail and mail order shop for new and used comics in
1943:"RBCC Founder G.B. Love Dies: Was Early Fandom Pioneer"
199:
2058:
My Life with Comic Books: the History of a Comic Shop.
2726:"Samuel L. Jackson (@SamuelLJackson) | Twitter"
2418:"Rare comic of Superman debut fetches $ 1.5 million"
2317:"Newswatch: Acclaim Buys Voyager for $ 65 Million,"
2284:"Marvel Reaches Agreement to Emerge from Bankruptcy"
1423:, which realized $ 1,075,500. In July 2010, another
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4127:
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3990:
3959:
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3788:
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3617:
3546:
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3333:
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3255:
3228:
3175:
3142:
3087:
3051:
2929:
2868:(De-)Constructing the Comic Book Collector's Market
2266:"Permanent Damage – The 20 Most Significant Comics"
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2810:"Fight Manager, Collector Jimmy Jacobs Dies at 58"
2391:Phillips, J. (2010, February 22). "Hero Complex",
1972:. Mena, Arkansas: Midguard Publishing. p. 53.
1772:#15 to charity, and presented a TV documentary on
1225:), there were multitudes of blatant rip-offs like
4226:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
2344:website (Nov. 10, 2002). Accessed March 30, 2011.
2012:"The larger-than-life story of a comic book hero"
968:mid-1970s King's Baseball Cards and Comic Books (
2221:"5 'Best' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Parodies,"
1884:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 260.
1333:Other publishing houses had different problems.
4025:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
1985:Lambiek Comics History. Accessed Feb. 22, 2014.
1500:via unauthorized digital distribution, such as
4216:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
4104:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
1983:"Underground Comix and the Underground Press,"
924:, launched in 1971, served a similar purpose.
2898:
1660:"Cage", based on the Marvel Comics character
648:
188:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2643:"Nicolas Cage Interview: A Fork in the Road"
2523:"Project Fanboy Column: Comic Book Vitamins"
2498:"Comic Book Collecting - A Beginner's Guide"
1571:with notable collections of comics include:
718:arena in the 1930s due to the popularity of
256:
2704:"SAMUEL L. JACKSON talks SNAKES ON A PLANE"
1115:From roughly 1985 through 1993, comic book
858:accurate indicator of overall comic sales.
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4264:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
4152:
4062:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
3925:
3623:
3330:
3139:
2905:
2891:
2883:
2210:Union (Dec. 14, 1986): Business News: pE1.
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
1439:the inks and yellow the paper stock. Some
1228:Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters
655:
641:
255:
4259:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
4173:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
2686:Affleck, Garner Open Up About 'Daredevil'
2233:Miller, John Jackson (January 24, 2011).
2123:
2121:
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
4221:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
2878:Comic Book Collecting Association (CBCA)
1788:, the handball player who later managed
1870:
1845:
1219:(itself a nod to the popularity of the
581:
387:
331:
310:
282:
261:
2779:"Tyson's co-manager Jacobs dead at 58"
1306:" – the breaking of the Batman – and "
4079:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
1419:#27 (the first Batman comic book) at
1237:Pre-Teen Dirty Gene Kung-Fu Kangaroos
7:
4030:Comics solicited but never published
2473:"Collection Protection - For Comics"
101:adding citations to reliable sources
4350:
4178:Australian Cartoonists' Association
4168:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
2590:Scottie, Andrew (14 January 2022).
2168:from the original on April 21, 2018
2154:Riesman, Abraham (March 29, 2016).
2106:Barnett, David (7 September 2018).
1326:" lines), or creator-owned upstart
2332:"The Fog Hollow Memorial Address,"
2294:from the original on June 7, 2011.
2264:Grant, Steven (October 22, 2008).
2140:"Marvel Focuses On Direct Sales,"
2095:from the original on Jun 16, 2023.
1709:Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
1576:Allen and John Saunders Collection
1233:Geriatric Gangrene Jujitsu Gerbils
1193:#1 breaking the $ 1 million mark.
1102:-graded and authenticated copy of
921:The Buyer's Guide for Comic Fandom
25:
1629:United States Library of Congress
760:, which publishes titles such as
47:This article has multiple issues.
4349:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4316:
4279:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
4193:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
4094:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
2684:Ryan J. Downey (24 June 2002). "
2308:#166 (February 1994), pp. 27-33.
1818:
1682:Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance
1619:Virginia Commonwealth University
1352:books. Other companies, such as
1063:Denver, Colorado-based retailer
929:San Francisco Comic Book Company
624:
269:
179:
77:
36:
4109:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
2616:Hooper, Ben (18 January 2022).
2556:- Barex manufacturer's website.
2367:Dougherty, Conor (2005-09-23).
2036:"Two Men and their Comic Books"
1762:British TV and radio presenter
1596:of The New York Public Library.
1181:#181 (the first appearances of
1122:Batman: The Dark Knight Returns
1001:store opened in November 1968.
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
4183:Comic Art Professional Society
2923:Glossary of comics terminology
2235:"The print age of Wizard ends"
2144:#59 (October 1980), pp. 11-12.
1929:The Golden Age of Comic Fandom
1912:Schelly, Bill (July 9, 2010).
1544:Marvel Superheroes Secret Wars
1465:Original art, typically 11x17
1020:Dark They Were and Golden Eyed
738:, publisher of such comics as
1:
4274:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
2840:Adult Comics: An Introduction
2290:. July 11, 1997. p. D3.
1664:, to avoid the appearance of
1590:of Michigan State University.
1277:Bust of the speculator market
1023:
389:Comics by country and culture
4188:National Cartoonists Society
3977:Based on television programs
2692:. Accessed 21 February 2008.
2447:comicspectrum (2014-03-09).
1878:Jean-Paul Gabilliet (2010).
1216:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
979:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
911:Rocket's Blast Comicollector
27:Hobby collecting comic books
4119:Words & Pictures Museum
2702:Walters, Mark (July 2006).
2357:#172 (Nov. 1994), pp. 13-18
2010:Moore, John (Jul 2, 2023).
1721:Writer, director and actor
1213:current trends – for every
1059:Growth of the direct market
958:, Pacific Beach, California
202:, discuss the issue on the
4397:
4163:Academy of Comic Book Arts
4135:Center for Cartoon Studies
4057:Belgian Comic Strip Center
2777:Layden, Tim (1988-03-24).
2453:ComicSpectrum - Bob's Blog
2223:Geek Twins (Oct. 6, 2010).
1700:2003 film of the same name
1541:original page of the 1984
1293:Diamond Comic Distributors
1037:specialty shops opened in
993:, Worcester, Massachusetts
4311:
4269:Club des bandes dessinées
4003:Best-selling comic series
3581:Portrayal of black people
2920:
2747:Leach, Ben (2009-02-04).
2571:Living Between Wednesdays
2567:"All Titles Mailed Flat!"
2085:"Dutch Comics 1968 -1979"
1803:Comic collecting websites
1757:Marvel Cinematic Universe
1729:", particularly the film
1594:Comic Book Research Guide
1582:British Comics Collection
1559:List of comic collections
1502:peer-to-peer file sharing
1289:Heroes World Distribution
1138:Crisis on Infinite Earths
986:, Los Angeles, California
961:mid-1970s Comic Kingdom (
2873:Comic Book Fanthropology
2755:. London. Archived from
1914:Founders of Comic Fandom
1779:In Search of Steve Ditko
1605:of Ohio State University
1603:Cartoon Research Library
1161:and again in 1992 with "
1041:, Japan, in 1979–1980:
965:), San Diego, California
896:comic book letters pages
4074:British Cartoon Archive
4067:National Cartoon Museum
2373:The Wall Street Journal
2321:#168 (May 1994), p. 31.
1916:. McFarland Publishing.
1641:new comics come along.
1584:at The British Library.
1384:Post-bubble speculation
972:), Berkeley, California
818:comic book price guides
811:Comic-Con International
112:"Comic book collecting"
18:Comic book original art
4284:Finnish Comics Society
4241:Svenska Serieakademien
4231:Comics Studies Society
4099:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
3603:Women in Refrigerators
3598:The Hawkeye Initiative
3236:Female comics creators
2736:on September 28, 2007.
2730:www.samuelljackson.com
2193:Miller, John Jackson.
1947:ComicSource Newsletter
1927:Schelly, Bill (1995).
1855:The Brave and the Bold
1498:copyright infringement
1431:Conservation of comics
1112:
940:, Berkeley, California
898:. In the early 1960s,
824:Overstreet Price Guide
807:comic book conventions
4376:Comic book collecting
4020:Comic books on CD/DVD
3270:Comics historiography
2089:Lambiek Comic History
1339:Acclaim Entertainment
1308:The Death of Superman
1163:The Death of Superman
1097:
1054:, Tokyo, Japan (1980)
839:Grand Comics Database
714:came to light in the
678:and related items as
668:Comic book collecting
257:Comic book collecting
4236:Sequart Organization
3982:Based on video games
3564:Gender and webcomics
3129:Publishing companies
2838:Sabin, Roger (1993)
1970:Fandom: Confidential
1968:Frantz, Ron (2000).
1679:and its 2012 sequel
1654:Francis Ford Coppola
1615:James Cabell Library
1588:Comic art collection
991:That's Entertainment
977:Fat Jack's Comicrypt
951:), Boulder, Colorado
847:comicspriceguide.com
830:Comics Buyer's Guide
554:South African comics
208:create a new article
200:improve this article
190:may not represent a
97:improve this article
4294:The Hero Initiative
3574:American mainstream
3376:Comics in education
2979:Comic strip formats
2859:Comics Distributors
2753:The Daily Telegraph
2245:on January 27, 2011
1508:Subscription crease
1496:the possibility of
1482:Comic Book Vitamins
1400:companies, such as
1153:Dark Knight Returns
1090:The speculator boom
984:Golden Apple Comics
782:publishers include
258:
4335:Cartoon portal
4089:The Cartoon Museum
4084:Cartoon Art Museum
3808:France and Belgium
3593:Portrayal of women
3586:African characters
3554:Ethnic stereotypes
2552:2008-06-05 at the
2428:on 14 January 2012
2369:"Bang! Pow! Cash!"
2355:The Comics Journal
2342:The Comics Journal
2337:2012-03-24 at the
2319:The Comics Journal
2306:The Comics Journal
2288:The New York Times
2142:The Comics Journal
2032:Sanford, Jay Allen
2017:The Denver Gazette
1997:The Comics Journal
1623:Richmond, Virginia
1529:Related collecting
1402:Comic Guaranty LLC
1398:comic book grading
1316:comic market crash
1113:
1008:publications like
843:comicbookrealm.com
778:. Other large non-
4381:History of comics
4363:
4362:
4323:Comics portal
4307:
4306:
4140:The Kubert School
4043:
4042:
3915:
3914:
3613:
3612:
3538:Widescreen comics
3381:Comics journalism
3251:
3250:
3043:Political cartoon
2984:Daily comic strip
2815:Los Angeles Times
2219:Nigel, Mitchell.
2129:Chicago Sun-Times
1891:978-1-60473-267-2
1744:Samuel L. Jackson
1727:View Askewniverse
1671:Heritage Auctions
1421:Heritage Auctions
1362:Continuity Comics
1011:Exchange and Mart
885:Buffalo, New York
881:Concordia, Kansas
855:Heritage Auctions
805:, fans organized
796:Dark Horse Comics
665:
664:
631:Comics portal
574:Vietnamese comics
544:Portuguese comics
534:Philippine comics
515:
448:
430:Australian comics
426:
370:Political cartoon
254:
253:
246:
236:
235:
228:
210:, as appropriate.
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
4388:
4353:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4320:
4299:Xeric Foundation
4153:
3967:Based on fiction
3926:
3700:China and Taiwan
3624:
3423:Graphic medicine
3366:Autobiographical
3331:
3309:Japanese (manga)
3215:Japanese (manga)
3140:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2787:. Archived from
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2732:. Archived from
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2645:. Archived from
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2424:. Archived from
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2230:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:(July 26, 1987).
2125:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2041:San Diego Reader
2034:(Aug 19, 2004).
2028:
2022:
2021:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1931:. Hamster Press.
1924:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1875:
1859:
1850:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1795:Detective Comics
1692:, who has named
1636:Comic collectors
1098:A foil embossed
1028:Forbidden Planet
1025:
945:Mile High Comics
938:Comics and Comix
657:
650:
643:
629:
628:
529:Pakistani comics
509:
482:Hungarian comics
442:
435:Brazilian comics
412:
403:Argentine comics
273:
259:
249:
242:
231:
224:
220:
217:
211:
183:
182:
175:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
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105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
4396:
4395:
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4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4289:Friends of Lulu
4251:
4245:
4203:
4197:
4144:
4123:
4049:
4048:Collections and
4039:
4013:manga magazines
3986:
3955:
3946:Manga magazines
3911:
3895:
3784:
3688:
3638:
3609:
3542:
3513:Talking animals
3489:
3450:Science fiction
3361:Anthropomorphic
3327:and narratology
3326:
3318:
3265:Years in comics
3247:
3224:
3188:Jewish American
3171:
3138:
3083:
3047:
2967:Trade paperback
2925:
2916:
2911:
2855:
2835:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2706:. BigFanBoy.com
2701:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2554:Wayback Machine
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2339:Wayback Machine
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2112:The Independent
2105:
2104:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:. No. 233.
1994:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:#35 (May 1961).
1851:
1847:
1842:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1769:Amazing Fantasy
1638:
1561:
1531:
1510:
1433:
1386:
1354:Broadway Comics
1279:
1178:Incredible Hulk
1108:#50. Signed by
1092:
1061:
892:science fiction
873:
868:
708:
661:
623:
472:European comics
457:Croatian comics
452:Canadian comics
409:Bande dessinées
398:American comics
360:Trade paperback
278:
250:
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
215:
212:
197:
184:
180:
169:
158:
152:
149:
106:
104:
94:
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4394:
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4384:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4325:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4250:Charitable and
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
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4185:
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4170:
4165:
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4116:
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4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4035:Limited series
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Based on films
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3884:United Kingdom
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3798:Czech Republic
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3749:
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3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
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3707:
3696:
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3668:
3667:
3657:
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3628:
3621:
3615:
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3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
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3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
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3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
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3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
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3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3324:Comics studies
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3282:
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3267:
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3259:
3253:
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3248:
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3245:
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3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3173:
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3170:
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2791:on 2012-07-17
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4202:Critical and
4156:Professional
3941:Comic strips
3634:South Africa
3533:Supervillain
3069:Photo comics
3064:Motion comic
3016:Mobile comic
2942:Ashcan comic
2839:
2820:. Retrieved
2818:. 1988-03-24
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1786:Jimmy Jacobs
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1643:
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784:Image Comics
775:Wonder Woman
773:
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709:
700:bibliophilia
680:collectibles
674:that treats
667:
666:
599:
492:Irish comics
467:Dutch comics
462:Czech comics
407:
324:Photo comics
240:
222:
216:October 2007
213:
189:
159:
153:January 2008
150:
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133:
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119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
4355:WikiProject
3991:Other lists
3936:Comic books
3852:Netherlands
3758:Philippines
3470:Underground
3433:Non-fiction
3351:Alternative
3097:Cartoonists
3079:Text comics
3033:Gag cartoon
2989:Lianhuanhua
2974:Comic strip
2784:Times Union
2547:INEOS Barex
1834:Comicphilia
1774:Steve Ditko
1723:Kevin Smith
1690:Ben Affleck
1676:Ghost Rider
1475:ultraviolet
1144:Secret Wars
1117:speculation
1014:or through
970:Dennis King
963:Richard Alf
894:fandom and
887:, by 1946.
722:characters
716:pop culture
676:comic books
595:Cartoonists
564:Thai comics
355:Gag cartoon
345:Comic strip
4370:Categories
3619:By country
3460:Teen humor
3295:Modern Age
3290:Bronze Age
3285:Silver Age
3280:Golden Age
3220:Macedonian
3195:Australian
3176:By country
3162:Minicomics
3059:Film comic
3052:Techniques
2937:Comic book
2822:2011-09-20
2795:2011-09-20
2763:2010-04-30
2653:2008-09-12
2601:14 January
2576:2019-03-13
2533:2008-06-02
2507:August 28,
2502:TCBulk.com
2458:2019-03-12
2378:2008-01-14
2239:ComicChron
2070:2008-06-07
1866:References
1790:Mike Tyson
1658:stage name
1609:CartoonHub
1553:black suit
1549:Spider-Man
1547:, showing
1519:collectors
1504:networks.
1441:collectors
1304:Knightfall
1270:Golden Age
1262:Youngblood
1026:1969) and
1006:mail order
803:Silver Age
741:Spider-Man
712:comic book
605:Publishers
600:Collecting
340:Comic book
319:Cartooning
123:newspapers
52:improve it
3960:By source
3951:Webcomics
3929:By format
3907:Australia
3710:Hong Kong
3650:Argentina
3528:Superhero
3485:Wrestling
3455:Superhero
3396:Dystopian
3371:Celebrity
3356:Ambiguous
3314:Webcomics
3167:Webcomics
3150:Editorial
3143:By format
3124:Letterers
3109:Colorists
2962:Minicomic
2627:17 August
2432:10 August
2172:April 17,
1897:April 26,
1753:Nick Fury
1737:Daredevil
1695:Daredevil
1662:Luke Cage
1656:) to the
1621:(VCU) in
1539:Mike Zeck
1523:marketing
1417:Detective
1350:Deathmate
1345:Deathmate
1320:Marvel UK
1187:Wolverine
1133:crossover
1077:DC Comics
1052:Mandarake
1022:(opened (
900:DC Comics
835:databases
758:DC Comics
720:superhero
692:philately
582:Community
512:Hong Kong
293:Education
204:talk page
58:talk page
4345:Category
4252:outreach
4204:academic
4114:ToonSeum
3862:Portugal
3770:Thailand
3753:Pakistan
3643:Americas
3559:Feminist
3503:Antihero
3341:Abstract
3275:American
3210:Filipino
3200:Canadian
3183:American
3089:Creators
3021:Webcomic
2952:One-shot
2710:July 22,
2550:Archived
2482:June 26,
2335:Archived
2292:Archived
2166:Archived
2093:Archived
1812:See also
1808:online.
1749:Ultimate
1732:Mallrats
1666:nepotism
1451:PET film
1247:Magazine
1202:polybags
1183:Superman
1149:Watchmen
1147:. After
1128:Watchmen
1110:Stan Lee
1030:(1978).
763:Superman
724:Superman
706:Overview
375:Webcomic
298:Glossary
198:You may
4128:Schools
4050:museums
3900:Oceania
3835:Ireland
3830:Hungary
3825:Germany
3818:Belgium
3803:Croatia
3780:Vietnam
3518:Masking
3480:Western
3438:Romance
3406:Fantasy
3257:History
3134:Writers
3114:Editors
3026:Webtoon
3004:Yonkoma
2930:Formats
2833:Sources
2270:CBR.com
2161:Vulture
1953:Apr 10,
1776:called
1565:Museums
1484:on the
1322:" and "
1259:#1 and
1206:gimmick
1175:#1 and
1082:Dazzler
999:Lambiek
906:Adzines
871:Origins
866:History
684:artwork
615:Writers
415:Belgium
380:Webtoon
311:Methods
303:History
137:scholar
3998:Awards
3867:Serbia
3857:Poland
3790:Europe
3775:Turkey
3672:Mexico
3665:Quebec
3660:Canada
3655:Brazil
3627:Africa
3547:Themes
3495:Tropes
3428:Horror
3418:Gekiga
3401:Erotic
3334:Genres
3300:events
3119:Inkers
2999:Topper
2914:Comics
2863:Curlie
2845:
1949:. 2001
1888:
1742:Actor
1704:Batman
1688:Actor
1648:Actor
1477:rays.
1437:bleach
1376:, and
1358:Comico
1245:Wizard
1235:, and
1204:, and
1191:Action
1158:Batman
1073:Marvel
794:, and
772:, and
769:Batman
756:, and
750:, and
730:, and
728:Batman
590:Awards
519:Manhwa
507:Manhua
423:Quebec
419:France
263:Comics
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
4008:manga
3921:Lists
3889:Wales
3872:Spain
3840:Italy
3741:Korea
3734:lists
3729:Japan
3717:India
3523:Rogue
3391:Crime
3346:Adult
3229:Other
3205:Cuban
1840:Notes
1515:paper
1471:frame
1256:X-Men
1039:Tokyo
1035:manga
1016:zines
989:1980
982:1979
975:1976
954:1974
943:1974
908:like
780:manga
747:X-Men
696:books
694:) or
672:hobby
670:is a
610:Sales
502:Manga
206:, or
144:JSTOR
130:books
3877:list
3845:list
3813:list
3763:list
3746:list
3722:list
3705:list
3693:Asia
3682:list
3569:LGBT
3443:list
3411:list
3241:list
3155:list
3102:list
2843:ISBN
2712:2008
2629:2022
2603:2022
2509:2007
2484:2005
2434:2011
2251:2023
2174:2018
1955:2013
1899:2011
1886:ISBN
1712:and
1627:The
1567:and
1445:acid
1394:eBay
1324:2099
1300:DC's
1185:and
1151:and
1141:and
1125:and
1075:and
1033:Two
916:RBCC
851:eBay
116:news
3475:War
2861:at
2690:MTV
2688:".
2622:UPI
2596:CNN
2422:CNN
1706:in
1617:at
1490:CGC
1457:or
1100:CGC
853:or
788:IDW
682:or
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