522:(DES) manages events in time. Most computer, logic-test and fault-tree simulations are of this type. In this type of simulation, the simulator maintains a queue of events sorted by the simulated time they should occur. The simulator reads the queue and triggers new events as each event is processed. It is not important to execute the simulation in real time. It is often more important to be able to access the data produced by the simulation and to discover logic defects in the design or the sequence of events.
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418:) of the values are. Often they are expressed as "error bars", a minimum and maximum deviation from the value range within which the true value (is expected to) lie. Because digital computer mathematics is not perfect, rounding and truncation errors multiply this error, so it is useful to perform an "error analysis" to confirm that values output by the simulation will still be usefully accurate.
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1151:. In some cases animations may also be useful in faster than real-time or even slower than real-time modes. For example, faster than real-time animations can be useful in visualizing the buildup of queues in the simulation of humans evacuating a building. Furthermore, simulation results are often aggregated into static images using various ways of
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580:. In agent-based simulation, the individual entities (such as molecules, cells, trees or consumers) in the model are represented directly (rather than by their density or concentration) and possess an internal state and set of behaviors or rules that determine how the agent's state is updated from one time-step to the next.
1184:. If, for instance, one of the key parameters (e.g., the net ratio of oil-bearing strata) is known to only one significant figure, then the result of the simulation might not be more precise than one significant figure, although it might (misleadingly) be presented as having four significant figures.
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In debugging, simulating a program execution under test (rather than executing natively) can detect far more errors than the hardware itself can detect and, at the same time, log useful debugging information such as instruction trace, memory alterations and instruction counts. This technique can also
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manufacturers make use of computer simulation to test safety features in new designs. By building a copy of the car in a physics simulation environment, they can save the hundreds of thousands of dollars that would otherwise be required to build and test a unique prototype. Engineers can step through
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that can be either small, running almost instantly on small devices, or large-scale programs that run for hours or days on network-based groups of computers. The scale of events being simulated by computer simulations has far exceeded anything possible (or perhaps even imaginable) using traditional
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A model consists of the equations used to capture the behavior of a system. By contrast, computer simulation is the actual running of the program that perform algorithms which solve those equations, often in an approximate manner. Simulation, therefore, is the process of running a model. Thus one
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In social sciences, computer simulation is an integral component of the five angles of analysis fostered by the data percolation methodology, which also includes qualitative and quantitative methods, reviews of the literature (including scholarly), and interviews with experts, and which forms an
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For steady-state simulations, equations define the relationships between elements of the modeled system and attempt to find a state in which the system is in equilibrium. Such models are often used in simulating physical systems, as a simpler modeling case before dynamic simulation is attempted.
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are of crucial importance in the development of computer simulations. Another important aspect of computer simulations is that of reproducibility of the results, meaning that a simulation model should not provide a different answer for each execution. Although this might seem obvious, this is a
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The external data requirements of simulations and models vary widely. For some, the input might be just a few numbers (for example, simulation of a waveform of AC electricity on a wire), while others might require terabytes of information (such as weather and climate models).
855:
An understanding of statistical thermodynamic molecular theory is fundamental to the appreciation of molecular solutions. Development of the
Potential Distribution Theorem (PDT) allows this complex subject to be simplified to down-to-earth presentations of molecular
627:(CGI) animation. Although observers could not necessarily read out numbers or quote math formulas, from observing a moving weather chart they might be able to predict events (and "see that rain was headed their way") much faster than by scanning tables of rain-cloud
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are not possible. There are many types of computer simulations; their common feature is the attempt to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states of the model would be prohibitive or impossible.
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to ensure that the accuracy of the results is properly understood. For example, the probabilistic risk analysis of factors determining the success of an oilfield exploration program involves combining samples from a variety of statistical distributions using the
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Atanasov, AG; Waltenberger, B; Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Linder, T; Wawrosch, C; Uhrin, P; Temml, V; Wang, L; Schwaiger, S; Heiss, EH; Rollinger, JM; Schuster, D; Breuss, JM; Bochkov, V; Mihovilovic, MD; Kopp, B; Bauer, R; Dirsch, VM; Stuppner, H (2015).
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being designed to represent the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to the real-world outcomes they aim to predict. Computer
631:. Such intense graphical displays, which transcended the world of numbers and formulae, sometimes also led to output that lacked a coordinate grid or omitted timestamps, as if straying too far from numeric data displays. Today,
405:
Systems that accept data from external sources must be very careful in knowing what they are receiving. While it is easy for computers to read in values from text or binary files, what is much harder is knowing what the
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High
Performance Computer Modernization Program. Other examples include a 1-billion-atom model of material deformation; a 2.64-million-atom model of the complex protein-producing organelle of all living organisms, the
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multiparticle simulation of the response of nanomaterials at multiple scales to an applied force for the purpose of modeling their thermoelastic and thermodynamic properties. Techniques used for such simulations are
851:
in a pipe. A two-dimensional model might be used to simulate the drag forces on the cross-section of an aeroplane wing. A three-dimensional simulation might estimate the heating and cooling requirements of a large
380:"invariant" data is often built into the model code, either because the value is truly invariant (e.g., the value of ฯ) or because the designers consider the value to be invariant for all cases of interest;
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to plan or redesign parts of the street network from single junctions over cities to a national highway network to transportation system planning, design and operations. See a more detailed article on
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paper-and-pencil mathematical modeling. In 1997, a desert-battle simulation of one force invading another involved the modeling of 66,239 tanks, trucks and other vehicles on simulated terrain around
460:, e.g. electric systems, hydraulic systems or multi-body mechanical systems (described primarily by DAE:s) or dynamics simulation of field problems, e.g. CFD of FEM simulations (described by PDE:s).
847:
simulations are used to simulate the behaviour of flowing air, water and other fluids. One-, two- and three-dimensional models are used. A one-dimensional model might simulate the effects of
1884:
623:. However, psychologists and others noted that humans could quickly perceive trends by looking at graphs or even moving-images or motion-pictures generated from the data, as displayed by
1889:
590:. Simulations dispersed across multiple host computers like this are often referred to as "distributed simulations". There are several standards for distributed simulation, including
545:). Periodically, the simulation program solves all the equations and uses the numbers to change the state and output of the simulation. Applications include flight simulators,
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might shrink or change during an extended period of medical treatment, presenting the passage of time as a spinning view of the visible human head, as the tumor changes.
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Formerly, the output data from a computer simulation was sometimes presented in a table or a matrix showing how data were affected by numerous changes in the simulation
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Desa, W. L. H. M., Kamaruddin, S., & Nawawi, M. K. M. (2012). Modeling of
Aircraft Composite Parts Using Simulation. Advanced Material Research, 591โ593, 557โ560.
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Other applications of CGI computer simulations are being developed to graphically display large amounts of data, in motion, as changes occur during a simulation run.
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1980:
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1126:, where random numbers should actually be semi-random numbers. An exception to reproducibility are human-in-the-loop simulations such as flight simulations and
782:, where it is often called "individual based modeling" and is used in situations for which individual variability in the agents cannot be neglected, such as
546:
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Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and
Ethical Issues for Computing and the Internet. 3. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2007. Pages 363โ364.
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would not "build a simulation"; instead, one would "build a model (or a simulator)", and then either "run the model" or equivalently "run a simulation".
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A special type of discrete simulation that does not rely on a model with an underlying equation, but can nonetheless be represented formally, is
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Another way of categorizing models is to look at the underlying data structures. For time-stepped simulations, there are two main classes:
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1130:. Here a human is part of the simulation and thus influences the outcome in a way that is hard, if not impossible, to reproduce exactly.
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models tend to balance the view of moving rain/snow clouds against a map that uses numeric coordinates and numeric timestamps of events.
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Computer simulation developed hand-in-hand with the rapid growth of the computer, following its first large-scale deployment during the
291:(Switzerland), begun in May 2005 to create the first computer simulation of the entire human brain, right down to the molecular level.
248:. Simulation of a system is represented as the running of the system's model. It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new
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437:(and as a special case of deterministic, chaotic) โ see external links below for examples of stochastic vs. deterministic simulations
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Because of this variety, and because diverse simulation systems have many common elements, there are a large number of specialized
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statistical simulations based upon an agglomeration of a large number of input profiles, such as the forecasting of equilibrium
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data can be entered into the simulation when it starts up, for example by reading one or more files, or by reading data from a
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computer simulation for studying the selective sensitivity of bonds by mechanochemistry during grinding of organic molecules.
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Generic examples of types of computer simulations in science, which are derived from an underlying mathematical description:
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Models used for computer simulations can be classified according to several independent pairs of attributes, including:
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the simulation milliseconds at a time to determine the exact stresses being put upon each section of the prototype.
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that simulate dynamic patterns of urban development and responses to urban land use and transportation policies.
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1999:
1476:"Comparison of Parameter Estimation Methods in Stochastic Chemical Kinetic Models: Examples in Systems Biology"
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30:
This article is about computer model within a scientific context. For simulating a computer on a computer, see
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edited by
Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. pp. 249โ260. New York: Routledge,
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Dynamic simulations attempt to capture changes in a system in response to (usually changing) input signals.
339:. Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitute for, modeling systems for which simple
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Young, Joseph and
Findley, Michael. 2014. "Computational Modeling to Study Conflicts and Terrorism."
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Simulations which store their data in regular grids and require only next-neighbor access are called
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that cannot be solved analytically, theories that involve continuous systems such as phenomena in
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Process of building a computer model, and the interplay between experiment, simulation, and theory
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behavior of structures (such as buildings and industrial parts) under stress and other conditions
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1542:"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review"
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Modelling and
Simulation in the Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View
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619:. The use of the matrix format was related to traditional use of the matrix concept in
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An
Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements
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Although sometimes ignored in computer simulations, it is very important to perform a
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extension of data triangulation. Of course, similar to any other scientific method,
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Notable, and sometimes controversial, computer simulations used in science include:
1374:
1352:"Largest computational biology simulation mimics life's most essential nanomachine"
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and similar "hard to detect" errors as well as produce performance information and
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have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in
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37:"Computer model" redirects here. For computer models of 3 dimensional objects, see
17:
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Building
Software for Simulation: Theory and Algorithms, with Applications in C++
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565:. By the late 1980s, however, most "analog" simulations were run on conventional
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The reliability and the trust people put in computer simulations depends on the
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Computer simulations are used in a wide variety of practical contexts, such as:
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data can be provided during the simulation run, for example by a sensor network.
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Study on grinding of pharmaceutical products with an aid of computer simulation
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and which cannot be described directly with differential equations (this is a
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Extending
Ourselves: Computational Science, Empiricism, and Scientific Method
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The Every Computer Performance Book, Chapter 7: Modeling Computer Performance
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If the underlying graph is not a regular grid, the model may belong to the
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Control surfaces used to direct the progress of the simulation in some way;
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models run on a network of interconnected computers, possibly through the
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data to be input for a specific locale. This technique was developed for
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Values output for the purpose by other simulations, models, or processes.
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Strogatz, Steven (2007). "The End of Insight". In Brockman, John (ed.).
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1133:
931: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The World as a Process: Simulations in the Natural and Social Sciences
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794:(most purely mathematical models assume all trout behave identically).
557:. Originally, these kinds of simulations were actually implemented on
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modeling car crashes to test safety mechanisms in new vehicle models.
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simulation in the above sense). Phenomena in this category include
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simulation, typically used for discrete systems where events occur
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design of industrial processes, such as chemical processing plants
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computer simulation to model viral infection in mammalian cells.
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time stepped dynamic model. In hydrology there are several such
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1995:
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1804:
Guide to the Computer Simulation Oral History Archive 2003-2018
1413:
Bratley, Paul; Fox, Bennet L.; Schrage, Linus E. (2011-06-28).
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for the petroleum engineering to model the subsurface reservoir
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Santner, Thomas J; Williams, Brian J; Notz, William I (2003).
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can be used to experience a simulation in real-time, e.g., in
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can be used to display the results of a computer simulation.
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and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for
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Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies
360:
Sensors and other physical devices connected to the model;
44:"Digital model" redirects here. For digital twinning, see
27:
Process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer
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in agriculture, via dedicated software frameworks (e.g.
1042:
forecasting of prices on financial markets (for example
1630:"Making Models Match: Replicating an Agent-Based Model"
369:
Values extracted as a by-product from other processes;
277:, in 2005; a complete simulation of the life cycle of
1634:
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
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for the design of robots and robot control algorithms
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computer simulations have also been used to formally
1301:"Researchers stage largest Military Simulation ever"
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agent based simulation has been used effectively in
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Lastly, the time at which data is available varies:
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759:Specific examples of computer simulations include:
85:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
294:Because of the computational cost of simulation,
893:is an important part of computational modeling
1611:United States: Springer Psychology: 126 pages.
1588:Mizukami, Koichi; Saito, Fumio; Baron, Michel.
1474:Gupta, Ankur; Rawlings, James B. (April 2014).
1400:The design and analysis of computer experiments
1329:"Molecular Simulation of Macroscopic Phenomena"
450:(and as an important special case of discrete,
1446:. University Science Books. pp. 128โ129.
2007:
1824:
259:Computer simulations are realized by running
8:
731:with small numbers of molecules. (see also:
547:construction and management simulation games
1375:"Mission to build a simulated brain begins"
767:of receiving waters, allowing the gamut of
366:Current or historical data entered by hand;
2014:
2000:
1992:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1743:, Theory and Decision Library. Dordrecht:
1609:Creating Models in Psychological Research.
1752:Science in the Age of Computer Simulation
1565:
1515:
1419:. Springer Science & Business Media.
973:As a possible humane alternative to live
947:Learn how and when to remove this message
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
656:
171:
156:
48:. For virtual fictional characters, see
1267:
638:Similarly, CGI computer simulations of
604:Test and Training Enabling Architecture
268:, using multiple supercomputers in the
1350:Ambrosiano, Nancy (October 19, 2005).
661:Computer simulation of the process of
298:are used to perform inference such as
167:Weather Research and Forecasting model
1628:Wilensky, Uri; Rand, William (2007).
1070:process engineering simulation tools.
483:applications belong to this category.
7:
1469:
1467:
1373:Graham-Rowe, Duncan (June 6, 2005).
1210:List of computer simulation software
929:adding citations to reliable sources
813:for river water quality forecasting.
811:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
600:High Level Architecture (simulation)
83:adding citations to reliable sources
2105:Climate change mitigation scenarios
1739:, in: R. Hegselmann et al. (eds.),
1729:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1716:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
592:Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol
573:the behavior of an analog computer.
1313:. December 4, 1997. Archived from
984:design of complex systems such as
596:Distributed Interactive Simulation
25:
1035:simulation of other computers is
1027:simulation of electrical circuits
818:model theories of human cognition
513:to model chance or random events;
161:A 48-hour computer simulation of
2251:
2250:
2241:
2240:
1558:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
1460:from the original on 2015-03-16.
1387:from the original on 2015-02-09.
905:
531:differential-algebraic equations
356:Input sources also vary widely:
59:
2171:Integrated assessment modelling
969:atmospheric dispersion modeling
916:needs additional citations for
529:performs numerical solution of
70:needs additional citations for
2292:Alternatives to animal testing
1895:Monte Carlo molecular modeling
1356:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1122:special point of attention in
341:closed form analytic solutions
228:, as well as human systems in
1:
2297:Computational fields of study
1938:Electronic circuit simulation
694:roadway air dispersion models
527:continuous dynamic simulation
402:. There are now many others.
2084:Open energy system databases
1857:Protein structure prediction
1277:What is your dangerous idea?
1090:Simulation in Transportation
845:Computational fluid dynamics
331:. It was a simulation of 12
2151:Electric power transmission
1880:Chemical process simulators
1756:University of Chicago Press
1440:John Robert Taylor (1999).
1119:verification and validation
753:Multiscale Green's function
2318:
1709:R. Frigg and S. Hartmann,
827:computer simulation using
799:hydrology transport models
672:a numerical simulation of
625:computer-generated-imagery
300:uncertainty quantification
43:
36:
29:
2236:
2120:Mathematical optimization
2089:Open energy system models
1779:. John Wiley & Sons.
1306:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
551:chemical process modeling
519:discrete event simulation
458:Dynamic system simulation
1773:James J. Nutaro (2011).
1153:scientific visualization
729:gene regulatory networks
704:fall into this category.
510:random number generators
398:. The best-known may be
327:to model the process of
1948:Multiphysics simulation
1923:Cosmological simulation
1862:Nucleic acid simulation
1767:Oxford University Press
1607:Mesly, Olivier (2015).
1080:urban simulation models
1031:Power system simulation
1007:application performance
820:and performance, e.g.,
440:Steady-state or dynamic
306:Simulation versus model
1981:Organizational studies
1333:IBM Research - Almaden
1124:stochastic simulations
1060:organizational studies
674:differential equations
665:
578:agent-based simulation
535:differential equations
412:measurement resolution
177:
169:
2277:Computational science
2223:Energy Modeling Forum
1724:Simulation in Science
1651:Wescott, Bob (2013).
1416:A Guide to Simulation
1235:Simulation video game
1225:Simulation hypothesis
897:In practical contexts
660:
553:, and simulations of
337:Monte Carlo algorithm
280:Mycoplasma genitalium
206:computational physics
175:
160:
94:"Computer simulation"
1953:Reservoir simulation
1933:Dynamical simulation
1255:Web-based simulation
1177:sensitivity analysis
1149:training simulations
1065:reservoir simulation
1056:strategic management
925:improve this article
396:simulation languages
296:computer experiments
254:analytical solutions
183:is the running of a
79:improve this article
2302:Computer simulation
2282:Simulation software
2110:Computer simulation
1840:Computer simulation
1492:2014AIChE..60.1253G
1245:Virtual prototyping
1230:Simulation software
1195:Computational model
1086:traffic engineering
1023:forecasting of risk
1018:weather forecasting
784:population dynamics
745:Molecular mechanics
698:continuum mechanics
642:can simulate how a
633:weather forecasting
621:mathematical models
555:electrical circuits
181:Computer simulation
18:Computer Simulation
2228:openmod initiative
2146:Electricity market
1928:Dynamic simulation
1890:Molecular modeling
1595:2011-07-21 at the
1402:. Springer Verlag.
1354:. Los Alamos, NM:
1182:Monte Carlo method
1113:of the simulation
999:to effect roadway
829:molecular modeling
749:Monte Carlo method
741:Molecular dynamics
733:Monte Carlo method
678:physical cosmology
666:
329:nuclear detonation
185:mathematical model
178:
170:
50:Virtual influencer
2264:
2263:
2125:Scenario analysis
1989:
1988:
1971:Social simulation
1885:Quantum chemistry
1786:978-1-118-09945-2
1711:Models in Science
1617:978-3-319-15752-8
1500:10.1002/aic.14409
1453:978-0-935702-75-0
1279:. HarperCollins.
1205:Illustris project
1141:Computer graphics
1099:crop-soil systems
1012:flight simulators
967:dispersion using
957:
956:
949:
881:and Thomas Ray's
809:developed by the
773:thermal pollution
713:probabilistically
702:chemical kinetics
567:digital computers
321:Manhattan Project
283:in 2012; and the
261:computer programs
155:
154:
147:
129:
16:(Redirected from
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2246:Economics models
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2016:
2009:
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1993:
1900:Molecular design
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1240:UniverseMachine
1215:Scene generator
1190:
1173:
1161:buffer overflow
1014:to train pilots
953:
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1342:
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1320:
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682:fluid dynamics
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602:(HLA) and the
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1749:
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1746:
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1735:S. Hartmann,
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914:This section
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721:genetic drift
718:
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699:
695:
691:
690:roadway noise
687:
683:
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611:Visualization
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485:
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478:
477:stencil codes
474:
473:
472:
466:
462:
459:
456:
454:or DE models)
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:deterministic
432:
429:
428:
427:
421:
419:
417:
413:
410:(compared to
409:
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174:
168:
164:
163:Typhoon Mawar
159:
149:
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135:December 2022
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96: โ
95:
91:
90:Find sources:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:This article
66:
62:
57:
56:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
2202:John Laitner
2139:Applications
2109:
1839:
1775:
1762:
1751:
1740:
1727:
1722:E. Winsberg
1714:
1677:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1633:
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1608:
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1399:
1393:
1378:
1368:
1360:the original
1345:
1337:the original
1332:
1323:
1315:the original
1304:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1200:Digital twin
1174:
1157:
1139:
1132:
1117:, therefore
1108:
1005:modeling of
963:analysis of
958:
943:
934:
923:Please help
918:verification
915:
887:
869:
868:used in the
859:
849:water hammer
807:DSSAM Models
801:such as the
775:forecasting.
758:
716:
667:
648:
637:
614:
526:
517:
508:
502:
493:
470:
425:
404:
393:
385:preprocessor
375:
355:
351:
333:hard spheres
325:World War II
318:
309:
293:
278:
258:
210:astrophysics
180:
179:
141:
132:
122:
115:
108:
101:
89:
77:Please help
72:verification
69:
46:Digital twin
2207:John Weyant
1754:. Chicago:
1659:CreateSpace
891:replication
765:temperature
725:biochemical
629:coordinates
598:(DIS), the
584:Distributed
507:models use
465:distributed
287:project at
246:engineering
242:health care
214:climatology
198:simulations
39:3D modeling
2271:Categories
1765:. Oxford:
1262:References
1220:Simulation
1145:Animations
995:design of
879:Daisyworld
709:stochastic
653:In science
617:parameters
504:Stochastic
444:Continuous
431:Stochastic
285:Blue Brain
250:technology
234:psychology
165:using the
105:newspapers
2056:Open data
1976:Sociology
1872:Chemistry
1508:0001-1541
1037:emulation
990:logistics
988:and also
937:June 2022
852:building.
640:CAT scans
463:Local or
416:precision
230:economics
218:chemistry
2098:Concepts
1842:software
1593:Archived
1576:26281720
1526:27429455
1458:Archived
1385:Archived
1188:See also
1171:Pitfalls
1111:validity
992:systems.
986:aircraft
717:discrete
692:models,
594:(ALSP),
588:Internet
543:ordinary
537:(either
448:discrete
408:accuracy
335:using a
275:ribosome
189:computer
32:emulator
1910:Physics
1849:Biology
1769:, 2004.
1758:, 2010.
1640:(4): 2.
1567:4748402
1517:4946376
1488:Bibcode
1311:Caltech
1159:detect
1134:Vehicle
856:theory.
780:ecology
684:(e.g.,
663:osmosis
606:(TENA).
571:emulate
563:op-amps
539:partial
479:. Many
315:History
222:biology
202:physics
119:scholar
2180:People
2068:Reegle
2063:OpenEI
2037:MARKAL
2030:Models
1783:
1745:Kluwer
1685:
1665:
1615:
1574:
1564:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1450:
1423:
1283:
1167:data.
1165:tuning
883:Tierra
866:World3
788:salmon
751:, and
490:class.
400:Simula
266:Kuwait
191:, the
121:
114:
107:
100:
92:
2077:Lists
2047:POLES
1115:model
1103:BioMA
822:ACT-R
792:trout
644:tumor
569:that
422:Types
193:model
187:on a
126:JSTOR
112:books
2042:NEMS
1781:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1572:PMID
1522:PMID
1504:ISSN
1448:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1058:and
831:for
805:and
803:SWMM
790:and
700:and
414:and
289:EPFL
244:and
224:and
98:news
1562:PMC
1554:doi
1512:PMC
1496:doi
927:by
786:of
727:or
696:),
541:or
533:or
481:CFD
446:or
433:or
323:in
270:DoD
208:),
81:by
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1657:.
1638:10
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1570:.
1560:.
1550:33
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1494:.
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1478:.
1466:^
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216:,
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123:ยท
116:ยท
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