1452:
1479:
367:
585:) evolved from batch monitors connected to the system console. Their interaction model was a series of request-response transactions, with requests expressed as textual commands in a specialized vocabulary. Latency was far lower than for batch systems, dropping from days or hours to seconds. Accordingly, command-line systems allowed the user to change their mind about later stages of the transaction in response to real-time or near-real-time feedback on earlier results. Software could be exploratory and interactive in ways not possible before. But these interfaces still placed a relatively heavy
1414:
605:
1029:
1377:
474:
1426:
1395:
688:
512:
1519:
1491:
1464:
2002:
571:
4437:
1531:
272:
976:
911:: However ironically, the over-clarification of information—for instance, by labelling the majority, if not the entirety, of items displayed on-screen at once, and regardless of whether or not the user would in fact require a visual indicator of some kind in order to identify a given item—can, and, under most normal circumstances, most likely will lead to the obfuscation of whatever information.
4447:
47:
1507:
4457:
676:
422:. Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT). However it is abbreviated, the terms refer to the 'layer' that separates a human that is operating a machine from the machine itself. Without a clean and usable interface, humans would not be able to interact with information systems.
2714:
481:
In the batch era, computing power was extremely scarce and expensive. User interfaces were rudimentary. Users had to accommodate computers rather than the other way around; user interfaces were considered overhead, and software was designed to keep the processor at maximum utilization with as little
660:
This defined that a pulldown menu system should be at the top of the screen, status bar at the bottom, shortcut keys should stay the same for all common functionality (F2 to Open for example would work in all applications that followed the SAA standard). This greatly helped the speed at which users
555:
which was always resident on the computer. Programs could call the monitor for services. Another function of the monitor was to do better error checking on submitted jobs, catching errors earlier and more intelligently and generating more useful feedback to the users. Thus, monitors represented the
417:
installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI). HMI is a modification of the original term MMI (man–machine interface). In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now. Another abbreviation is
535:
for a single job often spanned entire days. If one was very lucky, it might be hours; there was no real-time response. But there were worse fates than the card queue; some computers required an even more tedious and error-prone process of toggling in programs in binary code using console switches.
616:
Just as importantly, the existence of an accessible screen—a two-dimensional display of text that could be rapidly and reversibly modified—made it economical for software designers to deploy interfaces that could be described as visual rather than textual. The pioneering applications of this kind
966:
for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If the designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface.
596:
with computers, adapting a mature technology that had proven effective for mediating the transfer of information over wires between human beings. Teleprinters had originally been invented as devices for automatic telegraph transmission and reception; they had a history going back to 1902 and had
612:
The widespread adoption of video-display terminals (VDTs) in the mid-1970s ushered in the second phase of command-line systems. These cut latency further, because characters could be thrown on the phosphor dots of a screen more quickly than a printer head or carriage can move. They helped quell
396:
A human–machine interface (HMI) is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, and is the interface method between the human and the equipment/machine. An operator interface is the interface method by which multiple pieces of equipment, linked by a host control system, are accessed or
2123:
In some circumstance computers might observe the user, and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly
1225:
show or conceal menu options or functions depending on the user's level of permissions. The system is intended to improve the user experience by removing items that are unavailable to the user. A user who sees functions that are unavailable for use may become frustrated. It also provides an
2711:
527:
to supply another dataset or helper software. The job would generate a printout, containing final results or an abort notice with an attached error log. Successful runs might also write a result on magnetic tape or generate some data cards to be used in a later computation.
613:
conservative resistance to interactive programming by cutting ink and paper consumables out of the cost picture, and were to the first TV generation of the late 1950s and 60s even more iconic and comfortable than teleprinters had been to the computer pioneers of the 1940s.
508:, specialized, typewriter-like machines that were notoriously bulky, unforgiving, and prone to mechanical failure. The software interface was similarly unforgiving, with very strict syntaxes designed to be parsed by the smallest possible compilers and interpreters.
82:) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, while the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators'
1172:
are human–machine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human–machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language,
1163:
provide input to electronic or electro-mechanical devices by passing a finger through reproduced holographic images of what would otherwise be tactile controls of those devices, floating freely in the air, detected by a wave source and without tactile
993:
designed the User
Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade.
954:(POLA) is a general principle in the design of all kinds of interfaces. It is based on the idea that human beings can only pay full attention to one thing at one time, leading to the conclusion that novelty should be minimized.
900:
In broad terms, interfaces generally regarded as user friendly, efficient, intuitive, etc. are typified by one or more particular qualities. For the purpose of example, a non-exhaustive list of such characteristics follows:
929:: While you do not need to make an interface attractive for it to do its job, making something look good will make the time your users spend using your application more enjoyable; and happier users can only be a good thing.
1072:
with the computer keyboard and respond by outputting text to the computer monitor. Used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer
251:. CUI may also be classified by how many senses they interact with as either an X-sense virtual reality interface or X-sense augmented reality interface, where X is the number of senses interfaced with. For example, a
290:
is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the physical part of the Human
Machine Interface which we can see and touch.
1153:
are the physical, spatial interfaces found on products in the real world from toasters, to car dashboards, to airplane cockpits. They are generally a mixture of knobs, buttons, sliders, switches, and touchscreens.
1081:
enable users to command the computer with plain text
English (e.g., via text messages, or chatbots) or voice commands, instead of graphic elements. These interfaces often emulate human-to-human conversations.
148:(HID). User interfaces that dispense with the physical movement of body parts as an intermediary step between the brain and the machine use no input or output devices except electrodes alone; they are called
1364:
are graphical user interfaces in which information objects are represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the user can change the scale of the viewed area in order to show more detail.
1007:
Findable: Are users able to quickly find the information they are looking for? Information needs to be findable and simple to navigate. A user should never have to hunt for your product or information.
920:: A good interface should not feel sluggish. This means that the interface should provide good feedback to the user about what's happening and whether the user's input is being successfully processed.
1087:
attempt to personify the computer interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as
Microsoft's Clippy the paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form.
404:
might provide two user interfaces, one for library patrons (limited set of functions, optimized for ease of use) and the other for library personnel (wide set of functions, optimized for efficiency).
504:
Submitting a job to a batch machine involved first preparing a deck of punched cards that described a program and its dataset. The program cards were not punched on the computer itself but on
1188:, employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction. This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and more recently the handheld markets.
2072:
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the idea that the direction of gaze may be used as a device to detect a sense-of-presence in
Immersive Virtual Environments (IVE) in some contexts.
1478:
2647:
2456:
1103:
is the name of a general class of user interfaces that allow users to manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond at least loosely to the physical world.
117:
is to produce a user interface that makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum
547:
code to talk to I/O devices and do whatever other housekeeping was needed. Midway through the batch period, after 1957, various groups began to experiment with so-called "
121:). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user.
1394:
3006:
1989:
Neural co-activations are present that in turn generate significant EMG levels and hence unintended movements in the case of the present human machine interface (HMI).
1821:
1451:
298:
refers to this kind of system. In the context of computing, the term typically extends as well to the software dedicated to control the physical elements used for
914:
Familiarity: Even if someone uses an interface for the first time, certain elements can still be familiar. Real-life metaphors can be used to communicate meaning.
1330:, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface.
1376:
2140:
1425:
2953:
3480:
1413:
768:. Commercial failure (25K sold) due to cost ($ 16K each), performance (minutes to save a file, couple of hours to recover from crash), and poor marketing
355:
2766:
865:
Typical human–machine interface design consists of the following stages: interaction specification, interface software specification and prototyping:
523:
Once the cards were punched, one would drop them in a job queue and wait. Eventually, operators would feed the deck to the computer, perhaps mounting
2159:
231:. Standard CUI use standard human interface devices like keyboards, mice, and computer monitors. When the CUI blocks out the real world to create a
597:
already become well-established in newsrooms and elsewhere by 1920. In reusing them, economy was certainly a consideration, but psychology and the
4501:
2110:
1834:
The user interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI).
2285:
4190:
4162:
2558:
4215:
3282:
3253:
2644:
1922:
1004:
Desirable: Is the design of the application sleek and to the point? The aesthetics of the system should be attractive, and easy to translate.
543:
Early batch systems gave the currently running job the entire computer; program decks and tapes had to include what we would now think of as
2620:
1013:: Does the application support enlarged text without breaking the framework? An application should be accessible to those with disabilities.
4066:
2663:
1060:, and receives the output when all the processing is done. The computer does not prompt for further input after the processing has started.
646:
1016:
Credible: Does the application exhibit trustworthy security and company details? An application should be transparent, secure, and honest.
2448:
2362:
393:
Where a network of equipment or computers are interlinked through an MES (Manufacturing
Execution System)-or Host to display information.
4220:
3499:
2056:
923:
Consistency: Keeping your interface consistent across your application is important because it allows users to recognize usage patterns.
905:
Clarity: The interface avoids ambiguity by making everything clear through language, flow, hierarchy and metaphors for visual elements.
4486:
3732:
1490:
1019:
Valuable: Does the end-user think it's valuable? If all 6 criteria are met, the end-user will find value and trust in the application.
757:
dramatizes the events, Apple had already been working on developing a GUI, such as the
Macintosh and Lisa projects, before the visit.
4372:
4200:
3737:
2431:
1656:
445:
In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of
1885:
4460:
3561:
3057:
3001:
2191:
3848:
2976:
2946:
2783:
1901:
In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now.
1192:
998:
Usable: Is the design of the system easy and simple to use? The application should feel familiar, and it should be easy to use.
951:
598:
4101:
419:
299:
71:
4139:
3765:
3473:
3169:
3067:
1763:
1518:
1206:
1140:
102:
controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to, or involve such disciplines as,
1814:
601:
mattered as well; teleprinters provided a point of interface with the system that was familiar to many engineers and users.
366:
4281:
4258:
3988:
3978:
3447:
2996:
2981:
2806:
2759:
1099:
465:
The history of user interfaces can be divided into the following phases according to the dominant type of user interface:
454:
2697:
2524:
1553:
1046:
deciding when to interrupt the user, the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user.
536:
The very earliest machines had to be partly rewired to incorporate program logic into themselves, using devices known as
153:
149:
4496:
4362:
3950:
3858:
3770:
3546:
3531:
3042:
3027:
2986:
1686:
515:
Holes are punched in the card according to a prearranged code transferring the facts from the census questionnaire into
4450:
4185:
3690:
3208:
3155:
1212:
1202:, which observe the user to infer their needs and intentions, without requiring that they formulate explicit commands.
1168:
1463:
2136:
1314:
or touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. They supplement or replace other forms of output with
4422:
4071:
3223:
3062:
2939:
1568:
1558:
1506:
1497:
524:
941:: A good interface should not punish users for their mistakes but should instead provide the means to remedy them.
4440:
4367:
4342:
4205:
3853:
3466:
3258:
3077:
3037:
3032:
2991:
2910:
1631:
1604:
1270:
1077:
754:
314:
38:
1232:
where the users control and redefine the entire system via the user interface alone, for instance to change its
4491:
4481:
4291:
4124:
3717:
3586:
3301:
3188:
3052:
2826:
2752:
1943:"Dexterous control of a prosthetic hand using fine-wire intramuscular electrodes in targeted extrinsic muscles"
1598:
1548:
1127:
1091:
1038:
780:
709:
670:
642:
414:
375:
374:
for the INPUT and for the OUTPUT. Often, there is an additional component implemented in software, like e.g. a
345:
207:
55:
2633:
Table 1. Differences between the traditional application-oriented and object-oriented approaches to UI design.
935:: Time is money, and a great interface should make the user more productive through shortcuts and good design.
653:(CUA) derivative. CUA successfully created what we know and use today in Windows, and most of the more recent
382:
There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI).
4352:
4286:
4177:
3993:
3660:
3047:
2862:
1651:
1625:
1246:
1095:
are graphical user interfaces in which the primary task consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing.
431:
280:
2733:
891:
Common practices for prototyping are based on libraries of interface elements (controls, decoration, etc.).
4417:
4248:
4129:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3435:
3374:
3263:
3243:
3192:
3150:
2920:
2915:
2839:
1701:
1676:
1641:
1636:
1620:
1530:
1360:
1275:
1254:
1064:
979:
799:
650:
565:
145:
2155:
1242:
is how the search box of a site is displayed, as well as the visual representation of the search results.
4387:
4357:
4347:
4243:
4157:
4033:
3973:
3940:
3930:
3820:
3785:
3775:
3712:
3581:
3556:
3551:
3516:
3218:
3184:
3086:
3022:
2326:
2199:
2078:
2021:
1840:
1681:
1615:
857:
701:
548:
318:
247:. When a UI interacts with all human senses, it is called a qualia interface, named after the theory of
114:
31:
2106:
328:
Tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of
86:
process. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer
4147:
4119:
4091:
4086:
3915:
3891:
3843:
3828:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3757:
3707:
3702:
3619:
3565:
3415:
3389:
2849:
2801:
2277:
1431:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1259:
1182:
monitor the user's body motions and translate them into commands, currently being developed by Apple.
1144:
885:
870:
351:
341:
172:
259:
interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) virtual reality interface; and when
4412:
4337:
4253:
4238:
4003:
3790:
3747:
3742:
3639:
3629:
3601:
3384:
3336:
3213:
2894:
2550:
1216:
1107:
1069:
617:
were computer games and text editors; close descendants of some of the earliest specimens, such as
446:
322:
141:
4377:
4276:
4152:
4109:
4018:
3960:
3945:
3935:
3727:
3526:
3321:
3228:
2689:
2628:
2601:
1769:
1610:
1588:
1563:
1120:
717:
618:
1748:
Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST '92
1001:
Useful: Does the application fulfill a need? A business's product or service needs to be useful.
813:: hardware-independent platform and networking protocol for developing GUIs on UNIX-like systems
434:. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical)
400:
The system may expose several user interfaces to serve different kinds of users. For example, a
1196:
are used for search engines and on webpages. User types in a question and waits for a response.
687:
511:
4397:
4327:
4306:
4268:
4076:
4043:
4023:
3722:
3634:
3508:
3430:
3379:
3311:
3268:
3109:
2880:
2872:
2811:
2427:
2354:
1980:
1962:
1918:
1759:
1435:
1404:
728:
697:
638:
473:
439:
337:
333:
240:
176:
67:
2721:." Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. ACM, 2003.
2050:"Gaze Direction Analysis for the Investigation of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments"
2049:
1787:
1131:(GUI) accept input via devices such as a computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated
263:
interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) augmented reality interface.
4230:
4114:
4081:
3876:
3805:
3694:
3680:
3675:
3624:
3611:
3536:
3489:
3410:
2962:
2834:
2679:
2593:
2397:
1970:
1954:
1751:
1696:
1470:
1386:
1279:
1263:
1136:
1057:
1028:
827:
732:
680:
622:
552:
544:
329:
188:
137:
87:
59:
1929:
Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT)
4301:
4195:
4167:
4061:
4013:
3998:
3983:
3838:
3833:
3780:
3670:
3644:
3596:
3541:
3354:
3316:
3287:
2889:
2884:
2796:
2718:
2651:
2339:
2212:
2091:
2034:
1853:
1671:
1666:
1334:
823:
1985 – Microsoft and IBM start work on OS/2 meant to eventually replace MS-DOS and
Windows
810:
532:
427:
401:
386:
The term "user interface" is often used in the context of (personal) computer systems and
232:
171:. Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI (
95:
83:
2739:
2226:
589:
load on the user, requiring a serious investment of effort and learning time to master.
348:
for human–machine interface on computers, as nearly all of them are now using graphics.
17:
4407:
4311:
4210:
4056:
4028:
3364:
3326:
3198:
2581:
2386:"User interface consistency across end-user applications: the effects on mental models"
2187:
1975:
1942:
1874:
1177:
983:
917:
791:
724:
705:
498:
252:
99:
2008:. Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy: IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca: 5
4475:
4296:
3591:
3306:
3145:
3099:
2420:
2308:
1577:
1401:
1383:
1299:
1295:
1116:
1052:
are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the details of the
1010:
310:
2605:
1788:"The User Experience of Libraries: Serving The Common Good User Experience Magazine"
1580:– the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body
294:
In complex systems, the human–machine interface is typically computerized. The term
271:
4392:
4051:
3233:
2816:
2693:
2401:
1773:
1746:
Cohen, Philip R. (1992). "The role of natural language in a multimodal interface".
1441:
1233:
847:
1.10 Standard
Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2
556:
first step towards both operating systems and explicitly designed user interfaces.
494:
486:
450:
133:
1250:, which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical environment or its element.
661:
could learn an application so it caught on quick and became an industry standard.
604:
1356:
get inputs from a set of sensors instead of querying the user with input dialogs.
862:
Primary methods used in the interface design include prototyping and simulation.
4382:
4008:
3920:
3359:
3341:
3124:
3114:
3104:
2857:
1593:
1583:
1347:
1286:
938:
834:
817:
593:
570:
387:
46:
1958:
211:(GUI), which is composed of a tactile UI and a visual UI capable of displaying
4402:
4332:
3925:
3665:
3521:
2667:
1573:
932:
926:
761:
750:
746:
742:: commercial failure due to expense, poor user interface, and lack of programs
739:
516:
490:
435:
371:
306:
107:
103:
1966:
1884:. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA: SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: 19.
1226:
enhancement to security by hiding functional items from unauthorized persons.
37:"Man-machine interface" redirects here. For the communications protocol, see
3907:
3868:
3296:
3203:
3129:
3094:
2494:"User Interface & User Experience Design | Oryzo | Small Business UI/UX"
2385:
1661:
1646:
1607:– the use of sensory representations of abstract data to reinforce cognition
1319:
1132:
1043:
908:
881:
776:
713:
537:
276:
184:
118:
2493:
2422:
The human interface : new directions for designing interactive systems
2392:. Managing virtual workplaces and teleworking with information technology.
1984:
820:– provided GUI interface to MS-DOS. No overlapping windows (tiled instead).
255:
is a 3-sense (3S) Standard CUI with visual display, sound and smells; when
2684:
1755:
1236:. Typically, this is only possible with very rich graphic user interfaces.
975:
675:
453:
and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to
205:) are UIs that interact with two or more senses. The most common CUI is a
3968:
3425:
1343:
1311:
1139:. There are at least two different principles widely used in GUI design:
877:, activity-oriented design, scenario-based design, and resiliency design.
784:
772:
586:
505:
501:, human beings did not interact with batch machines in real time at all.
212:
1941:
Cipriani, Christian; Segil, Jacob; Birdwell, Jay; Weir, Richard (2014).
962:
If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop
3420:
3349:
3119:
2791:
1691:
1112:
874:
765:
410:
305:
The engineering of human–machine interfaces is enhanced by considering
180:
2712:
A zero-input interface for leveraging group experience in web browsing
2597:
2003:"Development of a neural interface for the control of a robotic hand"
1291:
990:
802:
shown twice, was the most expensive commercial ever made at that time
248:
136:(such as keyboards, mice, or game pads) and output hardware (such as
2931:
837:– Overlapping and resizable windows, keyboard and mouse enhancements
485:
The input side of the user interfaces for batch machines was mainly
3458:
1111:
are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand
438:—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g.,
3369:
2744:
1947:
IEEE Transactions on Neural
Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
1722:"Eurotherm Parker SSD Link Hardware L5392 | Automation Industrial"
1027:
963:
686:
674:
603:
569:
510:
472:
430:, HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as a
270:
192:
91:
45:
2156:"Text User Interface Development Series Part One – T.U.I. Basics"
1274:(TUIs) are user interfaces which interact via text. TUIs include
2621:"Improve Your UI Design Process with Object-Oriented Techniques"
2251:
1302:, industrial processes and machines, self-service machines, etc.
844:
657:
or Windows Console Applications will use that standard as well.
626:
124:
User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a
51:
3462:
2935:
2748:
2551:"As app fatigue sets in, Toronto engineers move on to chatbots"
3405:
880:
Common practices for interface software specification include
806:
795:
654:
239:. When the CUI does not block out the real world and creates
1266:
by making tasks, not files, the primary unit of interaction.
2055:. University of London: Department of Computer Science: 5.
830:
because their GUI desktop looked too much like Apple's Mac.
27:
Means by which a user interacts with and controls a machine
2426:(1. printing. ed.). Reading, Mass. : Addison Wesley.
1601:– organizing, naming, and labelling information structures
449:
is required, and sensors noting the position of the head,
2586:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics
2053:(Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy)
1721:
1628:– the use of visual representations to transfer knowledge
1342:(WUI) that accept input and provide output by generating
497:
to these media. With the limited exception of the system
1484:
HMI of a machine for the sugar industry with pushbuttons
1290:
are displays that accept input by touch of fingers or a
869:
Common practices for interaction specification include
2740:
Chapter 2. History: A brief history of user interfaces
2582:"Graphical user interfaces: Graphical user interfaces"
2736:– covering a wide area of user interface publications
971:
A model of design criteria: User Experience Honeycomb
633:
1985: SAA user interface or text-based user interface
2309:"Accounting for User Familiarity in User Interfaces"
2252:"apple-history.com / Graphical User Interface (GUI)"
1068:(CLIs) prompt the user to provide input by typing a
4320:
4267:
4229:
4176:
4138:
4100:
4042:
3959:
3905:
3867:
3819:
3756:
3689:
3653:
3610:
3574:
3507:
3398:
3335:
3281:
3242:
3177:
3168:
3138:
3085:
3076:
3015:
2969:
2903:
2871:
2848:
2825:
2782:
167:) and, when the machine in question is a computer,
132:) that typically interfaces machines with physical
2419:
2710:Sharon, Taly, Henry Lieberman, and Ted Selker. "
219:(MUI). There are three broad categories of CUI:
2188:"History of the Graphical User Interface (GUI)"
144:). A device that implements an HMI is called a
30:For the boundary between computer systems, see
2384:John W. Satzinger; Lorne Olfman (March 1998).
2355:"9 – Constructing A Responsive User Interface"
3498:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
3474:
2947:
2760:
783:, which was released in 1984 by AT&T and
215:. When sound is added to a GUI, it becomes a
159:Other terms for human–machine interfaces are
8:
2525:"Peter Morville's User Experience Honeycomb"
2307:C. A. D'H Gough; R. Green; M. Billinghurst.
354:allow users to interact using more than one
592:The earliest command-line systems combined
370:A human–machine interface usually involves
3481:
3467:
3459:
3174:
3082:
2954:
2940:
2932:
2767:
2753:
2745:
2181:
2179:
2177:
1915:Recent advances in business administration
735:paradigm (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers)
2683:
2413:
2411:
2390:Journal of Management Information Systems
1974:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
840:1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac
560:1969–present: Command-line user interface
1382:Historic HMI in the driver's cabin of a
974:
365:
2580:Martinez, Wendy L. (23 February 2011).
1713:
1372:
1318:feedback methods. Used in computerized
1219:simulated objects and their properties.
4191:Knowledge representation and reasoning
2700:from the original on 10 November 2006.
2365:from the original on 23 September 2013
2335:
2324:
2208:
2197:
2087:
2076:
2030:
2019:
1875:"User Interface Design and Ergonomics"
1849:
1838:
1400:Modern HMI in the driver's cabin of a
1310:are graphical user interfaces using a
1258:are user interfaces which address the
665:1968–present: Graphical user interface
4216:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2518:
2516:
2514:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2194:from the original on 8 November 2014.
2162:from the original on 16 November 2014
313:). The corresponding disciplines are
7:
3542:Energy consumption (Green computing)
2288:from the original on 20 October 2014
1512:Slightly newer HMI for a CNC-machine
1119:sketched with a computer mouse or a
279:musical instrument, an example of a
4221:Distributed artificial intelligence
3500:ACM Computing Classification System
753:engineers visit Xerox PARC. Though
418:HCI, but is more commonly used for
243:, the CUI is augmented and uses an
3733:Integrated development environment
2143:from the original on 20 June 2014.
344:. Nowadays, we use the expression
25:
4201:Automated planning and scheduling
3738:Software configuration management
2561:from the original on 22 June 2016
2523:Wesolko, Dane (27 October 2016).
2459:from the original on 4 April 2017
2124:relevant to immersive interfaces.
2113:from the original on 14 July 2014
2062:from the original on 14 July 2014
1891:from the original on 14 July 2014
1824:from the original on 14 July 2014
1657:Unified Code for Units of Measure
1223:Permission-driven user interfaces
649:(SAA) standard which include the
645:, IBM created what is called the
4455:
4445:
4436:
4435:
3058:Object-oriented operating system
2784:Natural-language user interfaces
1529:
1517:
1505:
1489:
1477:
1462:
1450:
1424:
1419:The HMI of a toilette (in Japan)
1412:
1393:
1375:
1032:HP Series 100 HP-150 touchscreen
647:Systems Application Architecture
235:, the CUI is virtual and uses a
4446:
3849:Computational complexity theory
2625:Visual Basic Developer magazine
1207:Object-oriented user interfaces
1141:Object-oriented user interfaces
1085:Conversational interface agents
952:principle of least astonishment
946:Principle of least astonishment
888:(intended to avoid use errors).
725:Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
637:In 1985, with the beginning of
3640:Network performance evaluation
3068:Supercomputer operating system
2449:"Interfaces are habit-forming"
2402:10.1080/07421222.1998.11518190
1917:. : Wseas. 2010. p. 190.
1813:Griffin, Ben; Baston, Laurel.
1294:. Used in a growing amount of
826:1986 – Apple threatens to sue
625:(1), are still a live part of
1:
4004:Multimedia information system
3989:Geographic information system
3979:Enterprise information system
3575:Computer systems organization
2807:Conversational user interface
2353:Sweet, David (October 2001).
2276:Raymond, Eric Steven (2003).
1524:Emergency switch/panic switch
1215:metaphors, allowing users to
1100:Direct manipulation interface
884:and constrain enforcement by
402:computerized library database
54:desktop environment offers a
4363:Computational social science
3951:Theoretical computer science
3771:Software development process
3547:Electronic design automation
3532:Very Large Scale Integration
3043:Just enough operating system
3028:Distributed operating system
2668:"Noncommand User Interfaces"
1687:User interface specification
958:Principle of habit formation
261:augmented reality interfaces
4186:Natural language processing
3974:Information storage systems
3156:User space and kernel space
2282:The Art of Unix Programming
1346:viewed by the user using a
1213:object-oriented programming
1200:Non-command user interfaces
1193:Natural-language interfaces
1169:Intelligent user interfaces
1159:Holographic user interfaces
691:Linotype WYSIWYG 2000, 1989
245:augmented reality interface
4518:
4102:Human–computer interaction
4072:Intrusion detection system
3984:Social information systems
3969:Database management system
3063:Real-time operating system
2447:Udell, John (9 May 2003).
2396:(4). Armonk, NY: 167–193.
1959:10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2301234
1569:Distinguishable interfaces
1559:Computer user satisfaction
1498:computer numerical control
1271:Text-based user interfaces
855:
668:
563:
469:1945–1968: Batch interface
447:tracking parts of the body
420:human–computer interaction
300:human–computer interaction
257:virtual reality interfaces
72:human–computer interaction
36:
29:
4502:Human–machine interaction
4487:User interface techniques
4431:
4368:Computational engineering
4343:Computational mathematics
3496:
3259:Multilevel feedback queue
3254:Fixed-priority preemptive
3038:Hobbyist operating system
3033:Embedded operating system
2921:Multimodal user interface
2911:Text-based user interface
2827:Graphical user interfaces
2672:Communications of the ACM
1632:Multiple frames interface
1605:Information visualization
1335:Web-based user interfaces
1230:Reflexive user interfaces
1128:Graphical user interfaces
1092:Crossing-based interfaces
1078:Conversational interfaces
1039:Attentive user interfaces
755:Pirates of Silicon Valley
643:graphical user interfaces
489:or equivalent media like
315:human factors engineering
237:virtual reality interface
217:multimedia user interface
199:Composite user interfaces
150:brain–computer interfaces
39:GSM Man-Machine Interface
4378:Computational healthcare
4373:Differentiable computing
4292:Graphics processing unit
3718:Domain-specific language
3587:Computational complexity
3302:General protection fault
3053:Network operating system
3007:User features comparison
1913:"Introduction Section".
1599:Information architecture
1554:Brain–computer interface
1549:Adaptive user interfaces
1247:Tangible user interfaces
704:, a system which uses a
671:Graphical user interface
551:" systems. These used a
493:. The output side added
413:system, a vehicle or an
409:The user interface of a
376:graphical user interface
346:graphical user interface
296:human–computer interface
208:graphical user interface
169:human–computer interface
154:brain–machine interfaces
56:graphical user interface
18:Computer human interface
4353:Computational chemistry
4287:Photograph manipulation
4178:Artificial intelligence
3994:Decision support system
3048:Mobile operating system
2863:Tangible user interface
2678:(4). ACM Press: 83–99.
2284:. Thyrsus Enterprises.
1652:Tangible user interface
1637:Natural user interfaces
1626:Knowledge visualization
1361:Zooming user interfaces
1276:command-line interfaces
1255:Task-focused interfaces
1186:Multi-screen interfaces
1065:Command line interfaces
579:Command-line interfaces
432:direct neural interface
288:human–machine interface
281:tangible user interface
126:human-machine interface
113:Generally, the goal of
4418:Educational technology
4249:Reinforcement learning
3999:Process control system
3897:Computational geometry
3887:Algorithmic efficiency
3882:Analysis of algorithms
3537:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
3151:Loadable kernel module
2916:Natural user interface
2840:Zooming user interface
2619:Lamb, Gordana (2001).
2334:Cite journal requires
2227:"The Xerox PARC Visit"
2207:Cite journal requires
2190:. Harding University.
2086:Cite journal requires
2029:Cite journal requires
1848:Cite journal requires
1702:Virtual user interface
1677:User experience design
1642:Organic user interface
1621:Kinetic user interface
1033:
986:
982:Honeycomb designed by
980:User Experience Design
723:1970 – Researchers at
692:
684:
679:AMX Desk made a basic
609:
599:rule of least surprise
575:
566:Command-line interface
520:
482:overhead as possible.
478:
379:
321:(UE) which is part of
286:The user interface or
283:
146:human interface device
98:operator controls and
63:
4388:Electronic publishing
4358:Computational biology
4348:Computational physics
4244:Unsupervised learning
4158:Distributed computing
4034:Information retrieval
3941:Mathematical analysis
3931:Mathematical software
3821:Theory of computation
3786:Software construction
3776:Requirements analysis
3654:Software organization
3582:Computer architecture
3552:Hardware acceleration
3517:Printed circuit board
3219:Process control block
3185:Computer multitasking
3023:Disk operating system
2904:Other user interfaces
2850:Touch user interfaces
2802:Voice user interfaces
2685:10.1145/255950.153582
2107:"Introduction of HMI"
1756:10.1145/142621.142641
1682:User interface design
1616:Interaction technique
1354:Zero-input interfaces
1327:Voice user interfaces
1147:-oriented interfaces.
1031:
978:
896:Principles of quality
886:interaction protocols
858:User interface design
800:Super Bowl commercial
787:as DMD 5620 terminal.
690:
678:
607:
574:Teletype Model 33 ASR
573:
514:
476:
369:
352:Multimodal interfaces
342:programming languages
319:usability engineering
274:
191:), and gustatory UI (
161:man–machine interface
115:user interface design
49:
32:Interface (computing)
4148:Concurrent computing
4120:Ubiquitous computing
4092:Application security
4087:Information security
3916:Discrete mathematics
3892:Randomized algorithm
3844:Computability theory
3829:Model of computation
3801:Software maintenance
3796:Software engineering
3758:Software development
3708:Programming language
3703:Programming paradigm
3620:Network architecture
3390:Virtual tape library
2982:Forensic engineering
2557:. CBC/Radio-Canada.
2418:Raskin, Jef (2000).
2105:Ravi (August 2009).
1750:. pp. 143–149.
1457:HMI for audio mixing
1432:Voice user interface
1307:Touch user interface
1260:information overload
871:user-centered design
455:immersive interfaces
4497:Human communication
4423:Document management
4413:Operations research
4338:Enterprise software
4254:Multi-task learning
4239:Supervised learning
3961:Information systems
3791:Software deployment
3748:Software repository
3602:Real-time computing
3399:Supporting concepts
3385:Virtual file system
2895:Positional tracking
2631:on 14 August 2013.
2361:. Sams Publishing.
2359:KDE 2.0 Development
2154:Richard, Stéphane.
2001:Citi, Luca (2009).
1340:web user interfaces
1151:Hardware interfaces
372:peripheral hardware
323:systems engineering
4206:Search methodology
4153:Parallel computing
4110:Interaction design
4019:Computing platform
3946:Numerical analysis
3936:Information theory
3728:Software framework
3691:Software notations
3630:Network components
3527:Integrated circuit
3322:Segmentation fault
3170:Process management
2873:3D user interfaces
2717:2017-09-08 at the
2650:2009-06-19 at the
1611:Interaction design
1589:History of the GUI
1564:Direct voice input
1298:and many types of
1108:Gesture interfaces
1034:
989:Peter Morville of
987:
693:
685:
651:Common User Access
610:
608:DEC VT100 terminal
576:
521:
499:operator's console
479:
388:electronic devices
380:
284:
187:), equilibria UI (
64:
4469:
4468:
4398:Electronic voting
4328:Quantum Computing
4321:Applied computing
4307:Image compression
4077:Hardware security
4067:Security services
4024:Digital marketing
3811:Open-source model
3723:Modeling language
3635:Network scheduler
3456:
3455:
3312:Memory protection
3283:Memory management
3277:
3276:
3269:Shortest job next
3164:
3163:
2963:Operating systems
2929:
2928:
2812:Virtual assistant
2734:Conference series
2256:apple-history.com
1924:978-960-474-161-8
1536:DMD 5620 terminal
1436:wearable computer
1405:Intercity-Express
698:Douglas Engelbart
639:Microsoft Windows
451:direction of gaze
440:cochlear implants
338:operating systems
334:computer graphics
241:augmented reality
183:), olfactory UI (
138:computer monitors
88:operating systems
68:industrial design
16:(Redirected from
4509:
4459:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4259:Cross-validation
4231:Machine learning
4115:Social computing
4082:Network security
3877:Algorithm design
3806:Programming team
3766:Control variable
3743:Software library
3681:Software quality
3676:Operating system
3625:Network protocol
3490:Computer science
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3411:Computer network
3175:
3083:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2722:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2687:
2660:
2654:
2645:appleinsider.com
2642:
2636:
2635:
2627:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2598:10.1002/wics.150
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2549:Errett, Joshua.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2231:web.stanford.edu
2223:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1792:uxpamagazine.org
1784:
1778:
1777:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1697:Virtual artifact
1533:
1521:
1509:
1493:
1481:
1471:video production
1466:
1454:
1428:
1416:
1407:high-speed train
1397:
1387:steam locomotive
1379:
1264:desktop metaphor
1240:Search interface
1161:
1160:
1137:computer monitor
1058:batch processing
1050:Batch interfaces
1042:manage the user
852:Interface design
828:Digital Research
794:popularizes the
545:operating system
330:computer science
179:), auditory UI (
140:, speakers, and
60:desktop metaphor
21:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4492:Virtual reality
4482:User interfaces
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4456:
4427:
4408:Word processing
4316:
4302:Virtual reality
4263:
4225:
4196:Computer vision
4172:
4168:Multiprocessing
4134:
4096:
4062:Security hacker
4038:
4014:Digital library
3955:
3906:Mathematics of
3901:
3863:
3839:Automata theory
3834:Formal language
3815:
3781:Software design
3752:
3685:
3671:Virtual machine
3649:
3645:Network service
3606:
3597:Embedded system
3570:
3503:
3492:
3487:
3457:
3452:
3394:
3355:Defragmentation
3340:
3331:
3317:Protection ring
3286:
3273:
3245:
3238:
3160:
3134:
3072:
3011:
2965:
2960:
2930:
2925:
2899:
2890:Finger tracking
2885:virtual reality
2867:
2844:
2821:
2797:Dialogue system
2778:
2776:User interfaces
2773:
2730:
2725:
2719:Wayback Machine
2709:
2705:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2652:Wayback Machine
2643:
2639:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2333:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2206:
2196:
2186:McCown, Frank.
2185:
2184:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2028:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1766:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1672:User experience
1667:User assistance
1662:Usability links
1544:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1446:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1278:and text-based
1262:problem of the
1178:Motion tracking
1158:
1157:
1026:
973:
960:
948:
898:
860:
854:
811:X Window System
716:, and multiple
673:
667:
635:
568:
562:
553:monitor program
533:turnaround time
471:
463:
428:science fiction
364:
358:of user input.
269:
233:virtual reality
96:heavy machinery
84:decision-making
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4515:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4312:Solid modeling
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Control method
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:Multithreading
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Formal methods
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:World Wide Web
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:User interface
3438:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:File attribute
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3327:Virtual memory
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Context switch
3196:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2728:External links
2726:
2724:
2723:
2703:
2666:(April 1993).
2655:
2637:
2611:
2592:(2): 119–133.
2572:
2541:
2510:
2470:
2439:
2432:
2407:
2376:
2345:
2336:|journal=
2299:
2268:
2243:
2218:
2209:|journal=
2173:
2146:
2128:
2097:
2088:|journal=
2048:Jordan, Joel.
2040:
2031:|journal=
1993:
1933:
1923:
1905:
1882:Course Cit 811
1859:
1850:|journal=
1818:(Presentation)
1805:
1779:
1764:
1738:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1331:
1323:
1303:
1296:mobile devices
1283:
1267:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1220:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1135:output on the
1124:
1117:mouse gestures
1104:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1070:command string
1061:
1056:in advance to
1047:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
984:Peter Morville
972:
969:
959:
956:
947:
944:
943:
942:
936:
930:
924:
921:
918:Responsiveness
915:
912:
906:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
878:
856:Main article:
853:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
831:
824:
821:
814:
803:
788:
775:and others at
769:
758:
743:
736:
721:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
634:
631:
564:Main article:
561:
558:
525:magnetic tapes
470:
467:
462:
459:
424:
423:
407:
406:
405:
398:
394:
363:
360:
268:
265:
253:Smell-O-Vision
175:), visual UI (
134:input hardware
76:user interface
58:following the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4514:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Mixed reality
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4130:Accessibility
4128:
4126:
4125:Visualization
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Dependability
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Memory paging
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Device driver
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:Architectures
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:Jakob Nielsen
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2433:0-201-37937-6
2429:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2023:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:(4): 828–36.
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1842:
1835:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:human factors
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:point of sale
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:environments.
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:command verbs
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:are based on
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
985:
981:
977:
970:
968:
965:
957:
955:
953:
945:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
867:
866:
863:
859:
851:
846:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
790:1984 – Apple
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:demonstrated
699:
695:
694:
689:
682:
677:
672:
664:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
606:
602:
600:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
572:
567:
559:
557:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
529:
526:
518:
513:
509:
507:
502:
500:
496:
495:line printers
492:
488:
487:punched cards
483:
475:
468:
466:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
392:
391:
389:
385:
384:
383:
377:
373:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:human factors
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
289:
282:
278:
273:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4393:Cyberwarfare
4052:Cryptography
3440:
3342:file systems
3234:Time-sharing
2817:Voice search
2775:
2706:
2675:
2671:
2658:
2640:
2632:
2629:the original
2624:
2614:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2461:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2421:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2358:
2348:
2327:cite journal
2315:. Retrieved
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2200:cite journal
2164:. Retrieved
2149:
2131:
2122:
2115:. Retrieved
2100:
2079:cite journal
2071:
2064:. Retrieved
2043:
2022:cite journal
2010:. Retrieved
1996:
1988:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1893:. Retrieved
1881:
1841:cite journal
1833:
1826:. Retrieved
1815:"Interfaces"
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1794:. 7 May 2017
1791:
1782:
1747:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1442:Google Glass
1439:
1359:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1305:
1287:Touchscreens
1285:
1269:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1164:interaction.
1156:
1150:
1143:(OOUIs) and
1126:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1037:
988:
961:
949:
899:
864:
861:
659:
636:
615:
611:
594:teleprinters
591:
582:
578:
577:
542:
530:
522:
503:
484:
480:
464:
444:
425:
381:
350:
327:
304:
295:
293:
287:
285:
260:
256:
244:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
202:
198:
197:
168:
164:
160:
158:
129:
125:
123:
112:
79:
75:
65:
43:
4403:Video games
4383:Digital art
4140:Concurrency
4009:Data mining
3921:Probability
3661:Interpreter
3360:Device file
3350:Boot loader
3264:Round-robin
3189:Cooperative
3125:Rump kernel
3115:Multikernel
3105:Microkernel
3002:Usage share
2858:Multi-touch
2534:19 November
2503:19 November
2137:"HMI Guide"
1594:Icon design
1584:Flat design
1348:web browser
1145:application
939:Forgiveness
835:Windows 2.0
818:Windows 1.0
764:: focus on
727:(many from
629:tradition.
549:load-and-go
397:controlled.
362:Terminology
4476:Categories
4461:Glossaries
4333:E-commerce
3926:Statistics
3869:Algorithms
3666:Middleware
3522:Peripheral
3290:protection
3246:algorithms
3244:Scheduling
3193:Preemptive
3139:Components
3110:Monolithic
2977:Comparison
2261:8 February
2236:8 February
1765:0897915496
1731:11 January
1709:References
1574:Ergonomics
1496:HMI for a
1320:simulators
1217:manipulate
1180:interfaces
1011:Accessible
933:Efficiency
927:Aesthetics
762:Xerox Star
749:and other
747:Steve Jobs
740:Xerox Alto
731:) develop
641:and other
538:plugboards
517:statistics
506:keypunches
491:paper tape
436:prostheses
415:industrial
411:mechanical
332:, such as
317:(HFE) and
307:ergonomics
152:(BCIs) or
108:psychology
104:ergonomics
4282:Rendering
4277:Animation
3908:computing
3859:Semantics
3557:Processor
3380:Partition
3297:Bus error
3224:Real-time
3204:Interrupt
3130:Unikernel
3095:Exokernel
2881:Augmented
2453:Infoworld
1967:1534-4320
1726:l5392.com
1647:Post-WIMP
1344:web pages
1173:gesture).
1133:graphical
1054:batch job
1044:attention
909:Concision
882:use cases
792:Macintosh
779:designed
777:Bell Labs
714:hypertext
621:(6), and
277:Reactable
229:augmented
119:usability
70:field of
4441:Category
4269:Graphics
4044:Security
3713:Compiler
3612:Networks
3509:Hardware
3426:Live USB
3288:resource
3178:Concepts
3016:Variants
2997:Timeline
2715:Archived
2698:Archived
2648:Archived
2606:60467930
2559:Archived
2457:Archived
2363:Archived
2286:Archived
2192:Archived
2160:Archived
2141:Archived
2111:Archived
2057:Archived
1985:24760929
1886:Archived
1822:Archived
1798:23 March
1542:See also
1469:HMI for
1350:program.
1312:touchpad
1113:gestures
785:Teletype
773:Rob Pike
710:pointers
587:mnemonic
356:modality
267:Overview
221:standard
213:graphics
156:(BMIs).
142:printers
4451:Outline
3421:Live CD
3375:Journal
3339:access,
3337:Storage
3214:Process
3120:vkernel
2987:History
2970:General
2835:Widgets
2792:Chatbot
2694:7684922
2463:3 April
2369:13 June
2317:13 June
2292:13 June
2166:13 June
1976:4501393
1774:9010570
1692:Useware
1369:Gallery
875:persona
843:1988 –
833:1987 –
816:1985 –
805:1984 –
771:1982 –
766:WYSIWYG
760:1981 –
745:1979 –
738:1973 –
718:windows
696:1968 –
477:IBM 029
461:History
225:virtual
189:balance
100:process
90:, hand
66:In the
3229:Thread
3100:Hybrid
3078:Kernel
2692:
2604:
2565:4 July
2529:Medium
2430:
2117:7 June
2066:7 June
2012:7 June
1983:
1973:
1965:
1921:
1895:7 June
1828:7 June
1772:
1762:
1440:here:
1402:German
1384:German
1322:, etc.
1316:haptic
1292:stylus
1209:(OOUI)
1121:stylus
1073:users.
991:Google
964:habits
249:qualia
3854:Logic
3695:tools
3431:Shell
3370:Inode
2690:S2CID
2602:S2CID
2498:Oryzo
2312:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1820:: 5.
1770:S2CID
1500:(CNC)
1434:of a
1115:, or
1024:Types
751:Apple
706:mouse
619:rogue
193:taste
185:smell
181:sound
177:sight
173:touch
92:tools
3693:and
3566:Form
3562:Size
2992:List
2883:and
2567:2016
2536:2019
2505:2019
2465:2017
2428:ISBN
2371:2014
2340:help
2319:2014
2294:2014
2278:"11"
2263:2019
2238:2019
2213:help
2168:2014
2119:2014
2092:help
2068:2014
2035:help
2014:2014
1981:PMID
1963:ISSN
1919:ISBN
1897:2014
1854:help
1830:2014
1800:2022
1760:ISBN
1733:2024
1576:and
1280:WIMP
950:The
845:OS/2
781:Blit
733:WIMP
683:GUI.
681:WIMP
627:Unix
583:CLIs
531:The
275:The
227:and
203:CUIs
106:and
74:, a
52:Xfce
50:The
3448:PXE
3436:CLI
3416:HAL
3406:API
3209:IPC
2680:doi
2594:doi
2555:CBC
2398:doi
1971:PMC
1955:doi
1752:doi
1338:or
809:'s
807:MIT
796:GUI
729:SRI
702:NLS
655:DOS
442:).
426:In
195:).
165:MMI
130:HMI
4478::
3564:/
3191:,
2696:.
2688:.
2676:36
2674:.
2670:.
2623:.
2600:.
2588:.
2584:.
2553:.
2527:.
2513:^
2496:.
2473:^
2455:.
2451:.
2410:^
2394:14
2388:.
2357:.
2331::
2329:}}
2325:{{
2280:.
2254:.
2229:.
2204::
2202:}}
2198:{{
2176:^
2158:.
2139:.
2121:.
2109:.
2083::
2081:}}
2077:{{
2070:.
2026::
2024:}}
2020:{{
1987:.
1979:.
1969:.
1961:.
1951:22
1949:.
1945:.
1927:.
1899:.
1880:.
1862:^
1845::
1843:}}
1839:{{
1832:.
1790:.
1768:.
1758:.
1724:.
873:,
798:.
712:,
708:,
623:vi
540:.
457:.
390:.
340:,
336:,
325:.
302:.
223:,
110:.
94:,
80:UI
62:.
3502:.
3482:e
3475:t
3468:v
3285:,
3195:)
3187:(
2955:e
2948:t
2941:v
2768:e
2761:t
2754:v
2682::
2608:.
2596::
2590:3
2569:.
2538:.
2507:.
2467:.
2436:.
2404:.
2400::
2373:.
2342:)
2338:(
2321:.
2296:.
2265:.
2240:.
2215:)
2211:(
2170:.
2094:)
2090:(
2037:)
2033:(
2016:.
1957::
1856:)
1852:(
1802:.
1776:.
1754::
1735:.
1445:)
1438:(
1123:.
720:.
581:(
519:.
378:.
309:(
201:(
163:(
128:(
78:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
