81:
368:; however the majority of participants (da: 78.9%; sv: 56%) gave a paraphrase which does not follow from the grammar. Another study where Danish participants had to pick from a set of paraphrases, say it meant something else, or say it was meaningless found that people selected "It does not make sense" for comparative illusions 63% of the time and selected it meant something 37% of the time.
1077:) when processing CIs like (a) than when processing grammatical clausal comparatives like (b). Christensen has suggested this shows CIs are easy to process but as they are nonsensical, processing is "shallow". Low LIFG activation levels also suggest that people do not perceive CIs as being semantically anomalous.
455:
A pilot study by Iria de Dios-Flores also found that repeatability of the predicate had an effect on the acceptability of CIs in
English. However, Christensen's study on comparative illusions in Danish did not find a significant difference in acceptability for sentences with repeatable predicates (a)
1331:
and Shuli Reich in 1979, is very often initially perceived as having the meaning "No head injury should be ignored—even if it's trivial", even though upon careful consideration the sentence actually says "All head injuries should be ignored—even trivial ones." The authors illustrate their point by
148:
All these stimuli involve familiar and coherent local cues whose global integration is contradictory or impossible. These stimuli also all seem OK in the absence of scrutiny. Casual, unreflective uptake has no real problem with them; you need to pay attention and think about them a bit before you
397:
Responses to this study noted that it only compared elided material to nothing, and that even in grammatical comparatives, ellipsis of repeated phrases is preferred. In order to control for the awkwardness of identical predicates, Alexis
Wellwood and colleagues compared comparative illusions with
408:
They found that both CI-type and control sentences were found to be slightly more acceptable with ellipsis, which led them to reject the hypothesis that ellipsis was responsible for the acceptability of CIs. Rather, it is possible people just prefer shorter sentences in general. Patrick Kelley's
196:
Experiments on the acceptability of comparative illusion sentences has found results which are "highly variable both within and across studies". While the illusion of acceptability for comparative illusions has also been informally reported for speakers of
Faroese, German, Icelandic, Polish, and
1317:
Wellwood and colleagues, based on their experimental results, have rejected
Townsend and Bever's hypothesis and instead support their event comparison hypothesis, which states that comparative illusions are due to speakers reinterpreting these sentences as discussing a comparison of events.
51:. The effect has also been observed in other languages. Some studies have suggested that, at least in English, the effect is stronger for sentences whose predicate is repeatable. The effect has also been found to be stronger in some cases when there is a plural subject in the second clause.
71:
plural. Linguists have marked that it is "striking" that, despite the grammar of these sentences not possibly having a meaningful interpretation, people so often report that they sound acceptable, and that it is "remarkable" that people seldom notice any error.
1293:
Wellwood and colleagues also interpret
Townsend and Bever's theory as requiring a shared lexical element in each template. If this version is right, they predict (c) would be viewed as less acceptable due to the ungrammaticality of
1326:
The term "comparative illusion" has sometimes been used as an umbrella term which also encompasses "depth charge" sentences like "No head injury is too trivial to be ignored." This example, first discussed by
165:
With him breathing down my neck, I was still able to focus on what I was doing ... More people have analyzed it than I have, but it's a nice notion that Tiger was up near the lead and I outplayed him.
67:
is making a comparison between two sets of individuals, but there is no such set of individuals in the second clause. For the sentence to be grammatical, the subject of the second clause must be a
1270:
Wellwood and colleagues have noted in response that the possibility of each clause being grammatical in a different sentence (a, b) does not guarantee a blend (c) would be acceptable.
774:-clause subject could be a subset of the matrix subject as in (a) compared to those where it could not be due to a gender mismatch as in (b). No significant differences were found.
98:
dissertation has been credited as being the first to note these sorts of sentences; in his prologue he gives acknowledgements to
Hermann Schultze "for uttering the most amazing
672:
does not have such an ambiguity, Wellwood and colleagues tested to see if there was any difference in acceptability judgements depending on whether the sentences used
1355:; speakers initially find such sentences acceptable, but later realize they are ungrammatical. It has also been compared to the "missing VP illusion".
2272:
2480:
1257:
Townsend and Bever have posited that Escher sentences get perceived as acceptable because they are an apparent blend of two grammatical templates.
2688:
2503:
2387:
2364:
2332:
2299:
2222:
1381:
95:
813:); sentences with this morpheme (a) are immediately found unacceptable but those without it (b) produce the same illusion of acceptability.
44:
2838:
2792:
2866:
2608:
1438:
German does not allow the same sort of VP-ellipsis in comparative sentences, so the sorts of examples examined such as
1373:, which can produce sentences which are grammatical but are often viewed as unacceptable due to difficulty in parsing
2284:
715:-clause have on CIs' acceptability. Wellwood and colleagues found that sentences with first person singular pronoun
2971:
688:
but the difference did not disproportionately affect the comparative illusion sentences compared to the controls.
2976:
2644:
410:
140:
2707:
2416:"Acceptable Ungrammatical Sentences, Unacceptable Grammatical Sentences, and the Role of the Cognitive Parser"
2315:
Let us have articles betwixt us: Papers in
Historical and Comparative Linguistics in Honour of Johanna L. Wood
2714:(in Italian). Vol. V, Il corpo e la mente. Roma: Instituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 133–140.
441:
The comparative must be in the subject position for the illusion to work; sentences like (a) which also have
186:
I think there are more candidates on stage who speak
Spanish more fluently than our president speaks English.
1352:
424:
and colleagues have found in experiments that the illusion of grammaticality is greater when the sentence's
380:
Conference on Human
Sentencing Processing. Scott Fults and Collin Phillips found that Escher sentences with
2552:
381:
2169:
2079:"Processing Sentences With Multiple Negations: Grammatical Structures That Are Perceived as Unacceptable"
2402:
2351:
2233:
1348:
660:
has led to a hypothesis where the acceptability of CIs is due to people reinterpreting a "comparative"
2399:
More People
Understand Eschers Than the Linguist Does: The Causes and Effects of Grammatical Illusions
201:
neurolinguist Ken Ramshøj Christensen has run several experiments on comparative illusions in Danish.
1364:
1340:
1328:
442:
421:
87:: "As this object is examined by following its surfaces, reappraisal has to be made very frequently."
36:
425:
2720:
2460:
376:
The first study examining what affects acceptability of these sentences was presented at the 2004
2694:
2631:
2563:
2264:
2192:
2133:
723:, though they note this might be due to discourse effects and the lack of a prior antecedent for
121:
2317:. Dept. of English, School of Communication & Culture, Aarhus University. pp. 129–160.
2205:
2847:
2310:
346:
Paraphrase (d) is in fact the only possible interpretation of (1); this is possible due to the
217:
speakers were asked what (1) means, their responses fell into one of the following categories:
2846:. 22nd Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing (Poster). Davis, CA. Archived from
2825:
2788:
2780:
2684:
2655:
2595:
2499:
2447:
2383:
2375:
2360:
2343:
2328:
2295:
2256:
2218:
2212:
2110:
1367:, which are grammatical but are often initially parsed in a way which leads to unacceptability
653:
347:
198:
91:
2578:
Penrose, L. S.; Penrose, R. (1958). "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion".
162:
In Michigan and Minnesota, more people found Mr Bush's ads negative than they did Mr Kerry's.
2966:
2937:
2901:
2815:
2676:
2623:
2587:
2537:
2518:
2491:
2437:
2427:
2318:
2248:
2184:
2100:
2090:
1370:
1344:
1074:
1070:
106:", although the dissertation itself does not discuss such sentences. Parallel examples with
2865:
Wellwood, Alexis; Pancheva, Roumyana; Hacquard, Valentine; Phillips, Colin (2 June 2018a).
727:. They found no significant difference for sentences with a singular third person pronoun (
2961:
2153:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
428:
is repeatable. For instance, (a) is experimentally found to be more acceptable than (b).
2926:"Language Processing at Its Trickiest: Grammatical Illusions and Heuristics of Judgment"
2591:
2442:
2415:
2105:
2078:
357:
84:
40:
680:. In general, their study found significantly higher acceptability for sentences with
2955:
2669:"Grammatical Illusions and Selective Fallibility in Real-Time Language Comprehension"
2481:"Grammatische Illusionen und sprachliche Realitäten – Bemerkungen zum Sprachvermögen"
2268:
1848:
1846:
1050:
131:
60:
2888:
Wellwood, Alexis; Pancheva, Roumyana; Hacquard, Valentine; Phillips, Colin (2018b).
2698:
2635:
2234:"Syntactic reconstruction and reanalysis, semantic dead ends, and prefrontal cortex"
2196:
80:
2024:
2022:
1046:
361:
168:
I admit that more people have been to Iraq than I have, so I don't know everything.
135:
126:
115:
2837:
Wellwood, Alexis; Pancheva, Roumyana; Fults, Scott; Phillips, Colin (March 2009).
2609:"Some arguments and nonarguments for reductionist accounts of syntactic phenomena"
1697:
1695:
761:-clause led to significantly higher acceptability ratings than singular subjects (
711:
Experiments have also investigated the effects different kinds of subjects in the
384:(a) were found to be more acceptable than the same sentences without ellipsis (b).
2627:
2571:
Sinn und Bedeutung 17 Proceedings: ENS Paris – September 8–10 2012
2406:
2292:
13. Møde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog: Aarhus Universitet 14.–15. oktober 2010
792:
In a study of Danish speakers, CIs with prepositional sentential adverbials like
691:
Christensen found no significant difference in acceptability for Danish CIs with
2252:
20:
2760:
2740:
2486:. In Neef, Martin; Borgwaldt, Susanne; Forster, Iris; Lang-Groth, Imke (eds.).
770:
De Dios-Flores examined if there was an effect depending on whether or not the
2820:
2803:
2680:
2495:
2311:"The dead ends of language: The (mis)interpretation of a grammatical illusion"
2188:
1376:
735:). There was no difference in number for the first person pronominal subject (
178:
130:
after Jim McCloskey brought it to his attention. In a post the following day,
2942:
2925:
2659:
2432:
2214:
Language, Brain, and Cognitive Development: Essays in Honor of Jacques Mehler
2159:. In Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo; Uriagereka, Juan; Salaburu, Pello (eds.).
2095:
153:
Although rare, instances of this construction have appeared in natural text.
43:
but upon closer reflection has no well-formed, sensical meaning. The typical
2668:
2654:. Studies In Linguistics. Vol. 6. Siena, Italy: CISCL. pp. 11–47.
68:
2867:"The Anatomy of a Comparative Illusion: Reports on Preliminary Experiments"
2599:
2451:
2350:. In Ibarrola-Armendariz, Aitor; Ortiz de Urbina Arruabarrena, Jon (eds.).
2260:
2114:
197:
Swedish, systematic investigation has mostly centered on English, although
2675:. Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 37. Bingley: Emerald. pp. 147–180.
747:) were significantly more acceptable than singular definite descriptions (
114:
were briefly discussed in psycholinguistic work in the 1990s and 2000s by
2906:
2889:
2829:
2542:
2161:
Of Minds and Language: A Dialogue with Noam Chomsky in the Basque Country
99:
2523:
2323:
719:
to be more acceptable than those with the third person singular pronoun
174:
2645:"Derivational Order in Syntax: Evidence and Architectural Consequence"
798:"in the evening" were found to be less acceptable than those without.
643:'More boys have lost the sense of hearing than girls have in Denmark.'
2294:(in Danish). Nordisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet. pp. 113–136.
2353:
On the Move: Glancing Backwards To Build a Future in English Studies
1049:
study of Danish speakers found less activation in the left inferior
549:'More men have eaten meat than women have according to the report.'
134:
gave the name "Escher sentences" to such sentences in reference to
1523:
1521:
1519:
1332:
comparing the sentence to "No missile is too small to be banned."
801:
Comparatives in Bulgarian can optionally have the degree operator
445:
are viewed as unacceptable without any illusion of acceptability:
79:
2313:. In Vikner, Sten; Jørgensen, Henrik; van Gelderen, Elly (eds.).
2028:
1985:
1949:
1884:
1880:
1852:
1837:
1821:
1809:
1701:
1551:
1539:
546:
More men have eaten meat than women have according.to report-the
377:
2168:
Bever, Thomas G.; Sanz, Montserrat; Townsend, David J. (1998).
2652:
Special Issue on "Directionality of Phrase Structure Building"
2490:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 239–265.
433:
More undergrads call their families during the week than I do.
2380:
The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution II
1933:
1931:
1929:
1876:
2517:(PhD). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 4–6.
1506:
1504:
2785:
Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules
2667:
Phillips, Colin; Wagers, Matthew W.; Lau, Ellen F. (2011).
2348:
Comparative Illusion: When Ungrammaticality Goes Unnoticed"
2154:"Remarks on the Individual Basis for Linguistic Structures"
1262:
More people have gone to Russia than I ... (could believe).
436:
More New Yorkers began law school this semester than I did.
392:
More people have been to Russia than I have been to Russia.
2562:
O'Connor, Ellen; Pancheva, Roumyana; Kaiser, Elsi (2013).
1638:
640:
More boys have lost hearing-the than girls have in Denmark
543:
Flere mænd har spist kød end kvinder har ifølge rapporten.
637:
Flere drenge har mistet hørelsen end piger har i Danmark.
2290:. In Hansen, Inger Schoonderbeek; Widell, Peter (eds.).
779:
More PhD students presented in conferences than she did.
2554:
Comparative Illusions at the Syntax-Semantics Interface
808:
403:
More girls ate pizza than the boy {did} / {ate yogurt}.
16:
Sentences that appear to make sense but actually do not
2346:
More People Have presented in Conferences than I Have.
782:
More policewomen visited the headquarters than he did.
2840:
The role of event comparison in comparative illusions
2382:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 175–258.
1622:
1620:
1429:
as examples without the potentially ambiguous "have".
2569:. In Chemla, E.; Homer, V.; Winterstein, G. (eds.).
2163:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 278–295.
2359:. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto. pp. 219–227.
1495:
2206:"Some Sentences on Our Consciousness of Sentences"
1686:
731:) and those with a singular definite description (
450:*I have been to more countries than Russia I have.
2064:
1599:
1527:
2781:"Embedding the Grammar in a Comprehension Model"
2564:"Evidence for online repair of Escher sentences"
2515:After Binding: On the Interpretation of Pronouns
1248:'More men have lived in a tent than in a hotel.'
1312:→?Fewer people have been to Russia than I have.
802:
332:Other (e.g., repeating the original sentence).
149:notice that something is going seriously wrong.
146:
2787:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 157–185.
2534:Subset Comparatives as Comparative Quantifiers
2217:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 143–155.
1961:
1920:
1563:
1265:... people have gone to Russia than I have...
1162:'More men have lived in a tent than Mary has.'
928:more people are been in Russia from-how.many I
124:wrote about this phenomenon in a 2004 post on
2779:Townsend, David J.; Bever, Thomas G. (2001).
2536:(MS). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2414:Leivada, Evelina; Westergaard, Marit (2020).
2204:Bever, Thomas G.; Townsend, David J. (2001).
2013:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1335:Phillips and colleagues have discussed other
398:ellipsis to those with a different predicate.
302:'More people have been to Paris than I have.'
8:
2808:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2741:"More people than you think will understand"
2040:
1441:In Paris sind mehr Leute gewesen als ich war
1439:
793:
762:
752:
698:
692:
389:More people have been to Russia than I have.
351:
2001:
1997:
1973:
1937:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1575:
1467:
1463:
751:). Christensen found that plural subjects (
299:More people have been in Paris than I have.
104:More people have been to Berlin than I have
49:More people have been to Russia than I have
2513:Montalbetti, Mario M. (1984). "Prologue".
2285:"Flere folk har været i Paris end jeg har"
2052:
1245:More men have lived in tent than on hotel.
1159:More men have lived in tent than Mary has.
1036:'More people have been to Russia than me.'
931:'More people have been to Russia than me.'
173:Another attested example is the following
2941:
2905:
2819:
2802:Wason, Peter C.; Reich, Shuli S. (1979).
2557:(PhD). University of Southern California.
2541:
2522:
2441:
2431:
2322:
2104:
2094:
1713:
1156:Flere mænd har boet i telt end Marie har.
296:Flere folk har været i Paris end jeg har.
2739:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (27 December 2009).
2643:Phillips, Colin; Lewis, Shevaun (2013).
1908:
1896:
1650:
1281:Mary has ridden some ride as many times
1242:Flere mænd har boet i telt end på hotel.
2890:"The Anatomy of a Comparative Illusion"
1510:
1456:
1427:More students are flunking than you are
1393:
1864:
1825:
1797:
1674:
1662:
1639:O'Connor, Pancheva & Kaiser (2013)
1626:
1483:
1479:
1400:These sentences have also been called
1033:more people are been in Russia than me
2759:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (30 April 2012).
2706:Piattelli Palmarini, Massimo (2010).
1611:
1382:Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
1030:Poveche hora sa bili v Rusiya ot men.
743:), but plural definite descriptions (
96:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
63:because a matrix clause subject like
39:sentence which initially seems to be
7:
2712:Enciclopedia Italiana del XXI secolo
2177:Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
1423:More people drink Guinness than I do
413:dissertation found similar results.
1027:Повече хора са били в Русия от мен.
2719:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (6 May 2004).
2592:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00634.x
2401:(PhD). Michigan State University.
2376:"Syntax in the Light of Evolution"
2278:from the original on 19 July 2018.
1305:*People have been to Russia fewer
47:used to typify this phenomenon is
14:
2309:Christensen, Ken Ramshøj (2016).
2283:Christensen, Ken Ramshøj (2011).
2232:Christensen, Ken Ramshøj (2010).
2170:"The Emperor's Psycholinguistics"
2065:Phillips, Wagers & Lau (2011)
1600:Bever, Sanz & Townsend (1998)
1528:Phillips, Wagers & Lau (2011)
921:Poveche hora sa bili v Rusiya ot-
326:More people have been to Paris .
320:Some people have been to Paris .
314:More people have been to Paris .
308:Some people have been to Paris .
2616:Language and Cognitive Processes
2532:Nussbaum, Miriam Claire (2017).
2134:"An Escher Sentence in the Wild"
1687:Leivada & Westergaard (2020)
1300:Fewer people have been to Russia
697:("more") compared to those with
2671:. In Runner, Jeffrey T. (ed.).
2573:. Paris: ENS. pp. 363–380.
1288:→*Mary is too tall as Bill has.
914:Повече хора са били в Русия от-
1:
2721:"Plausible Angloid Gibberish"
2673:Experiments at the Interfaces
2650:. In Chesi, Cristiano (ed.).
2580:British Journal of Psychology
2459:Liberman, Mark (7 May 2004).
2342:de Dios-Flores, Iria (2016).
2211:. In Dupoux, Emmanuel (ed.).
2077:De-Dios-Flores, Iria (2019).
2628:10.1080/01690965.2010.530960
2132:Beaver, David (8 May 2004).
1564:Penrose & Penrose (1958)
1019:
1008:
997:
986:
975:
964:
953:
942:
906:
892:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
55:Overview of ungrammaticality
2253:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.02.001
2014:Townsend & Bever (2001)
1608:Townsend & Bever (2001)
1604:Bever & Townsend (2001)
1588:Phillips & Lewis (2013)
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
809:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
157:has noted examples such as:
2993:
2374:Hurford, James R. (2012).
1496:Piattelli Palmarini (2010)
1302:than I would have thought.
656:of the English quantifier
102:sentence I've ever heard:
2924:Leivada, Evelina (2020).
2821:10.1080/14640747908400750
2681:10.1163/9781780523750_006
2496:10.3726/978-3-653-04451-5
2479:Meinunger, André (2014).
2152:Bever, Thomas G. (2009).
803:
788:Other grammatical factors
411:Michigan State University
2943:10.3390/languages5030029
2761:"Sharks and New Yorkers"
2607:Phillips, Colin (2013).
2551:O'Connor, Ellen (2015).
2433:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00364
2397:Kelley, Patrick (2018).
2096:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02346
2053:Wason & Reich (1979)
338:It does not make sense.
141:Ascending and Descending
2708:"L'illusione di sapere"
2488:Skandal im Sprachbezirk
2420:Frontiers in Psychology
2189:10.1023/A:1023206317518
2083:Frontiers in Psychology
2029:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1986:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1950:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1885:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1881:Wellwood et al. (2018a)
1853:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1838:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1822:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1810:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1702:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1552:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1540:Wellwood et al. (2018b)
1444:are not quite parallel.
1353:negative polarity items
1016:
1005:
994:
983:
972:
961:
950:
939:
903:
886:
875:
864:
853:
842:
831:
820:
456:and those without (b).
184:
1877:Wellwood et al. (2009)
1440:
1421:James R. Hurford uses
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1065:), and left posterior
794:
763:
753:
699:
693:
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
352:
334:(da: 13.2%; sv: 12.0%)
328:(da: 13.2%; sv: 16.0%)
316:(da: 21.1%; sv: 28.0%)
310:(da: 28.9%; sv: 12.0%)
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
151:
88:
1962:de Dios-Flores (2016)
1921:de Dios-Flores (2016)
1828:, pp. 40, 57–58.
1800:, pp. 40, 57–58.
1410:Montalbetti sentences
1365:Garden-path sentences
1337:grammatical illusions
1322:Similar constructions
340:(da: 7.9%; sv: 28.0%)
322:(da: 15.8%; sv: 4.0%)
83:
59:Escher sentences are
2894:Journal of Semantics
1760:, pp. 120–122;
1329:Peter Cathcart Wason
1278:to get on this ride.
767:"the hairdresser").
443:verb phrase ellipsis
364:just as the English
25:comparative illusion
2804:"A Verbal Illusion"
2324:10.7146/aul.119.107
2241:Brain and Cognition
2067:, pp. 156–164.
1976:, pp. 125–128.
1964:, pp. 225–226.
1899:, pp. 166–167.
1867:, pp. 144–171.
1788:, pp. 122–125.
1764:, pp. 144–145.
1614:, pp. 287–288.
1513:, pp. 214–215.
138:'s 1960 lithograph
2907:10.1093/jos/ffy014
2461:"Escher sentences"
2004:, pp. 135–36.
2002:Christensen (2016)
1998:Christensen (2010)
1974:Christensen (2011)
1938:Christensen (2016)
1786:Christensen (2011)
1774:Christensen (2016)
1762:Christensen (2016)
1758:Christensen (2011)
1746:Christensen (2016)
1742:Christensen (2011)
1738:Christensen (2010)
1726:Christensen (2011)
1576:Montalbetti (1984)
1468:Christensen (2016)
1464:Christensen (2010)
757:, "women") in the
356:"have" between an
205:Perceived meanings
122:Geoffrey K. Pullum
89:
2972:Psycholinguistics
2690:978-1-78052-374-3
2505:978-3-653-98384-5
2389:978-0-19-920787-9
2366:978-84-15759-87-4
2334:978-87-91134-03-6
2301:978-87-91134-37-1
2224:978-0-262-04197-3
1988:, pp. 35–36.
1855:, pp. 14–16.
1840:, pp. 12–13.
664:as an "additive"
654:lexical ambiguity
648:Quantifier choice
348:lexical ambiguity
199:Aarhus University
92:Mario Montalbetti
2984:
2977:Linguistic error
2947:
2945:
2911:
2909:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2833:
2823:
2798:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2715:
2702:
2663:
2649:
2639:
2622:(1–2): 156–187.
2613:
2603:
2574:
2568:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2410:
2393:
2370:
2358:
2338:
2326:
2305:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2238:
2228:
2210:
2200:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1824:, pp. 6–7;
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1714:Meinunger (2014)
1711:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1406:Russia sentences
1398:
1371:Center embedding
1339:with respect to
1276:Mary is too tall
1041:Neurolinguistics
812:
806:
805:
797:
766:
756:
702:
696:
355:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
216:
212:
118:and colleagues.
45:example sentence
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2923:
2919:
2917:Further reading
2914:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2801:
2795:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2705:
2691:
2666:
2647:
2642:
2611:
2606:
2577:
2566:
2561:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2413:
2396:
2390:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2308:
2302:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2208:
2203:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2041:O'Connor (2015)
2039:
2035:
2031:, pp. 5–6.
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1909:Nussbaum (2017)
1907:
1903:
1897:Phillips (2013)
1895:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1812:, pp. 6–7.
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1651:Liberman (2004)
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:, p. 184;
1606:, p. 153;
1602:, p. 275;
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1361:
1324:
1315:
1291:
1268:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1067:temporal cortex
1055:premotor cortex
1043:
1038:
1025:
1014:
1003:
992:
981:
970:
959:
948:
937:
933:
912:
901:
884:
873:
862:
851:
840:
829:
818:
790:
785:
709:
650:
645:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
563:
555:
551:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
439:
422:Alexis Wellwood
419:
406:
395:
374:
344:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
304:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
214:
210:
207:
194:
189:
171:
78:
57:
33:Escher sentence
17:
12:
11:
5:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2900:(3): 543–583.
2885:
2862:
2834:
2814:(4): 591–597.
2799:
2793:
2776:
2756:
2736:
2716:
2703:
2689:
2664:
2640:
2604:
2575:
2559:
2548:
2529:
2510:
2504:
2476:
2456:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2371:
2365:
2339:
2333:
2306:
2300:
2280:
2229:
2223:
2201:
2183:(2): 261–284.
2165:
2149:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2018:
2016:, p. 184.
2006:
2000:, p. 48;
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1940:, p. 141.
1925:
1923:, p. 226.
1913:
1901:
1889:
1869:
1857:
1842:
1830:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1776:, p. 145.
1766:
1750:
1730:
1728:, p. 113.
1718:
1716:, p. 261.
1706:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1641:, p. 544.
1631:
1616:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1530:, p. 165.
1515:
1511:Hurford (2012)
1500:
1498:, p. 136.
1488:
1472:
1470:, p. 131.
1466:, p. 42;
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1414:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1042:
1039:
1015:
1004:
993:
982:
971:
960:
949:
938:
935:
934:
902:
885:
874:
863:
852:
841:
830:
819:
816:
815:
789:
786:
784:
783:
780:
776:
708:
707:Subject choice
705:
649:
646:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
553:
552:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
459:
458:
452:
451:
447:
438:
437:
434:
430:
418:
415:
405:
404:
400:
394:
393:
390:
386:
373:
370:
358:auxiliary verb
343:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
305:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
223:
220:
219:
206:
203:
193:
190:
188:
187:
183:
170:
169:
166:
163:
159:
85:Penrose stairs
77:
74:
56:
53:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2853:on 2013-12-30
2849:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2794:9780262700801
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2543:1721.1/113771
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:, p. 20.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:, p. 41.
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:Kelley (2018)
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:Kelley (2018)
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:Kelley (2018)
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:, p. 34.
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:Beaver (2004)
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:Pullum (2009)
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:Pullum (2004)
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 23.
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 32.
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:, p. 12.
1485:
1484:Kelley (2018)
1481:
1480:Pullum (2012)
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:frontal gyrus
1048:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
988:
985:
980:
977:
974:
969:
966:
963:
958:
955:
952:
947:
944:
941:
932:
929:
926:
924:
919:
917:
911:
908:
905:
900:
899:from-how.many
897:
896:
891:
890:
883:
880:
877:
872:
869:
866:
861:
858:
855:
850:
847:
844:
839:
836:
833:
828:
825:
822:
814:
811:
799:
796:
787:
781:
778:
777:
775:
773:
768:
765:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
701:
695:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
626:
623:
618:
615:
610:
607:
602:
599:
594:
591:
586:
583:
578:
575:
570:
567:
562:
559:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
532:
529:
524:
521:
516:
513:
508:
505:
500:
497:
492:
489:
484:
481:
476:
473:
468:
465:
457:
449:
448:
446:
444:
435:
432:
431:
429:
427:
423:
417:Repeatability
416:
414:
412:
402:
401:
399:
391:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
349:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
285:
282:
277:
274:
269:
266:
261:
258:
253:
250:
245:
242:
237:
234:
229:
226:
218:
204:
202:
200:
191:
185:
182:
180:
176:
167:
164:
161:
160:
158:
156:
150:
145:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:Mark Liberman
129:
128:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
86:
82:
75:
73:
70:
66:
62:
61:ungrammatical
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2933:
2929:
2897:
2893:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2855:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2839:
2811:
2807:
2784:
2768:. Retrieved
2765:Language Log
2764:
2748:. Retrieved
2745:Language Log
2744:
2728:. Retrieved
2725:Language Log
2724:
2711:
2672:
2651:
2619:
2615:
2586:(1): 31–33.
2583:
2579:
2570:
2553:
2533:
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127:Language Log
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116:Thomas Bever
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2125:Works cited
1347:in German,
1307:than I have
1283:as Bill has
703:("fewer").
593:hearing-the
110:instead of
65:more people
37:comparative
21:linguistics
2956:Categories
2879:4 November
2857:2018-11-04
2770:3 November
2750:9 November
2470:3 November
2407:2041968142
2143:9 November
1452:References
1377:Irish bull
1341:attraction
795:om aftenen
684:than with
539:report-the
536:rapporten.
179:Dan Rather
41:acceptable
2936:(3): 29.
2930:Languages
2660:2281-3128
2269:205788983
1402:dead ends
426:predicate
2699:40053259
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2600:13536303
2452:32210884
2403:ProQuest
2273:Archived
2261:20236747
2197:53864128
2115:31695644
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1359:See also
764:frisøren
745:the boys
630:Danmark.
590:hørelsen
382:ellipsis
372:Ellipsis
192:Research
94:'s 1984
2967:Parsing
2443:7076159
2426:: 356.
2106:6817463
1349:binding
1053:, left
943:Poveche
923:kolkoto
916:колкото
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889:колкото
824:Poveche
810:kolkoto
804:колкото
754:kvinder
749:the boy
733:the boy
633:Denmark
512:kvinder
76:History
2962:Syntax
2874:GitHub
2830:534285
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957:people
940:Повече
882:Russia
879:Rusiya
838:people
821:Повече
582:mistet
566:drenge
528:ifølge
360:and a
236:people
112:Berlin
108:Russia
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2851:(PDF)
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2648:(PDF)
2632:S2CID
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2567:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
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1388:Notes
1198:lived
1171:Flere
1141:Marie
1112:lived
1085:Flere
995:Русия
876:Русия
700:færre
694:flere
686:fewer
674:fewer
670:fewer
668:. As
609:girls
606:piger
558:Flere
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268:Paris
265:Paris
249:været
225:Flere
177:from
175:tweet
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2826:PMID
2789:ISBN
2772:2018
2752:2018
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2145:2018
2111:PMID
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