1215:. The phenomenon of compulsive buying tends to affect women rather than men. The aforementioned reports on this matter indicated that the dominance of the majority group is so great that it accounts for more than 90% of the affected demographic. Zadka and Olajossy suggest the presence of several similar tendencies between consumer-type mannerisms and pathologic consumption of psychoactive elements. These tendencies include a constant need to consume, personal dependence, and a tendency to lack a sense of self-control over behavior. Additionally, Zadka and Olajossy state that one could conclude that individuals suffering from the disorder are often in the second decade to fourth decade of their lives and exhibit mannerisms akin to neurotic personality and impulse-control disorders.
1288:, general impulsiveness and compulsiveness, dishonesty, insecurity, and the need to gain control have also been linked to the disorder. From a medical perspective, it can be concluded that impulse-control disorders are attributed to the desire for positive stimuli. The normal method of operation in a healthy brain is that the frontal cortex regulation handles the activity of reward. However, in individuals with behavioral disorders, this particular system malfunctions. Scientists have reported that compulsive buyers have significantly different activity in this area of the brain.
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1465:. They suggest that a patient first be "evaluated for psychiatric comorbidity, especially with depression, so that appropriate pharmacological treatment can be instituted." Their research indicates that patients who received cognitive behavioral therapy over 10 weeks had reduced episodes of compulsive buying and spent less time shopping as opposed to patients who did not receive this treatment (251).
1219:
1473:
may not be the treatment of choice for all compulsive buying disorder patients since the suitability of the treatment method to the patient is also an important consideration. He holds that the treatments of the disorder are required to provide a certain reflection of the context in which this phenomenon manifests.
1264:
The terms compulsive shopping, compulsive buying, and compulsive spending are often used interchangeably, but the behaviors they represent are in fact distinct. One may buy without shopping, and certainly shop without buying: of compulsive shoppers, some 30 percent described the act of buying itself
1472:
Hague et al. reports that group therapy rendered the highest results as far as treatment of compulsive buying disorder is concerned. He states that group therapy contributed to about 72.8% in positive change in the reduction of urges of compulsive spending. Additionally, he notes that psychotherapy
1418:
Individuals who can be considered addicted to shopping are observed to exhibit repetitive and obsessive urges to go buy items, especially when in the vicinity of an environment that supports this venture, such as a mall. In such locations, they mostly purchase things that are cheap and of low value
1260:
Four phases have been identified in compulsive buying: anticipation, preparation, shopping, and spending. The first phase involves a preoccupation with purchasing a specific item or with shopping in general. The second phase the individual plans the shopping excursion. The third phase is the actual
1468:
Lejoyeux and
Weinstein also write about pharmacological treatment and studies that question the use of drugs on CBD. They declare "few controlled studies have assessed the effects of pharmacological treatment on compulsive buying, and none have shown any medication to be effective." (252) The most
1356:
Companies have adopted aggressive neuromarketing by associating the identification of a high social status with the purchasing of items. They strive to bring out such an individual as a sort of folk hero for having the ability to buy several items. As a result, according to Zadka and
Olajossy, the
1187:
and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to
Kellett and Bolton, it "is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity typically prompted by negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal
1063:
and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. It "is experienced as a recurring, compelling and irresistible–uncontrollable urge, in acquiring goods that lack practical utility and very low cost resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity typically prompted by
1414:
As debt grows, the compulsive shopping may become a more secretive act. At the point where bought goods are hidden or destroyed, because the person concerned feels so ashamed of their addiction, the price of the addiction in mental, financial and emotional terms becomes even higher.
1234:. Compulsive buying is not limited to people who spend beyond their means; it also includes people who spend an inordinate amount of time shopping or who chronically think about buying things but never purchase them. Promising treatments for CBD include medication such as
1211:. People who score highly on compulsive-buying scales tend to understand their feelings poorly and have low tolerance for unpleasant psychological states such as negative moods. The onset of CBD occurs in the late teens and early twenties and is generally
1419:
mainly just to satisfy the urge to spend. Normally, these items end up being returned to the shop or disposed of entirely after a while. However, according to Zadka and
Olajossy, this rarely works as these individuals are known to have low self-esteem.
1357:
act of shopping is then associated with the feeling of holding a higher social status or of climbing the social ranks. Zadka holds that these companies take advantage of the frailties of peoples' egos in an attempt to get them to spend their money.
1188:
and/or financial difficulties". What differentiates CBD from healthy shopping is the compulsive, destructive and chronic nature of the buying. Where shopping can be a positive route to self-expression, in excess it represents a dangerous threat.
1291:
Compulsive buying seems to represent a search for self in people whose identity is neither firmly felt nor dependable, as indicated by the way purchases often provide social or personal identity-markers. Those with associated disorders such as
1390:
While initially triggered by a perhaps mild need to feel special, the failure of compulsive shopping to actually meet such needs may lead to a vicious cycle of escalation, with them experiencing the highs and lows associated with other
1154:
Relatively little interest seems to have been taken in collocating CBD as a distinct pathology until the 1990s. It has been suggested that even in the 21st century, compulsive shopping can be considered a barely recognised
1499:
are promising potential treatments for CBD. A review concluded that evidence is limited and insufficient to support their use at present, however. Naltrexone and nalmefene have also shown effectiveness in the treatment of
1138:
both included the syndrome in their influential early psychiatric textbooks. Kraepelin described oniomania as "a pathological desire to buy... without any actual need and in great quantities", considering it alongside
1395:. The 'high' of the purchasing may be followed by a sense of disappointment, and of guilt, precipitating a further cycle of impulse buying. With the now addicted person increasingly feeling negative emotions like
1427:
The consequences of compulsive buying, which may persist long after a spree, can be devastating, with marriages, long-term relationships, and jobs all feeling the strain. Further problems can include ruined
1245:
Research reveals that 1.8 to 8.1 percent of the general adult population have CBD and that while the usual onset is late adolescence or early adulthood, it is often recognized as a problem later in life.
1460:
Treatment involves becoming conscious of the addiction through studying, therapy and group work. Research done by Michel
Lejoyeux and Aviv Weinstein suggests that the best possible treatment for CBD is
1254:
Unlike normal consumers and hoarders, who derive excitement and focus on the items purchased, compulsive buyers gain excitement and focus on the acquisition process itself and not the item purchased
1349:
perspective suggests that compulsive buying may be seen as an exaggerated form of a more normal search for validation through purchasing. Also, pressures from the spread of materialist values and
1257:
Compulsive buying disorder is tightly associated with excessive or poorly managed urges related to the purchase of the items and spending of currency in any form; digital, mobile, credit or cash.
1411:
once they return home, leading to an urge for buying more. The aforementioned symptoms are aggravated further by the availability of money through access to credit cards and easy bank loans.
2023:
Rose, Paul; Segrist, Daniel J (June 2012). "Difficulty
Identifying Feelings, Distress Tolerance and Compulsive Buying: Analyzing the Associations to Inform Therapeutic Strategies".
1520:, was addicted to shopping, running up (and concealing) large bills on credit, feeling manic glee at spending sprees, followed by depressive reactions in the face of the results.
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Nataraajan, R., & Goff, B. G. (1992). Manifestations of compulsiveness in the consumer-marketplace domain. Psychology & Marketing, 9(1), 31–44.
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446:
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Social conditions also play an important role in CBD, the rise of consumer culture contributing to the view of compulsive buying as a specifically
1668:"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: Review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, management, and future challenges"
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enable casual spending beyond one's means, and some would suggest that the compulsive buyer should lock up or destroy credit cards altogether.
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1235:
1032:
1870:
Valentin Magnan: Psychiatrische
Vorlesungen, Bd. 2/3: Über die Geistesstörungen von Entarteten, transl. Otto Möbius, Leipzig: Thieme, p. 12 f.
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431:
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Piquet-Pessôa, Marcelo; Fontenelle, Leonardo F. (2016). "Opioid
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and a sense of life spiraling out of control. The resulting stress can lead to physical health problems and ruined relationships, or even
366:
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negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties". Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a
1861:
Max Nordau : Entartung, Herausgegeben, kommentiert und mit einem
Nachwort versehen von Karin Tebben, Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter 2013, p. 38.
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also facilitates CBD, with online auction addiction, used to escape feelings of depression or guilt, becoming a recognizable problem.
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shopping event; while the fourth phase is completed by the feelings of excitement connected to spending money on their desired items.
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2940:"Treatments for compulsive buying: A systematic review of the quality, effectiveness and progression of the outcome evidence"
2434:"Treatments for compulsive buying: A systematic review of the quality, effectiveness and progression of the outcome evidence"
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Lam, Simon Ching; Chan, Zoe Sze-Long; Chong, Andy Chun-Yin; Wong, Wendy Wing-Chi; Ye, Jiawen (September 2018).
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effective treatment is to attend therapy and group work in order to prevent continuation of this addiction.
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Others, however, object, stating that such psychological explanations for compulsive buying do not apply to
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1880:
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are particularly likely to attempt to treat symptoms of low self-esteem through compulsive shopping.
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1090:". Several authors have considered compulsive shopping rather as a variety of dependence disorder.
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Elliott R (1994). "Addictive Consumption: Function and Fragmentation in Postmodernity".
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McElroy, SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE, Jr. 1994 "Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder."
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Helga Dittmar, "Understanding and Diagnosing Compulsive Buying", in Robert H. Coombs,
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Helga Dittmar, "Understanding and Diagnosing Compulsive Buying", in Robert H. Coombs,
4227:
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3394:"Adaptation and validation of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in Chinese population"
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2013:
April Lane Benson and Marie Gengler, "Treating Compulsive Buying", in Coombs, p. 452
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1403:, they may attempt to self-medicate through further purchases, followed again by
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1167:) has classified it among "other specified impulse control disorders" (coded as
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April Lane Benson/Marie Gengler, "Treating Compulsive Buying" in Coombs, p. 451
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Aboujaoude, Elias (2014). "Compulsive Buying Disorder: A Review and Update".
2593:
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2150:
2044:
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1130:(1892), Nordau calls oniomania or "buying craze" a "stigma of degeneration".
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1795:
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Lejoyeux, Michel; Weinstein, Aviv (1 September 2010). "Compulsive Buying".
2601:
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1987:
1848:
1813:
1755:
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1603:
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may be useful in the treatment of CBD, although current evidence is mixed.
1386:
Constant obsessing with buying as well as being dissatisfied all the time.
3676:
2568:
Sansone, Randy A.; Chang, Joy; Jewell, Bryan; Rock, Rachel (2013-02-01).
1184:
1060:
985:
780:
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of money, defaulted loans, general financial trouble and in some cases
1200:
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1720:"Neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience: contributions to neurology"
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1160:
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over the recent decades can drive people into compulsive shopping.
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3703:
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1396:
1380:
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addiction, particularly with regard to internet buying platforms.
1231:
1217:
925:
485:
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3661:
3650:
3465:
3691:
3072:
3070:
2549:
Donald Black, "A review of compulsive buying disorder" (2007).
2405:
Müller, Astrid; Mitchell, James E.; de Zwaan, Martina (2013).
1920:"Oniomaniacs: the popular framing of consumption as a disease"
1365:
Diagnostic criteria for compulsive buying have been proposed:
3331:(8th ed.). Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1915.
1120:). Magnan describes compulsive buying as a symptom of social
1718:
Javor A, Koller M, Lee N, Chamberlain L, Ransmayr G (2013).
2382:
Concepts and Controversies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
2384:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 185.
1265:
as providing a buzz, irrespective of the goods purchased.
1068:. Compulsive buying can also be found among people with
2574:
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
2174:
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
1143:
and other conditions that were thought to be related to
2343:
Going broke: why Americans can't hold on to their money
1778:
Müller A, Laskowski NM, Trotzke P, et al. (2021).
3202:
To Buy or Not to Buy: Why We Overshop and How to Stop
2347:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p.
3942:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
2025:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
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Distress or impairment as a result of the activity.
2718:
2716:
2380:Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Houts, Arthur C. (2006).
2340:
1273:Compulsive buying can be found among people with
2985:
2983:
3251:Consuming Passions: Help for Compulsive Shoppers
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
1570:Lejoyeux, Michel; Weinstein, Aviv (2010-08-01).
27:Buying behavior that causes adverse consequences
2856:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
1879:Nordau, Max Simon: Degeneration, 1895, p. 27,
1576:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
3477:
3253:. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 1993.
1033:
8:
2480:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1913:
1911:
1773:
1771:
1769:
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1115:
2813:Catalano and Sonenberg, in Costigan, p. 208
2789:Chakraborty, S.K.; Chakraborty, D. (2006).
1713:
1711:
1226:CBD is similar to, but distinguished from,
1134:described oniomania as of 1909, and he and
3891:
3772:
3513:
3484:
3470:
3462:
2833:Advances in quality of life research, 2001
2496:ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine, The
1183:CBD is characterized by an obsession with
1040:
1026:
362:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
29:
3420:
3225:
3161:
3050:
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2914:
2677:Consumer Culture, Identity and Well-being
2494:Herron, Abigail J., Brennan, Tim K. eds.
2457:
2315:
2140:
1977:
1803:
1745:
1735:
1683:
1284:CBD often has roots in early experience.
3210:"A review of compulsive buying disorder"
3128:Yip, Sarah W.; Potenza, Marc N. (2014).
3035:"A review of compulsive buying disorder"
2570:"Childhood trauma and compulsive buying"
2284:"A review of compulsive buying disorder"
2123:Zadka, Łukasz; Olajossy, Marcin (2016).
1962:"A review of compulsive buying disorder"
1903:Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders
1165:International Classification of Diseases
1059:) is characterized by an obsession with
447:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
3134:Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry
2793:. ICFAI University Press. p. 196.
1562:
1477:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1236:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
41:
2938:Hague, B; Hall, J; Kellett, S (2016).
2473:
2432:Hague B., Hall J., Kellett S. (2016).
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1110:in the 1892 German translation of his
3445:What is Compulsive Shopping Disorder?
1827:Croissant B, Croissant D (2007). "".
1630:Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
432:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
7:
1623:
1621:
1375:Compulsive buying is not limited to
1238:(SSRIs), and support groups such as
4155:Discrimination against drug addicts
2002:Stop Me Because I Can't Stop Myself
1960:BLACK, DONALD W (1 February 2007).
1173:compulsive buying-shopping disorder
1080:Compulsive buying-shopping disorder
4017:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
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25:
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3079:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
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389:Future Primitive and Other Essays
4202:
4201:
4080:Low-threshold treatment programs
3947:Motivational enhancement therapy
3401:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
2944:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
2791:Culture, Society, And Leadership
2438:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
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2237:10.2165/00023210-200115010-00003
1784:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
891:
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4160:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
4150:Category:Vaccines against drugs
2746:Handbook of Addictive Disorders
2525:Handbook of Addictive Disorders
1927:Addiction Research & Theory
1369:Over-preoccupation with buying.
328:The Theory of the Leisure Class
3336:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
3259:Journal of Consumer Psychology
3249:Catalano E. and Sonenberg, N.
3204:Boston: Trumpeter Books, 2008.
3188:(2013) p. 305, 401-2 and 681-2
2675:Helga Dittmar/Emma Halliwell,
2125:"Compulsive buying in outline"
1147:(of the type nowadays denoted
1098:According to German physician
298:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
3783:Adverse childhood experiences
3317:Advances in Consumer Research
3246:. New York: Macmillan, 1924.
3091:10.1517/14656566.2016.1145660
2992:Current Pharmaceutical Design
2899:"In the News: Retail therapy"
1939:10.1080/16066359.2017.1396585
1341:Materialism and image-seeking
347:The Society of the Spectacle
4012:Nicotine replacement therapy
3997:Intensive outpatient program
3985:Residential treatment center
3925:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3365:Journal of Consumer Research
3004:10.2174/13816128113199990618
2868:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590
2586:10.3109/13651501.2011.653379
1588:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590
1463:cognitive behavioral therapy
532:Institute for Social Ecology
3610:Internet addiction disorder
3271:10.1207/s15327663jcp0503_02
2903:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1550:Confessions of a Shopaholic
711:Anti-globalization movement
4254:
4045:List of twelve-step groups
3288:Journal of Consumer Policy
2651:Beyond the Silicon Curtain
2186:10.1080/136515002753724045
1918:Edman J, Berndt J (2018).
1504:, an associated disorder.
1222:Compulsive buying disorder
1163:(the 11th revision of the
1117:Psychiatrische Vorlesungen
1053:Compulsive buying disorder
961:Natural resource economics
203:Feminist political ecology
133:Compulsive buying disorder
4197:
4110:Supervised injection site
4040:Addiction recovery groups
3992:Heroin-assisted treatment
3952:Motivational interviewing
3146:10.1007/s40501-014-0014-5
2037:10.1007/s11469-012-9389-y
1841:10.1007/s00115-006-2214-8
1149:impulse control disorders
1088:impulse control disorders
601:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
108:Collaborative consumption
3793:Psychological dependence
3627:Digital media addictions
3344:Psychology and Marketing
2688:Dittmar/Halliwell, p. 97
2000:Jon E. Grant/S. W. Kim,
1685:10.4103/0028-3886.237019
1666:Bhattacharjee S (2018).
1171:), using the descriptor
911:Gross National Happiness
669:Related social movements
544:Rage Against the Machine
471:Organizations and groups
158:Criticism of advertising
4095:Needle exchange program
4085:Managed alcohol program
4063:Category:Harm reduction
2956:10.1556/2006.5.2016.064
2631:Aboujaourde/Koran, p. 9
2558:Aboujaourde/Koran, p. 8
2450:10.1556/2006.5.2016.064
1796:10.1556/2006.2021.00013
1737:10.1186/1471-2377-13-13
1279:frontotemporal dementia
1086:among "other specified
1074:frontotemporal dementia
931:Influence of mass media
861:Consumption (sociology)
856:Consumption (economics)
706:Anti-corporate activism
303:Sustainable consumption
138:Conspicuous consumption
4115:Tobacco harm reduction
3935:Contingency management
3902:Alcohol detoxification
3615:Internet sex addiction
3413:10.1556/2006.7.2018.94
3356:10.1002/mar.4220090105
3244:Textbook of Psychiatry
2897:Wood, Heather (2003).
2513:10.1002/mar.4220090105
1901:R. J. Frances et al.,
1223:
1116:
1102:, French psychiatrist
508:Earth Liberation Front
452:So, What's Your Price?
427:The Cultural Creatives
4177:Motivational salience
4105:Stimulant maintenance
4090:Moderation Management
4002:Methadone maintenance
2538:I Shop Therefore I Am
2339:Vyse, Stuart (2008).
1221:
941:Intentional community
771:Libertarian socialism
746:Fossil fuel phase-out
496:Deep Green Resistance
457:What Would Jesus Buy?
408:Escape from Affluenza
4238:Behavioral addiction
4100:Responsible drug use
3957:Motivational therapy
3622:Video game addiction
3338:55(10, suppl): 33-51
2761:(London 1998) p. 301
2759:Britain on the Couch
1347:social psychological
1310:poor impulse control
1112:Psychiatric Lectures
1066:personality disorder
966:Non-monetary economy
886:Economic materialism
881:Ecological economics
338:The Affluent Society
288:Steady-state economy
258:Planned obsolescence
188:Ecological economics
4024:Twelve-step program
3907:Drug detoxification
3788:Physical dependence
3208:Black D.W. (2007).
2664:The eBay Phenomenon
2536:April Lane Benson,
1572:"Compulsive Buying"
1508:Historical examples
1361:Symptoms and course
1275:Parkinson's disease
1070:Parkinson's disease
991:Subsistence economy
916:Heterodox economics
836:Advanced capitalism
691:Anarcho-primitivism
676:Alter-globalization
656:Henry David Thoreau
343:One-Dimensional Man
208:Food loss and waste
198:Ethical consumerism
183:Earth Overshoot Day
143:Consumer capitalism
123:Commodity fetishism
78:Autonomous building
68:Alternative culture
18:Compulsive shopping
4182:Incentive salience
4170:Inhibitory control
4145:Category:Addiction
4135:Addiction medicine
3930:Relapse prevention
3867:Tanning dependence
3457:Shopping addiction
3450:2016-03-04 at the
3300:10.1007/bf01016361
2129:Psychiatria Polska
1531:Shopping addiction
1502:gambling addiction
1489:Opioid antagonists
1329:Readily available
1224:
1191:CBD is frequently
946:Left-wing politics
851:Consumer behaviour
786:Occupy Wall Street
379:Small Is Beautiful
98:Buddhist economics
51:Theories and ideas
4215:
4214:
4165:Cognitive control
4123:
4122:
4007:Smoking cessation
3962:Physical exercise
3877:
3876:
3863:Non-drug stimuli
3762:
3761:
3606:Internet-related
3033:Black DW (2007).
2998:(25): 4021–4025.
2733:Women and Healing
2358:978-0-19-530699-6
2142:10.12740/PP/44010
1514:Mary Todd Lincoln
1319:people with CBD.
1240:Debtors Anonymous
1082:is classified by
1050:
1049:
896:Economic problems
721:Diggers (theater)
686:Anarcho-communism
554:The Venus Project
384:To Have or to Be?
268:Political ecology
223:Green consumption
83:Billboard hacking
16:(Redirected from
4245:
4233:Personal finance
4205:
4204:
3892:
3773:
3698:G9a-like protein
3514:
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2679:(2008) pp. 95-97
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1351:consumer culture
1209:eating disorders
1119:
1106:coined the term
1042:
1035:
1028:
976:Post-materialism
894:
893:
811:Social anarchism
736:Environmentalism
651:Bernard Stiegler
646:E. F. Schumacher
606:Edward Goldsmith
421:and Global Order
404:
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358:
273:Post-consumerism
228:Hyperconsumerism
43:Anti-consumerism
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3645:Transcriptional
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3544:Methylphenidate
3539:Methamphetamine
3503:
3490:
3452:Wayback Machine
3441:
3396:
3391:
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3341:
3327:Kraepelin, E.
3314:
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3195:Further reading
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2779:Dittmar, p. 424
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2770:Dittmar, p. 426
2769:
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2731:Lucy Costigan,
2730:
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2722:Klaffke, p. 185
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2697:Frances, p. 315
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1536:Money disorders
1527:
1518:Abraham Lincoln
1510:
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1335:Online shopping
1271:
1252:
1205:substance abuse
1181:
1179:Characteristics
1104:Valentin Magnan
1096:
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1017:
1016:
1015:
951:McDonaldization
936:Informal sector
830:
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751:Green anarchism
701:Anti-capitalism
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631:Donella Meadows
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442:The Corporation
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374:Steal This Book
364:
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333:Brave New World
317:
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263:Right to repair
253:Overconsumption
243:Microgeneration
163:Culture jamming
118:Commodification
103:Buy Nothing Day
88:Buyer's remorse
73:Anti-capitalism
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4055:Harm reduction
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3407:(3): 760–769.
3389:
3377:10.1086/591108
3371:(4): 350–406.
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3186:Team of Rivals
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3140:(2): 189–203.
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2862:(5): 248–253.
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2757:Oliver James,
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1157:mental illness
1132:Emil Kraepelin
1124:. In his book
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3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:Reinforcement
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:Bleuler, E.
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:(2002) p. 164
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2800:9788131401170
2796:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:(2004) p. 442
2747:
2741:
2738:
2735:(2006) p. 208
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:(2004) p. 185
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2653:(1989) p. 145
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2527:(2004) p. 438
2526:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:(2005) p. 315
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:BMC Neurology
1721:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1444:, as well as
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1286:Perfectionism
1282:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:Green economy
904:
902:
899:
897:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
826:
825:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Slow movement
804:
802:
801:Situationists
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Postmodernism
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Eco-socialism
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
666:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:
526:Green Anarchy
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
422:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
352:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:Notable works
313:
312:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Simple living
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3690:
3649:
3591:Sex-related
3579:
3404:
3400:
3368:
3364:
3350:(1): 31–44.
3347:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3291:
3287:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3220:(1): 14–18.
3217:
3213:
3201:
3185:
3180:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3082:
3078:
3042:
3038:
3028:
2995:
2991:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2832:
2831:Bruno Zumo,
2827:
2818:
2809:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2666:(2008) p. 95
2663:
2662:Elen Lewis,
2658:
2650:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2580:(1): 73–76.
2577:
2573:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2476:cite journal
2441:
2437:
2427:
2410:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2342:
2334:
2294:(1): 14–18.
2291:
2287:
2277:
2231:(1): 17–27.
2228:
2224:
2218:
2180:(2): 65–68.
2177:
2173:
2167:
2132:
2128:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2031:(1): 65–68.
2028:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2004:(2004) p. 16
2001:
1996:
1972:(1): 14–18.
1969:
1965:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1902:
1897:
1888:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1835:(5): 575–9.
1832:
1828:
1822:
1787:
1783:
1727:
1723:
1675:
1671:
1636:(2): 83–99.
1633:
1629:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1549:
1541:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1426:
1423:Consequences
1417:
1413:
1389:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1331:credit cards
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1290:
1283:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:Distinctions
1244:
1228:OCD hoarding
1225:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1153:
1127:Degeneration
1125:
1122:degeneration
1111:
1107:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1056:
1052:
1051:
981:Productivism
971:Permaculture
696:Anarcho-punk
636:Pierre Rabhi
611:Paul Goodman
591:Noam Chomsky
536:
524:
514:Fifth Estate
513:
500:
478:
293:Subvertising
233:Laconophilia
218:Gift economy
178:Durable good
173:Downshifting
153:Conviviality
132:
113:Collapsology
93:Bioeconomics
3916:Behavioral
3827:Barbiturate
3822:Amphetamine
3600:Pornography
3595:Intercourse
3529:Amphetamine
3495:disorders:
3329:Psychiatrie
3200:Benson, A.
3085:(6): 1–10.
3045:(1): 14–8.
1481:fluvoxamine
1440:or extreme
1434:defalcation
1432:, theft or
1145:impulsivity
1141:kleptomania
1006:Veblen good
866:Cooperative
841:Advertising
776:Neo-Luddism
726:Ecofeminism
641:John Ruskin
621:Ivan Illich
596:Erich Fromm
559:The Yes Men
491:CrimethInc.
393:Fight Club
365: [
148:Consumerism
4222:Categories
4140:Allen Carr
3980:Drug rehab
3971:Treatment
3887:management
3883:Treatment
3817:Alcoholism
3798:Withdrawal
3768:Dependence
3686:Epigenetic
3638:mechanisms
3571:Financial
3564:Behavioral
3501:dependence
3323:: 132–135.
2909:(9): 700.
2391:038723280X
2100:2019-06-22
2076:2019-06-22
1829:Nervenarzt
1558:References
1542:Shopaholic
1493:naltrexone
1485:citalopram
1438:bankruptcy
1409:depression
1393:addictions
1324:postmodern
1306:depression
1100:Max Nordau
1011:Workaholic
1001:Sweatshops
956:Mutual aid
756:Green left
681:Amateurism
616:André Gorz
238:Local food
213:Freeganism
193:Ecovillage
58:Asceticism
3918:therapies
3807:Disorders
3509:Addiction
3497:addiction
3308:143240695
3279:144637994
3154:2196-3061
3099:1465-6566
3012:1381-6128
2884:207428225
2610:207523867
2594:1365-1501
2367:153773333
2300:1723-8617
2245:1172-7047
2225:CNS Drugs
2194:1471-1788
2151:0033-2674
2091:"PsycNET"
2067:"PsycNET"
2045:1557-1874
1947:148591979
1612:207428225
1596:0095-2990
1497:nalmefene
1456:Treatment
1383:episodes.
1377:hypomanic
1108:oniomania
901:Frugality
716:Communism
520:Freecycle
480:Adbusters
283:Slow Food
63:Affluenza
4207:Category
4128:See also
3973:programs
3852:Nicotine
3842:Cannabis
3837:Caffeine
3776:Concepts
3636:Cellular
3580:Shopping
3575:Gambling
3549:Nicotine
3448:Archived
3431:30264602
3236:17342214
3172:24904757
3115:20831064
3107:26798982
3061:17342214
3020:24001296
2974:27640529
2925:41985547
2876:20560822
2602:22296513
2468:27640529
2326:17342214
2308:55586799
2269:21073559
2261:11465011
2253:30488303
2210:21247136
2202:24931930
2159:27086335
1988:17342214
1849:17123121
1814:33852420
1756:23383650
1702:51712597
1694:30038082
1650:19229837
1604:20560822
1544:(novels)
1525:See also
1491:such as
1479:such as
1193:comorbid
1185:shopping
1061:shopping
986:Shopping
829:See also
781:New Left
35:a series
33:Part of
3847:Cocaine
3534:Cocaine
3524:Alcohol
3422:6426376
3385:3048670
3227:1805733
3163:4041397
3052:1805733
2965:5264404
2459:5264404
2413:: n/a.
2317:1805733
2053:8232261
1979:1805733
1805:8996806
1747:3626833
1450:suicide
1446:anxiety
1302:anxiety
1213:chronic
1201:anxiety
1136:Bleuler
1094:History
564:350.org
437:Evasion
413:No Logo
128:Commune
3857:Opioid
3813:Drugs
3739:HDAC10
3554:Opioid
3429:
3419:
3383:
3306:
3277:
3234:
3224:
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