457:"quiero" properly governs "tortillas". On the other hand, no governor of "Los esclavos" is found in (6). This makes eliding "Los" from (6) infelicitous, and the resulting sentence ungrammatical. This analysis excludes bare plurals from the subject and indirect object positions, which is mainly representative of sentences in Spanish and Italian (though further restrictions apply in much the same way indefinite nouns are treated in both languages). To explain English's lack of restrictions on placement of bare plurals, a more general treatment of bare nouns is employed. Consider the Italian sentence:
510:"John" comes before the adjective "vecchio". This is noteworthy, as it contrasts with phrases in which a determiner is present, "il vecchio cane" directly translating to "the old dog". This is taken as evidence that in Italian and Spanish, an overt movement of the noun phrase "John" to the determiner head is undergone. In English, this would take place "covertly", i.e. at the
332:
the predicate applies. This contrasts with kinds possessing an attribute determined by the predicate. So "cats are everywhere" holds true if and only if a stage exists of individuals of the kind "cat" who are everywhere relevant in the domain of discourse. Crucially, it is not the case that "cats" as a kind possess the property of being "everywhere". This creates an
331:
In order for the existential readings in sentences like (3) to hold, another semantic object is defined called "stages". These represent locations in time and space, and are created to reconcile the fact that sentences like (3) only hold true if there exists a specific spatio-temporal place in which
888:
Here, it is illustrated that both "students" and "books" act as bare neutral nouns that can behave as singular, plural, or a mass noun depending on the context. This allows for each sentence to have up to nine interpretations (any pair of three possibilities). This being said, a mass vs count
318:
One explanation put forth by
Gregory N. Carlson is the treatment of bare plurals as names of a semantic type called "kinds" that is distinct from typical individuals. With individuals being the topic of traditional semantic discourse, kinds represent the "sort" of individual. "A dog" is an
323:
if and only if the ascribed attribute is a property of the kind inputted into the predicate. For example, (4) is true if and only if the kind "cats" possess the attribute "common" in the domain of discourse. The perceived difference in what level of generic quantification applies is then a
1037:
Bruyn, Bert Le, et al. "Bare
Nominals." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 25 May 2017, linguistics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-399#acrefore-9780199384655-e-399-bibliography-00014.
55:
position must have a determiner or quantifier that introduces the noun, warranting special treatment of the bare nouns that seemingly contradict this. As a result, bare nouns have attracted extensive study in the fields of both
514:
level. This allows the empty category restriction to be fulfilled in the logical form in
English. In Italian or Spanish, if an empty category is not governed in the overt syntax then the sentence will remain ungrammatical.
708:
are uncountable, i.e. no number can be assigned to them. In
English, the difference between mass nouns and count nouns is distinct, contrary to other languages where the mass vs count distinctions may be neutralized. In
286:
It must immediately be reconciled that there can be any number of meanings to the null component. Additionally, the interpretation of each sentence is unambiguous, despite the choice of multiple well-formed quantifiers:
307:, whereas in (3) the set at each place is not necessarily unique. Finally (4) seems to completely resist traditional quantificational analysis, acting on the entire set of objects, not on any individual member.
1661:
560:, as opposed to bare plurals and bare mass nouns. Bare singulars in English are comparatively rare in respect to other languages, however they exist in constricted constructions. They may appear in
83:
in any position in which they semantically make sense. Bare plurals are usually restricted to outside predicate positions, though exceptions to this do arise ("the reason is uncommon sentences").
319:
indefinite instantiation of the kind "dogs", "the man" is a definite instantiation of the kind "men". This suffices to explain all of the above sentences except (3), as each are true in a
310:
Several theories have been put forth to explain this discrepancy. These involve treating bare plurals as plural indefinites, or as a separate class of objects referred to as kinds.
740:
Bare-nouns in argument positions in French are almost universally infelicitous, though not entirely non-existent. They are available in very specific constructions, such as
281:
258:
235:
212:
186:
1098:
1051:
Nemoto, Naoko. "On Mass
Denotations of Bare Nouns in Japanese and Korean" Linguistics, 43.2 (2005): 383-413. Retrieved 12 Dec. 2017, from
1020:
1091:
1933:
344:
Bare nouns are of great interest in the field of syntax, as their existence must be reconciled with the hypothesis that all
1751:
450:
1743:
530:
which allow bare nouns in no positions. These can be interpreted as having different constraints on what constitutes an
1443:
1262:
1159:
1084:
1129:
573:
511:
300:
1853:
1353:
1070:
Roodenburg, Jasper. "The interpretations of coordinated bare nouns in French." Proceedings of ConSole XI. 2003.
353:
111:
97:
40:
1665:
1174:
983:
de Swart, Henriëtte; Zwarts, Joost (2009). "Less form – more meaning: Why bare singular nouns are special".
328:
property of the predicate, determined by what is perceived to be necessary for the statement to hold true.
1959:
1799:
1626:
1535:
668:
531:
52:
1021:"Appendix:English nouns with restricted non-referential interpretation in bare noun phrases - Wiktionary"
1870:
1761:
1756:
1733:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1495:
1288:
1124:
80:
107:(1) Cats are animals. (2) Cats like fish. (3) Cats are everywhere. (4) Cats are common.
1875:
1809:
1641:
1598:
1500:
1363:
1323:
1656:
1636:
1283:
583:
The most common of which are bare locations, which occur with nouns that reference certain spaces:
561:
534:. Research into this field is still active, however, and no widespread consensus has been reached.
304:
266:
243:
220:
197:
171:
1822:
1789:
1715:
1700:
1685:
1675:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1368:
1298:
1293:
927:
47:, the distribution of bare nouns is subject to various language-specific constraints. Under the
1779:
1705:
1680:
1603:
1468:
1413:
1383:
1343:
810:
710:
523:
349:
48:
44:
1817:
1710:
1690:
1540:
1505:
1423:
1218:
1052:
1000:
992:
931:
926:
Delfitto, D. (2006) Bare
Plurals, in The Blackwell Companion to Syntax (eds M. Everaert and
806:
565:
519:
126:(3'). Example (4) is a statement that refers to the cat species as a whole; in other words,
118:(1'). Example (2) is a general statement that holds for most cats; it can be paraphrased as
68:
1725:
1646:
1608:
1593:
1473:
1463:
1378:
1373:
1313:
1179:
1149:
948:
814:
130:(4'); even though that there is no single individual cat that has the attribute of being
1076:
1907:
1865:
1827:
1729:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1333:
1328:
1308:
1303:
1232:
1107:
577:
320:
293:
The sentence in (3) poses an even greater problem, as the explicit meaning should be:
1953:
1832:
1784:
1651:
1631:
1510:
1428:
1408:
1358:
1338:
1318:
527:
162:
96:
Bare nouns, especially bare plurals, have significant implications on the theory of
1921:
1895:
1885:
1858:
1720:
1453:
1418:
1393:
1348:
1169:
569:
336:
distinction between the two predicate types, i(ndividual)-level and s(tage)-level.
122:(2'). Example (3) is a statement that holds of some cats; it can be paraphrased as
188:]), then each of the examples in (1) through (4) would be represented as follows:
996:
1578:
1388:
1267:
1228:
1193:
1184:
664:
507:
345:
1056:
1938:
1837:
1794:
1771:
1695:
1530:
1433:
1403:
1398:
1252:
1247:
1154:
1134:
935:
705:
553:
325:
36:
303:
from (3). As in (3a) a necessarily distinct set of cats is everywhere in the
1928:
1890:
1670:
1487:
1242:
1188:
1164:
805:
Mass and count distinctions are said to be neutralized in languages such as
101:
76:
72:
57:
817:. The distinction between singular and plural nouns does not exist either:
966:
1917:
1912:
526:
which allow bare nouns in any position of a sentence, and languages like
333:
114:
reading: the sentence is true for all cats, and so can be paraphrased as
17:
368:
1902:
1618:
1223:
1139:
1005:
417:
1880:
1565:
1257:
1237:
741:
61:
352:. An approach to explain the case of bare plurals is to employ the
1203:
1116:
557:
454:
32:
1080:
681:
barked. (Singular noun in argument position with determiner)
688:
barked. (Singular noun without a determiner, ungrammatical)
965:
Longobardi, G. Natural
Language Semantics (2001) 9: 335.
290:(2a) All cats like fish. (2b) Some cats like fish.
613:
Other constructions are more rare but exist in
English:
906:
92:
Bare nouns and the semantic analysis of quantification
922:
920:
694:
barked. (Bare plural count noun without a determiner)
269:
246:
223:
200:
174:
1846:
1808:
1770:
1742:
1617:
1564:
1486:
1276:
1211:
1202:
1115:
889:distinction can exist when a classifier is added.
275:
252:
229:
206:
180:
556:. Bare singulars cannot appear as arguments to a
518:A further distinction exists from languages like
747:Examples of bare nouns in N-et-N construction:
953:Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest
1092:
761:sont intelligents. (Coordinated bare plurals)
8:
348:in argument positions must be embedded in a
161:Under the naĂŻve hypothesis that there exist
947:CARLSON, GREGORY NORMAN (January 1, 1977).
713:theory, mass nouns are inherently plural.
299:This, however, takes an entirely different
1208:
1099:
1085:
1077:
978:
976:
974:
930:), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, USA.
783:à l'aéroport. (Coordinated bare singulars)
1004:
268:
245:
222:
199:
173:
1066:
1064:
439:Los esclavos construyeron las pirámides.
1047:
1045:
1043:
967:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014861111123
898:
270:
247:
224:
201:
175:
87:Theoretical significance of bare nouns
722:is good. (mass noun as verb argument)
634:of the department. (bare predication)
7:
314:Kind-denoting analysis: Carlson 1977
145:cats like fish. (3') There are
149:cats everywhere. (4') The cat
104:. Consider the following examples:
801:Bare nouns in East Asian languages
356:. Consider the Spanish sentences:
25:
442:the slaves built.3PL the pyramids
260:] cats are everywhere. (4) [
538:Bare nouns in specific languages
445:'The slaves built the pyramids.'
949:"REFERENCE TO KINDS IN ENGLISH"
645:with Mary. (bare reduplication)
296:(3a) Some cats are everywhere.
35:that is used without a surface
671:position freely. For example:
568:position of particular verbs,
214:] cats are animals. (2) [
124:There are some cats everywhere
1:
736:French coordinated bare nouns
552:Bare singulars are a form of
451:government and binding theory
997:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.015
506:In the Italian reading, the
276:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
253:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
237:] cats like fish. (3) [
230:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
207:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
181:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
165:quantifiers (annotated as [Q
141:cats are animals. (2')
1976:
1934:Syntax–semantics interface
1057:10.1515/ling.2005.43.2.383
729:. (mass noun as predicate)
652:well. (bare incorporation)
593:. (geographical locations)
936:10.1002/9780470996591.ch8
128:The cat species is common
1354:Exceptional case-marking
907:"bare noun - Wiktionary"
354:empty category principle
157:Null quantifier analysis
701:English bare mass nouns
1160:Initial-stress-derived
548:English bare singulars
496:E' venuto John vecchio
277:
254:
231:
208:
182:
1671:Inclusive / Exclusive
742:idiomatic expressions
627:. (bare coordination)
278:
255:
232:
209:
183:
744:, and coordination:
667:, and can appear in
659:English bare plurals
600:. (social locations)
267:
244:
221:
198:
172:
116:All cats are animals
110:Example (1) takes a
1551:Relative subsective
1444:Regular / Irregular
1289:Andative / Venitive
1125:Abstract / Concrete
753:Dans cette classe,
711:Gennaro Chierchia's
607:. (media locations)
502:"Old John has come"
388:'I want tortillas.'
305:domain of discourse
283:] cats are common.
163:phonologically null
120:Most cats like fish
1110:and their features
1108:Lexical categories
543:English bare nouns
385:want.1SG tortillas
273:
250:
227:
204:
178:
1947:
1946:
1752:Casally modulated
1657:Formal / Informal
1546:Pure intersective
1496:Anti-intersective
1482:
1481:
1429:Preterite-present
1025:en.wiktionary.org
911:en.wiktionary.org
772:are intelligent."
663:Bare plurals are
499:has come John old
382:Quiero tortillas.
350:determiner phrase
45:natural languages
16:(Redirected from
1967:
1526:Non-intersective
1209:
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1094:
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1049:
1038:
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957:
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944:
938:
928:H. van Riemsdijk
924:
915:
914:
913:. 11 March 2023.
903:
794:at the airport."
764:"In that class,
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1666:Gender-specific
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1364:Germanic strong
1272:
1198:
1111:
1105:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:. 3 March 2024.
1019:
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972:
964:
960:
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941:
925:
918:
905:
904:
900:
895:
851:-o yomimashita
830:-ul ilk-ess-ta
803:
775:J'ai rencontré
738:
703:
661:
550:
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504:
494:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1908:Procedure word
1905:
1900:
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1898:
1893:
1883:
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1873:
1868:
1866:Complementizer
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1673:
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1662:Gender-neutral
1659:
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1649:
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1634:
1629:
1627:Bound variable
1623:
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1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Ambitransitive
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
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1240:
1235:
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1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
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1073:
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1060:
1039:
1030:
1012:
991:(2): 280–295.
970:
958:
939:
916:
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891:
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883:
872:
863:
852:
842:
831:
802:
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762:
737:
734:
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723:
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689:
682:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
653:
646:
635:
628:
619:John ate with
611:
610:
609:
608:
601:
594:
578:reduplications
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
487:
479:
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459:
430:
422:
411:
403:
395:
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341:
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321:possible world
315:
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272:
261:
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215:
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192:
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177:
166:
158:
155:
136:
106:
98:quantification
93:
90:
88:
85:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1972:
1961:
1960:Nouns by type
1958:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
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1851:
1849:
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1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Interrogative
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Interrogative
1788:
1786:
1785:Demonstrative
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:Prepositional
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Strong / Weak
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Interrogative
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
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1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Demonstrative
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Prepositional
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Interrogative
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Demonstrative
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1472:
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1467:
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1430:
1427:
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1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Germanic weak
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Frequentative
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Autocausative
1297:
1295:
1294:Anticausative
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Transgressive
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
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1244:
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1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
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1186:
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1133:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
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1109:
1102:
1097:
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1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
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1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
968:
962:
959:
954:
950:
943:
940:
937:
933:
929:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
902:
899:
892:
890:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
808:
800:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
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751:
750:
749:
748:
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743:
735:
728:
724:
721:
718:
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707:
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629:
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559:
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547:
542:
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529:
528:Modern French
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
458:
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436:
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428:
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409:
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398:
389:
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365:
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347:
339:
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329:
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294:
288:
189:
164:
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105:
103:
99:
91:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
54:
51:a noun in an
50:
49:DP hypothesis
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1922:Pro-sentence
1896:Onomatopoeia
1886:Interjection
1859:Measure word
1642:Distributive
1536:Postpositive
1516:Intersective
1469:Unaccusative
1414:Performative
1384:Intransitive
1344:Ditransitive
1170:Noun adjunct
1144:
1033:
1024:
1015:
988:
984:
961:
952:
942:
910:
901:
887:
879:
875:
869:
865:
859:
855:
848:
844:
838:
834:
827:
823:
804:
791:
787:
780:
776:
769:
765:
758:
754:
746:
739:
726:
719:
704:
691:
685:
678:
662:
649:
642:
638:
631:
624:
620:
612:
604:
597:
590:
582:
574:coordination
570:prepositions
551:
517:
512:logical form
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
483:
480:
475:
472:
467:
464:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
426:
423:
415:
413:construyeron
412:
407:
404:
399:
396:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
366:
363:
346:noun phrases
343:
330:
317:
309:
298:
292:
285:
160:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
95:
66:
28:
26:
1871:Conjunction
1637:Disjunctive
1574:Conjunctive
1521:Nominalized
1424:Predicative
1268:Verbal noun
1219:Attributive
665:count nouns
648:Mary plays
603:Mary is on
596:Mary is at
589:John is at
562:predication
508:proper noun
334:ontological
153:is common.
1939:Yes and no
1854:Classifier
1838:Possessive
1800:Quantifier
1795:Possessive
1772:Determiner
1744:Adposition
1716:Resumptive
1701:Reciprocal
1696:Possessive
1676:Indefinite
1604:Pronominal
1556:Subsective
1531:Possessive
1501:Collateral
1474:Unergative
1464:Transitive
1379:Inchoative
1374:Impersonal
1314:Catenative
1253:Participle
1248:Infinitive
1180:Relational
1150:Collective
1130:Adjectival
1006:1874/25018
893:References
876:student(s)
856:student(s)
835:student(s)
706:Mass nouns
605:television
554:count noun
432:pirámides.
375:tortillas.
81:felicitous
77:mass nouns
41:quantifier
37:determiner
1929:Prop-word
1891:Ideophone
1818:Discourse
1757:Inflected
1706:Reflexive
1681:Intensive
1488:Adjective
1459:Stretched
1449:Separable
1439:Reflexive
1334:Denominal
1329:Defective
1309:Captative
1304:Auxiliary
1243:Gerundive
1233:Nonfinite
1155:Countable
878:read (a)
866:xue sheng
858:read (a)
837:read (a)
792:colleague
637:John was
378:tortillas
326:pragmatic
271:∅
262:Q.SPECIES
248:∅
225:∅
202:∅
176:∅
167:Subscript
112:universal
102:semantics
73:vocatives
58:semantics
29:bare noun
18:Bare noun
1954:Category
1918:Pro-verb
1913:Pro-form
1810:Particle
1762:Stranded
1711:Relative
1691:Personal
1609:Relative
1594:Locative
1584:Genitive
1409:Negative
1339:Deponent
1319:Compound
955:: 1–506.
824:haksayng
811:Japanese
781:collègue
725:This is
669:argument
630:Mary is
532:argument
524:Japanese
435:pyramids
405:esclavos
53:argument
1903:Preverb
1780:Article
1726:Subject
1619:Pronoun
1454:Stative
1419:Phrasal
1394:Lexical
1349:Dynamic
1324:Copular
1224:Converb
1140:Animacy
880:book(s)
860:book(s)
845:gakusei
839:book(s)
807:Chinese
786:"I met
755:garçons
520:Chinese
489:vecchio
151:species
69:English
1881:Coverb
1876:Copula
1730:Object
1647:Donkey
1566:Adverb
1541:Proper
1506:Common
1389:Labile
1258:Supine
1238:Gerund
1229:Finite
1194:Verbal
1185:Strong
1175:Proper
985:Lingua
815:Korean
813:, and
788:friend
759:filles
598:church
576:, and
566:object
564:, the
473:venuto
453:, the
449:Under
416:built.
408:slaves
364:Quiero
340:Syntax
239:Q.SOME
216:Q.MOST
132:common
62:syntax
1847:Other
1828:Modal
1652:Dummy
1404:Modal
1399:Light
1277:Types
1212:Forms
1135:Agent
874:"(A)
854:"(A)
833:"(A)
828:chayk
770:girls
727:water
720:Water
650:piano
643:cheek
639:cheek
621:knife
367:want.
301:scope
193:Q.ALL
191:(1) [
137:(1')
43:. In
31:is a
1833:Noun
1579:Flat
1434:Pure
1204:Verb
1189:Weak
1165:Mass
1145:Bare
1117:Noun
847:-wa
826:-un
790:and
768:and
766:boys
692:Dogs
677:The
632:head
625:fork
623:and
558:verb
484:John
481:John
476:come
455:verb
147:some
143:Most
79:are
75:and
60:and
33:noun
1053:doi
1001:hdl
993:doi
989:119
932:doi
870:shu
868:du
849:hon
779:et
777:ami
757:et
686:Dog
679:dog
641:to
591:sea
522:or
492:old
468:has
461:(7)
427:the
424:las
418:3PL
400:the
397:Los
393:(6)
369:1SG
360:(5)
139:All
100:in
67:In
39:or
27:A
1956::
1920:/
1732:/
1728:/
1664:/
1231:/
1187:/
1063:^
1042:^
1023:.
999:.
987:.
973:^
951:.
919:^
909:.
882:."
862:."
841:."
809:,
580:.
572:,
465:E'
134:.
71:,
64:.
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1055::
1009:.
1003::
995::
934::
684:*
20:)
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