English poetry - Knowledge (XXG)

1276:. Nevertheless, print publication by women poets was still relatively scarce when compared to that of men, though manuscript evidence indicates that many more women poets were practising than was previously thought. Disapproval of feminine "forwardness", however, kept many out of print in the early part of the period, and even as the century progressed women authors still felt the need to justify their incursions into the public sphere by claiming economic necessity or the pressure of friends. Women writers were increasingly active in all genres throughout the 18th century, and by the 1790s women's poetry was flourishing. Notable poets later in the period include 1360: 132: 193: 1243: 1868: 743: 940: 1550: 669:(1558–1603). In poetry is characterized by a number of frequently overlapping developments. The introduction and adaptation of themes, models and verse forms from other European traditions and classical literature, the Elizabethan song tradition, the emergence of a courtly poetry often centred around the figure of the monarch and the growth of a verse-based drama are among the most important of these developments. 1466: 35: 4132: 2753: 2104:, although the last of these belongs at least as much to the history of Irish poetry. These poets were all, in their early days at least, politically active on the Left. Although they admired Eliot, they also represented a move away from the technical innovations of their modernist predecessors. A number of other, less enduring, poets also worked in the same vein. One of these was 1694: 1540: 1834:. Yeats, although not a modernist, was to learn a lot from the new poetic movements that sprang up around him and adapted his writing to the new circumstances. Hardy was, in terms of technique at least, a more traditional figure and was to be a reference point for various anti-modernist reactions, especially from the 1950s onwards. 2185:. As with the poets of the First World War, the work of these writers can be seen as something of an interlude in the history of 20th century poetry. Technically, many of these war poets owed something to the 1930s poets, but their work grew out of the particular circumstances in which they found themselves living and fighting. 1130:(1608–1674), wrote during this period of religious and political instability. He is generally seen as the last major poet of the English Renaissance, though his major epic poems were written in the Restoration period. Some of Milton's important poems were written before the Restoration (see above). His later major works include 1196:, wrote satirical verse. Their satire was often written in defence of public order and the established church and government. However, writers such as Pope used their gift for satire to create scathing works responding to their detractors or to criticise what they saw as social atrocities perpetrated by the government. Pope's 384:'s 12th century Anglo-Norman epic of the same name; Layamon's language is recognisably Middle English, though his prosody shows a strong Anglo-Saxon influence remaining. Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the greatest poets of England. Other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of 1850:

and then in World War I, gave the book widespread appeal due to its nostalgic depiction of brave English soldiers". The poems' wistful evocation of doomed youth in the English countryside, in spare language and distinctive imagery, appealed strongly to late Victorian and Edwardian taste, and the fact

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is generally considered a greater poet, whose contribution to Victorian Poetry is of a standard equal to that of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The Rossettis' poetry shares many of the concerns of the Pre-Raphaelite movement: an interest in Medieval models, an almost obsessive attention to visual detail

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John Clare came to be known for his celebratory representations of the English countryside and his lamentation of its disruption. His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of

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in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a native poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the

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had, in its years in France, learned a worldliness and sophistication that marked it as distinctively different from the monarchies that preceded the Republic. Even if Charles had wanted to reassert the divine right of kingship, the Protestantism and taste for power of the intervening years would

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Towards the end of the 18th century, poetry began to move away from the strict Augustan ideals and a new emphasis on the sentiment and feelings of the poet was established. This trend can perhaps be most clearly seen in the handling of nature, with a move away from poems about formal gardens and

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To the Romantics, the moment of creation was the most important in poetic expression and could not be repeated once it passed. Because of this new emphasis, poems that were not complete were nonetheless included in a poet's body of work (such as Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" and "Christabel"). This

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in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life. At the same time, long-distance sea voyages helped provide the stimulus and information that underpinned a new understanding of the nature of the universe which

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Additionally, the Romantic movement marked a shift in the use of language. Attempting to express the "language of the common man", Wordsworth and his fellow Romantic poets focused on employing poetic language for a wider audience, countering the mimetic, tightly constrained Neo-Classic poems

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age, and contemporary admiration for the classical world extended to the poetry of the time. Not only did the poets aim for a polished high style in emulation of the Roman ideal, they also translated and imitated Greek and Latin verse resulting in measured rationalised elegant verse. Dryden

1308:. In the past decades there has been substantial scholarly and critical work done on women poets of the long 18th century: first, to reclaim them and make them available in contemporary editions in print or online, and second, to assess them and position them within a literary tradition. 733:

Elizabethan poems and plays were often written in iambic meters, based on a metrical foot of two syllables, one unstressed and one stressed. However, much metrical experimentation took place during the period, and many of the songs, in particular, departed widely from the iambic norm.

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from Italy into England in the early 16th century. Wyatt's professed object was to experiment with the English tongue, to civilise it, to raise its powers to those of its neighbours. Much of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet

901:(1608–74) is considered one of the greatest English poets, and wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval. He is generally seen as the last major poet of the English Renaissance, though his most renowned epic poems were written in the Restoration period, including 1003:, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The 1142:, 1671. Milton's works reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated 999:, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, Donne's metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's 1026:

Another important group of poets at this time were the Cavalier poets. The Cavalier poets wrote in a lighter, more elegant and artificial style than the Metaphysical poets. They were an important group of writers, who came from the classes that supported King

2518:. Their work was a self-conscious attempt at creating an English equivalent to the Beats. Many of their poems were written in protest against the established social order and, particularly, the threat of nuclear war. Although not actually a Mersey Beat poet, 3508:: T.S. Eliot Lecture, 9 November 2004: "Geniune talents such as, say, Tony Lopez and Denise Riley, working recognisably within the English and European lyric traditions, are drowned by the chorus of articulate but fundamentally talentless poet-commentators". 257:

By and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. The most important manuscripts are the four great poetical codices of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, known as the

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wrote in relative obscurity and his work was not published until after his death. His unusual style (involving what he called "sprung rhythm" and heavy reliance on rhyme and alliteration) had a considerable influence on many of the poets of the 1940s.

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movement emphasised the creative expression of the individual and the need to find and formulate new forms of expression. The Romantics, with the partial exception of Byron, rejected the poetic ideals of the 18th century, and each of them returned to

2541:, along with a general trend towards what has been termed 'Poeclectics', namely an intensification within individual poets' oeuvres of "all kinds of style, subject, voice, register and form". There continued, crucially, an increased interest in 2537:, who died in 2016, has been considered to be among the most distinguished poets of his generation.". Hill was first published in the 1950s. The last three decades of the 20th century saw a number of short-lived poetic groupings, including the 752:

With the consolidation of Elizabeth's power, a genuine court sympathetic to poetry and the arts in general emerged. This encouraged the emergence of a poetry aimed at, and often set in, an idealised version of the courtly world.

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or in songbooks that included printed music to enable performance. These performances formed an integral part of both public and private entertainment. By the end of the 16th century, a new generation of composers, including

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the late Augustan voice is blended with a peasant's first-hand knowledge to produce arguably some of the finest nature poetry in the English language. Another contemporary poet who does not fit into the Romantic group was

2545:, and in poetry from England's minorities (especially the West Indian community). Another important aspect of the 1980s and 1990s was the birth of key seminal poet-led organisations such as Torriano and Blue Nose Poets/ 1202:

is a satirical slaying of two of his literary adversaries (Lewis Theobald, and Colley Cibber in a later version), expressing the view that British society was falling apart morally, culturally, and intellectually.

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While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, and a number of important works illustrate the development of the language. Around the turn of the 13th century,

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is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe.

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world and they grew up in a period of social, economic and political turmoil. Perhaps as a consequence of these facts, themes of community, social (in)justice and war seem to dominate the poetry of the decade.

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based on counting syllables rather than stresses. These quantitative metres were based on classical models and should be viewed as part of the wider Renaissance revival of Greek and Roman artistic methods.

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and others. In England, the most cohesive groupings can, in retrospect, be seen to cluster around what might loosely be called the modernist tradition and draw on American as well as indigenous models.

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falls into this group. The Metaphysical poets went out of favour in the 18th century but began to be read again in the Victorian era. Donne's reputation was finally fully restored by the approbation of

1075:, with notable exceptions. For example, Robert Herrick was not a courtier, but his style marks him as a Cavalier poet. Cavalier works make use of allegory and classical allusions, and are influence by 471: 1826:

The Victorian era continued into the early years of the 20th century and two figures emerged as the leading representative of the poetry of the old era to act as a bridge into the new. These were

1840:(1859 – 1936) was poet who was born in the Victorian era and who first published in the 1890s, but who only really became known in the 20th century. Housman is best known for his cycle of poems 551:

long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as already noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle and the writings of European Renaissance precursors such as Dante.

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which, together, played a major role in establishing and disseminating the norms and etiquettes of grass-roots poetry workshops and readings one finds throughout the UK poetry scene today.

3734: 3672: 356:, and this became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the natives: the 1418:. However, Blake had been publishing since the early 1780s. Much of the focus on Blake only came about during the last century when Northrop Frye discussed his work in his book 4166: 3727: 2342:. They were identified with a hostility to modernism and internationalism, and looked to Hardy as a model. However, both Davie and Gunn later moved away from this position. 1846:(1896). This collection was turned down by several publishers so that Housman published it himself, and the work only became popular when "the advent of war, first in the 3517:

British Poetry Magazines 1914-2000: A History and Bibliography of "Little Magazines", David Miller and Richard Price (British Library UK & Oak Knoll Press USA, 2006).

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and entered a period of rapid expansion. This expansion, combined with increasing industrialisation and mechanisation, led to a prolonged period of economic growth. The

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range from A.D. 608 right through to A.D. 1000, and there has never been anything even approaching a consensus. It is possible to identify certain key moments, however.

1984:, as a traditional British virtue. Although many of these poets wrote socially-aware criticism of the war, most remained technically conservative and traditionalist. 1732:. Morris shared the Pre-Raphaelite interest in the poetry of the European Middle Ages, to the point of producing some illuminated manuscript volumes of his work. 1637:

The Brownings spent much of their time out of England and explored European models and matter in much of their poetry. Robert Browning's great innovation was the

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poets or English-language modernism, and their works were a proof of the importance of later English experimental poets as it broadened the scope of the English

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and the school of Spenser. However, the boundaries between these three groups are not always clear and an individual poet could write in more than one manner.

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and elsewhere. In Great Britain, movement for social change and a more inclusive sharing of power was also growing. This was the backdrop against which the

1160:'s 1796 biography called him the "greatest English author", and he remains generally regarded "as one of the preeminent writers in the English language". 955:

The early 17th century saw the emergence of this group of poets who wrote in a witty, complicated style. The most famous of the Metaphysicals is probably

2798: 786:, a mode of poetry that assumes an aristocratic audience with a certain kind of attitude to the land and peasants. The explorations of love found in the 3059: 3527: 2271:. These last four poets represent a trend towards regionalism and poets writing about their native areas; Watkins and Thomas in Wales, Nicholson in 2003:

and clear, sharp language, that marked the beginning of a revolution in the way poetry was written. English poets involved with this group included

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Brooke and Sassoon were to go on to win reputations as war poets and Lawrence quickly distanced himself from the group and was associated with the

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literary movement in the English language. This was an early, 20th-century, Anglo-American, modernist, poetry movement that favoured precision of

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of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly

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show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase; elegies such as

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Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic

630:, but he also wrote sonnets of his own. Wyatt took subject matter from Petrarch's sonnets, but his rhyme schemes make a significant departure. 3631: 3582: 3454: 3277: 3259:, usually and conveniently taken as the starting-point of modern poetry, is the group denominated 'imagists' in London about 1910." Lecture, 2080:

The poets who began to emerge in the 1930s had two things in common; they had all been born too late to have any real experience of the pre-

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that several early 20th-century composers set it to music helped its popularity. Housman published a further highly successful collection

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are all examples of the influence of classicism on Elizabethan poetry. It remained common for poets of the period to write on themes from

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teemed with humorous invention and were aimed at a well-educated readership. The most famous collection of Victorian comic verse is the

451:, the most highly regarded English poet of the Middle Ages, who was seen by his contemporaries as a successor to the great tradition of 2153:, who were two other significant poets of this period, who stood outside all schools and groups. Betjeman was a quietly ironic poet of 3260: 1265: 3714: 3086: 895:

by Shakespeare, dealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty, and mortality, were first published in a 1609 quarto.

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A number of young poets working in what might be termed a modernist vein also started publishing during this decade. These included

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for inspiration, though each drew something different from Milton. They also put a good deal of stress on their own originality.

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were slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509. It is also generally accepted that the

617:(1503–42), one of the earliest English Renaissance poets, was responsible for many innovations in English poetry, and alongside 254:(991), appear to have been composed shortly after the events in question, and can be dated reasonably precisely in consequence. 1148:(1644), written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship, is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of 423: 291: 52: 3315: 2698: 1350: 1225: 99: 56: 1488:(although it's important to note that the poet wrote first and foremost for his/her own creative expression). In Shelley's " 1359: 399:

It was with the 14th century that major works of English literature began once again to appear; these include the so-called

1492:", he contends that poets are the "creators of language" and that the poet's job is to refresh language for their society. 689:. There are also a large number of extant anonymous songs from the period. Perhaps the greatest of all the songwriters was 71: 2542: 650:. Wyatt employs the Petrarchan octave, but his most common sestet rhyme scheme is CDDC EE. This marks the beginnings of 215:

658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at

3371:, ed. Ipek Türeli, ISBN 9789759639617; published by Sanart: Association and Aesthetics and Visual Culture, Ankara, 2002. 1450:'s passive resistance was influenced and inspired by Shelley's verse, and would often quote the poem to vast audiences. 1432: 618: 3130:(Revised 2nd. ed.). Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Palo Alto, New York: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. iii-1107. 2814: 2169:

The 1940s opened with the United Kingdom at war and a new generation of war poets emerged in response. These included

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landscapes by urban poets and towards poems about nature as lived in. The leading exponents of this new trend include

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extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the

385: 78: 1924:. Their poetry represented something of a reaction to the decadence of the 1890s and tended towards the sentimental. 3397: 1888:

were the first major grouping of the post-Victorian era. Their work appeared in a series of five anthologies called

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calls for nonviolence in protest and political action. It is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of

131: 4161: 1762: 1705: 1572: 1553: 1230: 1118:(1667), a story of fallen pride, was the first major poem to appear in England after the Restoration. The court of 1032: 3411: 45: 4045: 2423:. These poets can now be seen as forerunners of some of the major developments during the following two decades. 2323: 2284: 1297: 1177: 686: 599:

With a small number of exceptions, the early years of the 16th century are not particularly notable. The Douglas

1931:. Graves distanced himself from the group as well and wrote poetry in accordance with a belief in a prehistoric 85: 2105: 1725: 1354: 497: 192: 892: 872:

English Renaissance poetry after the Elizabethan poetry can be seen as belonging to one of three strains; the

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and Shearsman Books promoted poetic diversity, while independent poetry presses such as Cinnamon press and

2702: 2612: 1412:. The birth of English Romanticism is often dated to the publication in 1798 of Wordsworth and Coleridge's 67: 2674: 2452: 2346: 2288: 1713: 1697: 1588: 1584: 1277: 1100: 662: 575: 555: 540: 3206: 3952: 3663: 2602: 2523: 2221: 1681: 1643: 1608: 1438: 1119: 1044: 1035:(1639–51). (King Charles reigned from 1625 and was executed 1649). Leading members of the group include 608: 361: 496:. Henryson and Douglas introduced a note of almost savage satire, which may have owed something to the 462:

The reputation of Chaucer's successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though

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was a late 1960s and early 1970s wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings that embraces

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painting of the day. Although primarily concerned with the visual arts, a member of the inner circle,

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were much more formally a group of poets, meeting for weekly discussions under the chairmanship of

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wrote poems that were transitional between the late Medieval and Renaissance styles. The new king,

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and became a citizen in 1927. Other English modernists include the London-Welsh poet and painter

1996: 1928: 1717: 1667: 1624: 1580: 1533: 1443: 1393: 1363: 1257: 1221: 1060: 950: 873: 639: 392:. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in 327: 316: 220: 187: 181: 3927: 2132: 1708:

was a mid-19th century arts movement dedicated to the reform of what they considered the sloppy

172:, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. 1216:

translated all the known works of Virgil, and Pope produced versions of the two Homeric epics.

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helped bring the ideas and attitudes associated with the new learning to an English audience.

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continued to expand too, and are still active. Some poets who emerged in this period include

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Thomas Weber, "Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor," Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 28–29.

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is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as

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The last quarter of the 18th century was a time of social and political turbulence, with

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Ward, AW; Waller, AR; Trent, WP; Erskine, J; Sherman, SP; Van Doren, C, eds. (1907–21),

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Clayton, Thomas (Spring 1974). "The Cavalier Mode from Jonson to Cotton by Earl Miner".

2949: 1634:, that is as a poem that sets out to provide a mythic foundation to the idea of empire. 1252:

A number of women poets of note emerged during the period of the Restoration, including

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are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were formerly believed to be

365: 308: 239: 150: 2950:"Elizabethan literature | Definition, Characteristics, Authors, Examples, & Facts" 2381:, where he was a formative influence on the emerging Northern Ireland poets including 730:

were helping to bring the art of Elizabethan song to an extremely high musical level.

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Something we have that they don't: British & American poetic relations since 1925

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In the early part of the 1960s, the centre of gravity of mainstream poetry moved to

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Translations of classical poetry also became more widespread, with the versions of

715: 711: 682: 568: 548: 510: 463: 405: 271: 3626:(4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 420–428. 2112:

anthology both introduced the group to a wider audience and gave them their name.

2060:, was one of the very few experimental poems to come out of World War I, the Scot 1743:

Towards the end of the century, English poets began to take an interest in French

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While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth.

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Burrow, Colin (2004). "Wyatt, Sir Thomas (c. 1503-1542), poet and ambassador".

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The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Sixteenth/Early Seventeenth Century

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The songs were generally printed either in miscellanies or anthologies such as

2748: 2726: 2570: 2440: 2416: 2397: 2389: 2296: 2272: 2252: 2229: 2116: 2004: 1960: 1956: 1693: 1560: 1543: 1504:. Landor was a classicist whose poetry forms a link between the Augustans and 1496: 1469: 1426: 1409: 1405: 1253: 1246: 1169: 1068: 1063:. The Cavalier poets can be seen as the forerunners of the major poets of the 1036: 956: 943: 438: 400: 393: 3656: 3491: 2673:. A new generation of innovative poets has also sprung up in the wake of the 2522:

is often associated with the group in critical discussion. Contemporary poet

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Three other factors in the establishment of the English Renaissance were the

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was written before circa A.D. 700, when excerpts were carved in runes on the

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Other poets associated with Extremist Art included Plath's one-time husband

2335: 2039: 1709: 782:. This poem marks the introduction into an English context of the classical 417: 17: 4131: 2752: 1495:

The Romantics were not the only poets of note at this time. In the work of

208: 3709: 3471: 2216:. These writers saw themselves as in revolt against the classicism of the 2065: 1981: 1847: 1660: 1072: 1008: 888: 783: 627: 303: 3381:"Making Voices: Identity, Poeclectics and the Contemporary British Poet" 3140: 2693:. Major independent and experimental poetry pamphlet publishers include 2467:

as well as the legacy of Pound, Jones, MacDiarmid, Loy and Bunting, the

1973: 1876: 3528:"The poets' home: How one small, heroic publisher shaped modern poetry" 3419: 3012: 2777: 2709:(founded 2006). Throughout this period, publishing initiatives such as 2378: 2000: 1992: 1539: 1004: 996: 927: 505: 373: 282: 228: 212: 197: 907:(1667). Among the important poems Milton wrote during this period are 3750: 1217: 1173: 1084: 1080: 643: 622: 515: 452: 312: 216: 146: 3004: 2479:, among others. Leading poets associated with this movement include 766:, which is effectively an extended hymn of praise to the queen, and 1724:

Dante Rossetti worked with, and had some influence on, the leading

1424:. Shelley is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as 4050: 1866: 1692: 1548: 1538: 1464: 1358: 1241: 1224:

were also widely translated and imitated, Horace most famously by

1076: 938: 921: 853: 741: 642:) occurs (a dramatic turn in the sense), and the next lines are a 191: 130: 1520:

was a period of great political, social and economic change. The

2857:

The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia

2161:

techniques. Smith was an entirely unclassifiable one-off voice.

1932: 1088: 837: 500: 381: 204: 3723: 3316:"Broken Hierarchies: Poems 1952–2012 by Geoffrey Hill – review" 3210: 3194: 1641:, which he used to its full extent in his long novel in verse, 646:

with various rhyme schemes. Petrarch's poems never ended in a

28: 3556:"Pub Chat: An interview with Shearsman Books • Poetry School" 2135:. These poets turned to French models rather than either the 1797:

Comic verse abounded in the Victorian era. Magazines such as

1532:

was the beginning of a process that would eventually lead to

2705:, Heaventree (founded in 2002 but no longer publishing) and 2088:

The poetic space of the decade was dominated by four poets;

1647:. Elizabeth Barrett Browning is perhaps best remembered for 1615:

a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self".

3649:

The poetry of Sir Thomas Wyatt : a selection and study

3642:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English

2046:, who moved to Britain in 1914, where he published in 1922 203:

The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation;

3272:

Smith, Richard. "Richard Aldington". Twayne, 1977. p. 23.

693:. Campion is also notable because of his experiments with 519:, was the first complete translation of any major work of 3359:, Poets' and Painters' Press, Volumes 35-36, 1998, p. 42. 3126:

Woods, George Benjamin; Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1955).

2920: 2115:

The 1930s also saw the emergence of a home-grown English

1971:. Kipling is the author of the famous inspirational poem 677:

A wide range of Elizabethan poets wrote songs, including

3676:. Vol. 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 474:. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of 2306:

The Movement poets as a group came to public notice in

2243:

Other significant poets to emerge in the 1940s include

806:, Thomas Campion's metrical experiments, and Spenser's 3470:

Hulse, Michael; Kennedy, David; Morley, David (1998).

2892: 2890: 2717:

have made available original work from (among others)

665:

refers to bodies of work produced during the reign of

364:, and Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into 219:. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of 3369:

Retrospective: Aesthetics and art in the 20th century

2833: 2831: 1337:. These poets can be seen as paving the way for the 3087:"Liberationist Sexuality and Nonviolent Resistance" 2855:, Doubleday, New York, NY, 1977; Newton, S., 1993. 2283:The 1950s were dominated by three groups of poets, 776:. This courtly trend can also be seen in Spenser's 330:for its structure and any rhyme included is merely 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1721:and an occasional tendency to lapse into whimsy. 338:The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages 307:(often taken to be a description of the ruins of 3623:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics 2799:New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950 2721:, whose first collection was published in 1948, 2649:movement of the 1990s and early 2000s, included 2881: 1611:, though Hopkins was not published until 1918. 2400:. These poets are sometimes compared with the 1716:was a poet of some ability, whilst his sister 3735: 3685:, New York: GP Putnam’s Sons University Press 3302:Geoffrey Hill (Bloom's Modern Critical Views) 3160:Victorian Periodicals & Victorian Society 484:. The main poets of this Scottish group were 8: 3577:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 1880:(1895), often voted Britain's favourite poem 794:and others also implies a courtly audience. 4167:History of literature in the United Kingdom 3673:The Cambridge History of English Literature 242:. Some poems on historical events, such as 3742: 3728: 3720: 3683:History of English and American literature 2979:The Oxford Companion to English Literature 2601:is an example of a poet influenced by the 2299:to describe the work of the American poet 2042:, influenced by imagism was American born 1939:. Other notable poets who wrote about the 1476:argument has, however, been challenged in 864:(c.1615), among the outstanding examples. 756:Among the best known examples of this are 3441:Mark Ford; Steven H. Clark, eds. (2004). 2677:movement of the 1960s and 1970s, notably 2192:was the New Romantic group that included 1430:, and long visionary poems which include 1211:The 18th century is sometimes called the 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 2966: 2896: 1995:is considered to be the first organized 1751:phase. Two groups of poets emerged, the 1747:and Victorian poetry entered a decadent 654:with 3 quatrains and a closing couplet. 3575:Oxford dictionary of national biography 3176:, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre 2827: 2377:. Hobsbaum spent some time teaching in 1676:is often considered a precursor of the 1659:is one of the classics of 19th century 868:Jacobean and Caroline poetry: 1603–1660 3443:"The Circulation of Large Smallnesses" 3288: 3178:, pp. 26–29. Oxford University Press. 3081: 3079: 2908: 2837: 1859:, was published posthumously in 1936. 1666:Matthew Arnold was much influenced by 1628:can be read as a Victorian version of 852:(1626), and Chapman's translations of 136:The Seeds and Fruits of English Poetry 3314:Lezard, Nicholas (20 November 2013). 2884:, Vol. 3: Renascence and Reformation. 2318:. The core of the group consisted of 2220:poets. They turned to such models as 1388:The main poets of this movement were 1176:. All the major poets of the period, 638:(eight lines), rhyming ABBA ABBA. A ( 7: 2872:, Princeton University Press (1992). 2188:The main movement in post-war 1940s 2157:, with a command of a wide range of 1385:movement in English poetry emerged. 887:, which made significant changes to 431:'s political and religious allegory 57:adding citations to reliable sources 3158:Vann, J. Don. "Comic Periodicals", 2733:, whose career began in the 1980s, 2295:, which was first used by the poet 2240:to emerge as a recognisable force. 1757:poets who adhered to the tenets of 1172:that emerged encouraged the art of 1126:One of the greatest English poets, 833:are examples of this kind of work. 611:, was something of a poet himself. 563:writings of English humanists like 3261:Washington University in St. Louis 2526:has also been compared with them. 2291:, and poets clarified by the term 1863:The Georgian poets and World War I 1618:Tennyson was, to some degree, the 1071:. Most of the Cavalier poets were 25: 3710:Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive 3060:"The Romantic Period (1798–1832)" 2119:poetry whose main exponents were 883:Shakespeare also popularized the 326:), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on 4130: 3755:different cultures and languages 3162:(Aldershot: Scholar Press, 1994) 2853:Beowulf: a Dual-Language Edition 2751: 2236:. Thomas, in particular, helped 1482:Revision and Romantic Authorship 1436:. Shelley's groundbreaking poem 1371:revolutions in the United States 1228:and Juvenal by Samuel Johnson's 1095:The Restoration and 18th century 33: 3047:Contemporary Literary Criticism 2981:, ed. Margaret Drabble, p. 181. 1559:The major Victorian poets were 1524:recovered from the loss of the 1238:Women poets in the 18th century 424:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 44:needs additional citations for 3128:Poetry of the Victorian Period 2699:Knives, Forks and Spoons Press 2617:, published in 1993, included 1900:. The poets featured included 1855:in 1922 while a third volume, 1351:Romantic literature in English 1226:John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester 891:'s model. A collection of 154 788:sonnets of William Shakespeare 621:(1516/1517–47) introduced the 1: 3715:A Time-line of English poetry 3476:. Newcastle: Bloodaxe Books. 3043:"Milton, John – Introduction" 2737:, first collection 1996, and 2357:. Other Group poets included 1123:have rendered it impossible. 812:and plays like Shakespeare's 3698:Poets perform their own work 3651:, London: Scholartis Press, 3616:; et al., eds. (2012). 3592:Dalglish, Jack, ed. (1961). 3449:. University of Iowa Press. 3304:, Infobase Publishing, 1986. 2697:, founded 1995, Flarestack, 2038:A leading figure in British 826:and the Christopher Marlowe/ 619:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 583:resulted in the theories of 360:of the upper classes became 322:With one notable exception ( 2882:Ward & Waller 1907–1916 2815:Welsh literature in English 2741:, first published in 1943. 1977:, which is an evocation of 1650:Sonnets from the Portuguese 992:in the early 20th century. 176:The earliest English poetry 4183: 1763:Algernon Charles Swinburne 1706:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 1573:Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1554:Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1348: 1333:as well as the Irish poet 1231:The Vanity of Human Wishes 1098: 1033:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1019: 995:Influenced by continental 948: 603:was completed in 1513 and 531:The Renaissance in England 525:English or Anglic language 341: 311:); and numerous proverbs, 185: 179: 4126: 3761: 3171:Stedman, Jane W. (1996). 2729:, first collection 1995, 2275:and MacCaig in Scotland. 1298:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1168:The world of fashion and 3647:Tillyard, E M W (1929), 3595:Eight Metaphysical Poets 3506:"The Dark Art of Poetry" 3398:"Torriano meeting house" 3064:2012books.lardbucket.org 2939:, Volume B, 2012, p. 647 2435:, with the emergence of 1892:which were published by 1355:English Romantic sonnets 595:Early Renaissance poetry 245:The Battle of Brunanburh 145:This article focuses on 2954:Encyclopedia Britannica 2868:Brendan Cassidy (ed.), 2788:List of years in poetry 2701:, established in 2010, 1822:The first three decades 1622:of the new age and his 1508:, who much admired it. 1398:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1207:18th-century classicism 344:Anglo-Norman literature 164:The earliest surviving 3245:Literature and tourism 3232:The Literary Companion 3143:The History of "Punch" 3033:McCalman 2001, p. 605. 2675:British Poetry Revival 2453:British Poetry Revival 2345:As befits their name, 1881: 1714:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1701: 1698:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1589:Robert Louis Stevenson 1585:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1556: 1546: 1472: 1366: 1278:Anna Laetitia Barbauld 1249: 1101:Restoration literature 946: 935:The Metaphysical poets 925:(a masque), 1638; and 749: 663:Elizabethan literature 556:movable-block printing 541:renaissance literature 200: 142: 3598:. Oxford: Heinemann. 3542:"Enitharmon Editions" 3243:Mike Robinson (2004) 2993:Renaissance Quarterly 2703:Penned in the Margins 2232:and the word play of 2222:Gerard Manley Hopkins 1870: 1696: 1644:The Ring and the Book 1609:Gerard Manley Hopkins 1565:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1552: 1542: 1468: 1439:The Masque of Anarchy 1362: 1345:The Romantic movement 1312:The late 18th century 1245: 1192:, and the Irish poet 942: 745: 509:, a translation into 472:influenced by Chaucer 235:The Dream of the Rood 195: 161:after December 1922. 134: 3670:, eds. (1907–1916). 2591:Linton Kwesi Johnson 2477:Black Mountain poets 2056:, whose first book, 1787:William Butler Yeats 1777:group that included 1597:William Butler Yeats 1502:Walter Savage Landor 1421:Anatomy of Criticism 1402:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1154:freedom of the press 848:(1565–67) and 815:Antony and Cleopatra 809:Shepheardes Calender 779:Shepheardes Calender 554:The introduction of 251:The Battle of Maldon 53:improve this article 3618:"Poetry of England" 3558:. 27 February 2015. 3544:. 28 February 2014. 3422:on 5 November 2008. 2921:Ward et al. 1907–21 2810:Scottish literature 2427:The 1960s and 1970s 2190:contemporary poetry 1625:Idylls of the Kings 820:classical mythology 585:Nicolaus Copernicus 545:English Renaissance 521:classical antiquity 482:James I of Scotland 447:; and the works of 396:and courts of law. 287:Finnesburg Fragment 207:attributes this to 159:Republic of Ireland 3703:2018-02-27 at the 3435:compared him with 3416:(archived source)" 3341:"Stouthearted Men" 3300:Harold Bloom, ed. 3230:Emma Jones (2004) 2870:The Ruthwell Cross 2773:British literature 2768:English literature 2595:Benjamin Zephaniah 2551:Performance poetry 2355:Edward Lucie-Smith 2324:Elizabeth Jennings 2238:Anglo-Welsh poetry 1929:modernist movement 1882: 1718:Christina Rossetti 1702: 1670:, though his poem 1653:but her long poem 1639:dramatic monologue 1581:Christina Rossetti 1557: 1547: 1534:universal suffrage 1473: 1444:nonviolent protest 1433:Prometheus Unbound 1394:William Wordsworth 1367: 1364:William Wordsworth 1258:Margaret Cavendish 1250: 1016:The Cavalier poets 951:Metaphysical poets 947: 874:Metaphysical poets 790:and the poetry of 750: 632:Petrarchan sonnets 328:alliterative verse 272:Beowulf manuscript 221:Anglo-Saxon poetry 201: 196:The first page of 188:alliterative verse 182:Old English poetry 143: 4162:Poetry by country 4144: 4143: 4137:Poetry portal 3633:978-0-691-15491-6 3584:978-0-19-861412-8 3456:978-0-87745-881-4 3345:The New Criterion 3278:978-0-8057-6691-2 3255:T.S. Eliot: "The 3148:Project Gutenberg 3141:Spielmann, M. H. 2850:See, for example, 2679:Caroline Bergvall 2504:Mersey Beat poets 2469:Objectivist poets 2409:Charles Tomlinson 2125:Hugh Sykes Davies 2013:Richard Aldington 1937:The White Goddess 1922:Siegfried Sassoon 1918:Walter de la Mare 1728:painter and poet 1526:American colonies 1490:Defense of Poetry 1339:Romantic movement 1327:Christopher Smart 1274:Katherine Philips 1133:Paradise Regained 1057:Sir John Suckling 1001:Songs and Sonnets 959:. Others include 763:The Faerie Queene 707:Songs and Sonnets 667:Queen Elizabeth I 580:Church of England 503:, while Douglas' 444:Confessio Amantis 260:Cædmon manuscript 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 4174: 4135: 4134: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3686: 3677: 3659: 3637: 3609: 3588: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3418:. 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Fanthorpe 2723:Martyn Crucefix 2711:Salt Publishing 2639:Michael Hofmann 2603:New York School 2559:Carol Ann Duffy 2543:women's writing 2532: 2530:1980s and after 2520:Adrian Mitchell 2465:concrete poetry 2429: 2404:German school. 2351:Philip Hobsbaum 2308:Robert Conquest 2281: 2249:Bernard Spencer 2167: 2133:Philip O'Connor 2106:Michael Roberts 2098:Cecil Day-Lewis 2094:Stephen Spender 2078: 2062:Hugh MacDiarmid 2025:Ford Madox Ford 1990: 1969:Rudyard Kipling 1945:Isaac Rosenberg 1890:Georgian Poetry 1872:Rudyard Kipling 1865: 1824: 1819: 1795: 1741: 1726:arts and crafts 1691: 1689:Pre-Raphaelites 1601:Rudyard Kipling 1569:Robert Browning 1530:Reform Act 1832 1514: 1506:Robert Browning 1453:In poetry, the 1415:Lyrical Ballads 1357: 1347: 1314: 1286:Susanna Blamire 1240: 1209: 1166: 1107: 1105:Augustan poetry 1099:Main articles: 1097: 1024: 1018: 977:Richard Crashaw 965:Thomas Traherne 953: 937: 870: 800: 740: 720:Orlando Gibbons 675: 660: 648:rhyming couplet 597: 589:Johannes Kepler 539:period and the 533: 486:Robert Henryson 350:Norman conquest 346: 340: 190: 184: 178: 153:written in the 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4157:English poetry 4149: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953:Latin American 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3693: 3692:External links 3690: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3614:Greene, Roland 3610: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3547: 3533: 3530:. 9 June 2021. 3519: 3510: 3504:Don Paterson, 3497: 3482: 3473:The new poetry 3462: 3455: 3425: 3403: 3389: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3332: 3306: 3293: 3291:, p. 426. 3281: 3265: 3248: 3236: 3223: 3198: 3187: 3164: 3151: 3133: 3118: 3109: 3075: 3051: 3035: 3026: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2941: 2929: 2913: 2901: 2886: 2874: 2861: 2842: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2746: 2743: 2739:Kathleen Raine 2735:Mario Petrucci 2647:New Generation 2623:Kathleen Jamie 2619:Simon Armitage 2614:The New Poetry 2609:Bloodaxe Books 2587:George Szirtes 2579:Blake Morrison 2531: 2528: 2428: 2425: 2371:George MacBeth 2367:Peter Redgrove 2280: 2277: 2269:Norman MacCaig 2261:Vernon Watkins 2226:Arthur Rimbaud 2206:Kathleen Raine 2166: 2163: 2155:Middle England 2121:David Gascoyne 2102:Louis MacNeice 2077: 2074: 2058:In Parenthesis 2049:The Waste Land 2009:D. 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Lawrence 1902:Edmund Blunden 1896:and edited by 1886:Georgian poets 1864: 1861: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1794: 1791: 1783:Lionel Johnson 1740: 1734: 1730:William Morris 1700:: selfportrait 1690: 1687: 1577:Matthew Arnold 1513: 1510: 1478:Zachary Leader 1448:Mahatma Gandhi 1346: 1343: 1313: 1310: 1290:Felicia Hemans 1282:Joanna Baillie 1270:Anne Killigrew 1262:Mary Chudleigh 1239: 1236: 1208: 1205: 1194:Jonathan Swift 1190:Samuel Johnson 1186:Alexander Pope 1165: 1162: 1158:William Hayley 1096: 1093: 1045:Robert Herrick 1022:Cavalier poets 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 973:Andrew Marvell 961:George Herbert 949:Main article: 936: 933: 885:English sonnet 878:Cavalier poets 869: 866: 846:Arthur Golding 828:George Chapman 799: 796: 792:Walter Raleigh 758:Edmund Spenser 747:Edmund Spenser 739: 738:Courtly poetry 736: 724:Thomas Weelkes 703:Richard Tottel 691:Thomas Campion 674: 671: 659: 656: 652:English sonnet 634:start with an 596: 593: 532: 529: 490:William Dunbar 366:Middle English 339: 336: 240:Ruthwell Cross 180:Main article: 177: 174: 166:English poetry 151:United Kingdom 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4179: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3668:Waller, A. 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Gilbert 3168: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3099:on 2011-01-05 3095: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967:Dalglish 1961 2963: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897:Tillyard 1929 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2805:Poets' Corner 2803: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2759:Poetry portal 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Perdika Press 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:John Stammers 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643:Peter Reading 2640: 2636: 2635:Maggie Hannan 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Andrew Motion 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:Geoffrey Hill 2529: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:Roger McGough 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:Seamus Heaney 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Gael Turnbull 2410: 2405: 2403: 2402:Expressionist 2399: 2395: 2394:Francis Berry 2391: 2386: 2384: 2383:Seamus Heaney 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Kingsley Amis 2329: 2328:D. J. Enright 2325: 2321: 2320:Philip Larkin 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Extremist Art 2290: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:George Barker 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Keith Douglas 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:John Betjeman 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:George Barker 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2070:Basil Bunting 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Edward Thomas 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:Robert Graves 1907: 1906:Rupert Brooke 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838:A. E. Housman 1835: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:Ernest Dowson 1776: 1775:Rhymers' Club 1772: 1771:Arthur Symons 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749:fin de siècle 1746: 1739: 1738:fin-de-siècle 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Victorian era 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:William Blake 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:George Crabbe 1320: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1306:Mary Robinson 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Samuel Butler 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115:Paradise Lost 1111: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Edmund Waller 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:Henry Vaughan 966: 962: 958: 952: 945: 941: 934: 932: 930: 929: 924: 923: 918: 917: 912: 911: 906: 905: 904:Paradise Lost 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 867: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:George Sandys 847: 843: 842:Metamorphoses 839: 834: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 811: 810: 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 768:Philip Sidney 765: 764: 759: 754: 748: 744: 737: 735: 731: 729: 728:Thomas Morley 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 704: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 672: 670: 668: 664: 657: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 610: 606: 602: 594: 592: 590: 586: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 530: 528: 526: 522: 518: 517: 512: 508: 507: 502: 499: 495: 494:Gavin Douglas 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 440: 436: 435: 434:Piers Plowman 430: 426: 425: 420: 419: 414: 413: 408: 407: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 345: 337: 335: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 299: 294: 293: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 264:Vercelli Book 261: 255: 253: 252: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 230: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 199: 194: 189: 183: 175: 173: 171: 168:, written in 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 141: 137: 133: 123: 120: 112: 109:November 2009 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 4128: 4068:Serbian epic 3852: 3682: 3671: 3648: 3641: 3622: 3594: 3574: 3567:Bibliography 3550: 3536: 3522: 3513: 3500: 3472: 3465: 3446: 3437:John Ashbery 3428: 3420:the original 3414:writers inc. 3413: 3406: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347:, June 2004. 3344: 3335: 3323:. 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Alvarez 2273:Cumberland 2253:Roy Fuller 2230:Hart Crane 2179:Henry Reed 2175:Alun Lewis 2117:surrealist 2005:Ezra Pound 1961:home front 1957:May Cannan 1857:More Poems 1853:Last Poems 1668:Wordsworth 1561:John Clare 1544:John Clare 1497:John Clare 1470:Lord Byron 1427:Ozymandias 1410:John Keats 1406:Lord Byron 1349:See also: 1266:Anne Finch 1254:Aphra Behn 1247:Aphra Behn 1170:scepticism 1120:Charles II 1069:Ben Jonson 1037:Ben Jonson 957:John Donne 944:John Donne 798:Classicism 609:Henry VIII 401:Pearl Poet 394:Parliament 376:wrote his 342:See also: 332:ornamental 270:, and the 248:(937) and 186:See also: 79:newspapers 4046:Classical 4042:Sanskrit 4003:Pakistani 3993:Old Norse 3973:Malayalam 3841:Cantonese 3826:Byzantine 3821:Bulgarian 3657:629799234 3492:919686720 3021:199289537 2599:Mark Ford 2473:the Beats 2347:the Group 2336:Thom Gunn 2316:New Lines 2289:The Group 2040:modernism 1997:modernist 1988:Modernism 1979:Victorian 1745:symbolism 1710:Mannerist 1678:modernist 1480:'s study 1073:courtiers 1029:Charles I 910:L'Allegro 802:Virgil's 418:Cleanness 348:With the 149:from the 4058:Scottish 3938:Kashmiri 3928:Jèrriais 3923:Javanese 3918:Japanese 3883:Gujarati 3858:Estonian 3831:Canadian 3806:Biblical 3791:Assamese 3776:American 3771:Albanian 3701:Archived 2745:See also 2539:Martians 2475:and the 2108:, whose 2066:Mina Loy 1982:stoicism 1943:include 1848:Boer War 1773:and the 1661:feminist 1484:(1996). 1455:Romantic 1383:Romantic 1213:Augustan 1079:authors 1009:oxymoron 931:(1638). 919:, 1634; 913:, 1631; 889:Petrarch 784:pastoral 705:'s 1557 628:Petrarch 523:into an 429:Langland 412:Patience 386:romances 304:The Ruin 285:and the 4103:Turkish 4083:Spanish 4063:Serbian 4038:Russian 4028:Punjabi 4013:Persian 3998:Ottoman 3968:Marathi 3933:Kannada 3913:Italian 3863:Finnish 3853:English 3848:Cornish 3836:Chinese 3816:Bosnian 3811:British 3801:Bengali 3146:, from 3013:2859327 2778:Imagism 2379:Belfast 2001:imagery 1993:Imagism 1736:1890s: 1682:Hopkins 1620:Spenser 1379:Ireland 1222:Juvenal 1007:or the 1005:paradox 997:Baroque 983:in his 928:Lycidas 893:sonnets 862:Odyssey 773:Arcadia 506:Eneados 468:Skelton 464:Lydgate 449:Chaucer 374:Layamon 313:riddles 283:Waldere 279:Beowulf 229:Beowulf 198:Beowulf 93:scholar 4093:Telugu 4078:Slovak 4073:Sindhi 4018:Polish 4008:Pashto 3978:Nepali 3958:Latino 3943:Korean 3898:Indian 3893:Hebrew 3868:French 3786:Arabic 3766:Afghan 3751:Poetry 3655: 3630: 3602: 3581: 3490: 3480: 3453: 3357:Agenda 3276: 3182: 3019: 3011: 2695:Barque 2645:. The 2131:, and 1607:, and 1522:Empire 1460:Milton 1408:, and 1375:France 1304:, and 1272:, and 1218:Horace 1174:satire 1164:Satire 1087:, and 1085:Cicero 1081:Horace 1059:, and 975:, and 876:, the 804:Aeneid 695:metres 644:sestet 636:octave 623:sonnet 601:Aeneid 560:Caxton 516:Aeneid 498:Gaelic 453:Virgil 421:, and 390:lyrics 354:Norman 317:charms 315:, and 301:, and 266:, the 262:, the 217:Whitby 209:Cædmon 147:poetry 95: 88: 81: 74: 66: 4118:Welsh 4088:Tamil 4051:Vedic 3948:Latin 3908:Irish 3888:Hindi 3873:Greek 3097:(PDF) 3090:(PDF) 3017:S2CID 3009:JSTOR 2506:were 2461:sound 2159:verse 1828:Yeats 1800:Punch 1077:Latin 985:Comus 922:Comus 858:Iliad 854:Homer 640:volta 501:bards 457:Dante 439:Gower 406:Pearl 100:JSTOR 86:books 4108:Urdu 4098:Thai 3963:Manx 3653:OCLC 3628:ISBN 3600:ISBN 3579:ISBN 3488:OCLC 3478:ISBN 3451:ISBN 3327:2013 3274:ISBN 3180:ISBN 2689:and 2669:and 2641:and 2514:and 2502:The 2495:and 2463:and 2451:The 2419:and 2396:and 2373:and 2353:and 2338:and 2312:1955 2267:and 2228:and 2212:and 2181:and 2149:and 2100:and 2068:and 2031:and 1967:and 1933:muse 1920:and 1884:The 1830:and 1803:and 1785:and 1769:and 1704:The 1516:The 1353:and 1329:and 1220:and 1188:and 1152:and 1103:and 1089:Ovid 838:Ovid 726:and 685:and 587:and 567:and 535:The 492:and 466:and 455:and 388:and 382:Wace 378:Brut 309:Bath 205:Bede 72:news 3753:of 3001:doi 2310:'s 1974:If— 1941:war 1877:If— 1874:'s 1112:'s 856:'s 844:by 840:'s 770:'s 760:'s 558:by 480:by 441:'s 403:'s 213:fl. 55:by 4153:: 3666:; 3620:. 3486:. 3445:. 3439:. 3383:, 3343:, 3318:. 3078:^ 3062:. 3045:, 3015:. 3007:. 2997:27 2995:. 2952:. 2923:, 2889:^ 2830:^ 2725:, 2685:, 2681:, 2665:, 2661:, 2657:, 2653:, 2637:, 2633:, 2629:, 2625:, 2621:, 2611:' 2605:. 2597:. 2593:, 2589:, 2585:, 2581:, 2577:, 2573:, 2569:, 2565:, 2561:, 2510:, 2499:. 2491:, 2487:, 2483:, 2471:, 2459:, 2443:, 2439:, 2415:, 2411:, 2392:, 2385:. 2369:, 2365:, 2361:, 2334:, 2330:, 2326:, 2322:, 2303:. 2287:, 2263:, 2259:, 2255:, 2251:, 2247:, 2224:, 2208:, 2204:, 2200:, 2196:, 2177:, 2173:, 2127:, 2123:, 2096:, 2092:, 2072:. 2064:, 2035:. 2027:, 2023:, 2019:, 2015:, 2011:, 2007:, 1963:, 1955:, 1951:, 1947:, 1916:, 1912:, 1908:, 1904:, 1813:. 1789:. 1781:, 1765:, 1603:, 1599:, 1595:, 1591:, 1587:, 1583:, 1579:, 1575:, 1571:, 1567:, 1563:, 1536:. 1446:. 1404:, 1400:, 1396:, 1392:, 1377:, 1373:, 1341:. 1325:, 1321:, 1300:, 1296:, 1292:, 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:, 1234:. 1184:, 1180:, 1156:. 1091:. 1083:, 1055:, 1051:, 1047:, 1043:, 1039:, 979:. 971:, 967:, 963:, 722:, 718:, 714:, 681:, 591:. 527:. 488:, 459:. 437:; 427:; 415:, 409:, 368:. 334:. 319:. 295:, 274:. 223:. 138:, 3743:e 3736:t 3729:v 3687:. 3636:. 3608:. 3587:. 3494:. 3459:. 3412:" 3329:. 3220:. 3106:. 3072:. 3049:. 3023:. 3003:: 2969:. 2956:. 2927:. 2925:3 2911:. 2899:. 2840:. 211:( 122:) 116:( 111:) 107:( 97:· 90:· 83:· 76:· 49:. 20:)

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