1022:
are not found in an explicit interest in
European topics or special knowledge concerning European matters, as assumed. Rather, they are determined by "day to day operations and subsequent media performance", structural on-site factors, or "on-the-job and trial-and-error" practices. Furthermore, reporting about Europe is determined by national views and national and individual journalistic practices and thus lacking coherence and proper context. The AIM study concludes that these daily deficiencies, neglects and misapprehensions lead to myopic reporting about European matters. The theory of a common European culture on reporting about European matters thus cannot be supported.
878:. Its complexity arises due to journalistic professionalism being a multi-leveled concept consisting of various journalistic values, tenets, and practices, which different journalism cultures balance in their own unique ways. Research in journalism culture can be conducted within one nation, mostly led by journalism researchers originating from the country itself, or in a comparative manner cross-nationally conducted with the help of international teams of researchers. Comparative journalism research is fore-mostly conducted cross-nationally, with "nation" being an important level of analysis, resulting in comparative studies on country-by-country basis. Derived from
1008:. Additionally, journalism research is often criticized as employing a too traditional view of "journalism". Most journalism studies still focus on established and institutionalized journalism in newspaper, television or radio. Journalism researchers are struggling with comparative methods of conceptualizing emerging and new media, like journalism in weblogs, podcasts or other versions of citizens’ journalism. Beside these specific points of criticism there is a general methodological problem defining the concept of "culture". The term culture is often used unsystematically and can lead to problems of congruent comparison of journalism culture studies.
41:
1039:. The model used by Hanitzsch allows for influences on journalists’ reporting decisions on a super-level (globalization, diffusion and interdependence), a macro-level of societies or nations (political, economic, legal, social and cultural contexts as well as media system), a meso-level (editorial organization, the media organization and the medium as such) and the micro-level as the journalist as an individual (journalists' backgrounds and individual characteristics).
591:
802:
journalism culture in
Eastern European countries do not see a natural adoption of Western journalism standards. Instead, the establishment of a less objective and more entertainment- and audience-oriented journalistic culture driven by the countries themselves (e.g. "populist disseminator" journalism in
781:
Compared to
Southern, Eastern or less democratic countries like China and Russia, additional virtues like impartiality, the reliability and factualness of information and adherence to universal ethical principles are perceived to be of great importance for Western journalists. Additionally, the study
761:
Journalists do not perceive themselves as detached observers, are constructive partners of the government. They are most likely to support official policies and convey a positive image of political and business leadership and pay least regard to the political information function or the mobilization
742:
Driven by interventionist intentions. Critical towards government and business elites. Emphasis on advocating social change, influencing public opinion or setting political agenda. Eager to motivate audiences to participate in civic activity (elections) and political discussion, yet strongly opposed
1084:
International journalism research has produced evidence in support of the view that the ongoing trend of globalization is accompanied with a convergence in journalistic orientations and practices and thus journalism culture. Traditional ethics of objectivity and impartiality dominate many newsrooms
1021:
The
Adequate Information Management in Europe (AIM) Project, a multinational European social science project conducting several studies on journalism structures and processes of daily reporting about the European Union between 2004 and 2007, found that impulses for European professional journalism
1778:
Kunelius, R. & Heikkila, H. (2007). Mainstream
Journalism: problems and potential of a European public sphere (EPS), in: AIM Research Consortium (Ed.), Reporting and Managing European News: final report of the project "Adequate Information Management in Europe" 2004–2007, Bochum and Freiburg:
945:" is explained in the complex nature of the "culture" aspect in journalism culture. As communication researcher Hanitzsch puts it: "One can generally speak of culture as a set of ideas (values, attitudes, and beliefs), practices (of cultural production), and artifacts (cultural products, texts)."
1042:
Results from the study among 2100 professional journalists found that "organizational, professional and procedural influences are perceived to be more powerful limits to the journalists' work than political and economic influences". This produces the meso-level of professional hierarchy, aka the
1034:
established a theoretical framework for analyzing levels of influences that shape media contents. The levels range from micro to macro, going from individual, over routines, organizational level, extra-media level, to ideological level. A similar approach was used by
Hanitzsch in his extensive
801:
Especially in the 1990s "US government and media initiatives" have worked to establish a US-modeled "objective" press model in emerging democracies in South
America and Eastern Europe. This move assumed "US-style journalism a natural and inevitable world model", yet current studies regarding
731:
Interest in providing the audience with political information. Relative high regard to their position as detached observer of events. See themselves as watchdogs of elites (skeptical and critical attitude). Less interventionist than their counterparts in other milieus. Opposed to the idea of
1051:
The
European AIM study found a growing openness, especially among younger generations of professional journalists, towards news methods and ways of communication and production. A growing tendency of not relying exclusively on institutionalized information systems can be observed. Further
667:, indicated by world-spanning major media corporations, on individual media cultures and its worldwide standard-setting potency. In scientific literature, journalism culture is also called "journalistic culture", "news culture", "newspaper cultures" or "culture of news production".
662:
studies were conducted for finding a hypothetic common
Western journalism culture, a common European journalism culture, or even a common global journalism ideology. (cf. historical overview) Research into journalism cultures is especially helpful in analyzing assumed influences of
809:
Within-country level journalism research in developing or emerging countries is described as lacking. This can either be explained with under-financed or non-existent research institutes within the respective countries or the neglect of certain research topics.
714:
Has a strong orientation towards the audience. Tendency to provide the audience with "interesting" information. Not very critical of government or elites. Yet does not intend to take on an active and participatory role in reporting. Example countries: Spain,
822:
journalism research of the 90s and early 2000s as both too focused on areas like "public relations, marketing or other forms of corporate communication" and, on the side of the critical researchers, as having a too strong interest in journalism research of
732:
supporting official policies. Least likely to advocate for social change, influence public opinion and set the political agenda. Most ‘prototypical’ milieu of western journalist. Example countries: Germany, Austria, United States, Switzerland, Australia.
1770:
Kopper, G. (2007). Research and the Meta-Level of
Practice: implications for training, online communicating and defining rules of European journalism, in: AIM Research Consortium (Ed.), Reporting and Managing European News: final report of the Project
1536:
Kopper, G. (2007). Research and the Meta-Level of Practice: implications for training, online communicating and defining rules of European journalism, in: AIM Research Consortium (Ed.), Reporting and Managing European News: final report of the Project
897:
suggested by Brüggeman and Wessler, media research can be conducted using three dimensions of analysis: (1) Research perspectives, (2) research levels and (3) objects of analysis. Practically applying this system on journalism culture research shows:
675:
A worldwide study on journalism culture conducted by Thomas Hanitzsch et al. between 2007 and 2011 encompassing 21 countries found that journalistic functions like detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the
1003:
Many, especially emerging nations, criticize the form of applying a US- or Western-centric view of journalistic culture onto under- or developing nations as a form of cultural imperialism neglecting specific cultural backgrounds or
1067:
can lead to the need of finding new and less controlled ways of expression. One of the best studied examples of suppressed journalists’ resourcefulness can be found in research of Chinese journalists and their use of
654:
or similar media artifacts. Research into the concept of journalism culture sometimes suggests an all-encompassing consensus among journalists "toward a common understanding and cultural identity of journalism."
1658:
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). "Americanization, Globalization, and Secularization: Understanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication". In F. Esser & B. Pfetsch (ed.),
975:
is considered the first study to describe journalists’ work lives. More recent comparative research into journalism and journalism culture also include works by Deuze, Donsbach and Splichal & Sparks.
1063:
as a means of reporting, a surge in new technology usage can especially be seen in authoritarian or developing nation contexts. Increased governmental controlling of journalists’ media access and/or
1747:
Hanitzsch, T. (2011a). Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, critical change agents and opportunist facilitators: Professional milieus, the journalistic field and autonomy in 18 countries.
1222:
Hanitzsch, T. (2011a). Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, critical change agents and opportunist facilitators: Professional milieus, the journalistic field and autonomy in 18 countries.
963:
879:
762:
potentials of journalism. At close distance to political powers. No watchdogs of government or elites. Found in developing, transitional and authoritarian contexts. Country examples: Russia,
979:
Theoretical and practical research has found many journalism cultures and ideologies discussed in communication science literature. Among them are journalism cultures and genres such as
1043:
editorial organization and medium's organization, as the most influential factor of journalistic conduct and thus the biggest influencer of the professional part of journalism culture.
1710:
Donsbach, W. & Patterson, T. E. (2004). Political News Journalists: Partisanship, Professionalism, and Political Roles in Five Countries. In: Frank Esser, Barbara Pfetsch, (ed.):
1439:
Donsbach, W. & Patterson, T. E. (2004). Political News Journalists: Partisanship, Professionalism, and Political Roles in Five Countries. In: Frank Esser, Barbara Pfetsch, (ed.):
1293:
De Beer, A. (2008): South African Journalism Research. Challenging Paradigmatic Schisms and Finding a Foothold in Era of Globalization. In: Löffelholz, M. & Weaver, D. (2008).
1056:
points to a trend of increased usage of "non-institutionalized, non-governmental, non-administrative and clearly transnational information" during reporting and research work.
658:
There is scientific debate about the notion of a shared, worldwide journalism culture, whether such a common construct exists and can be found empirically. Several
863:
and communication science. Journalism studies take into account many levels of analysis including individual, organizational, societal and cultural aspects.
626:
743:
to providing public support for official government policy. Does not support opportunist approach to journalism. Example countries: Turkey, Egypt. In parts
1756:
1674:
894:
1754:
Hanitzsch, T., Mellado, C. (2011b). What Shapes the News around the World? How Journalists in Eighteen Countries Perceive Influences on Their Work.
1672:
Hanitzsch, T., Mellado, C. (2011b). What Shapes the News around the World? How Journalists in Eighteen Countries Perceive Influences on Their Work.
827:
specifics. This overpopulation with specific-interest studies created a deficit in South African conclusions about their own journalism culture.
1399:
Wessler, H., & Brüggeman, M. (2012) (in press). Transnationale Kommunikation. Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
1315:
Weaver, D. & Löffelholz, M. (2008). Global Journalism Research: Summing up and Looking Ahead. In: Löffelholz, M. & Weaver, D. (2008).
1207:
793:
with a tendency of more South-Western democracies like Spain additionally harboring a strong journalistic culture of "populist disseminator".
1483:
Heinonen, A. & Luostarinen, H. (2008). Reconsidering "Journalism" for Journalism Research. In: Löffelholz, M. & Weaver, D. (2008).
835:
Research of journalism culture is a sub-theme of journalism research, a tradition rooted in both classical sociological approaches (e.g.
1350:
For examples of within-country research in Germany, U.S., UK, South Africa, China and Mexico see Löffelholz, M. & Weaver, D. (2008).
1740:
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F. & Mellado, C. (2010). Mapping Journalism Cultures Across Nations: A comparative study of 18 countries.
1244:
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F. & Mellado, C. (2010). Mapping Journalism Cultures Across Nations: A comparative study of 18 countries.
882:, comparative journalism culture research uses the nation as "object, context, unit of analysis, or as component of a larger system".
619:
961:
comparing reporting practices in the United States and Great Britain, the journalism-focused parts of Hallin and Mancini's 2004
885:
Used methods in journalism culture research are surveys and interviews, content analysis, observation or a combination thereof.
1863:
647:
65:
1733:
1160:
1085:
worldwide, and many similarities in editorial procedures, professional routines, and socialization processes in countries as
1149:
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6, p. 446.
1842:
992:
692:
236:
115:
612:
40:
1691:
Deuze, Mark (2002). National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian and US Journalists.
1426:
Deuze, Mark (2002). National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian and US Journalists.
1106:
1111:
856:
824:
691:
study through worldwide surveys of over 2100 active journalists regarding the "central areas of disagreement" (
1191:
Golan, G. (2006). Inter-Media Agenda Setting and Global News Coverage. Journalism Studies, 7 (2), pp. 323-333.
332:
272:
151:
146:
80:
1826:
Journalists for the 21st century. Tendencies of professionalization among first-year students in 22 countries
1454:
Journalists for the 21st century. Tendencies of professionalization among first-year students in 22 countries
815:
327:
69:
1073:
659:
651:
302:
227:
105:
1131:
1064:
458:
443:
352:
337:
196:
186:
1703:
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered.
1693:
433:
342:
322:
317:
282:
252:
171:
1204:
1858:
1121:
1005:
988:
980:
790:
725:
600:
495:
402:
292:
242:
232:
206:
136:
90:
1523:
AIM Research Consortium (Ed.), Reporting and Managing European News: final report of the Project
1126:
875:
382:
357:
297:
262:
176:
161:
156:
1192:
1789:
Reese, S. D. (2001). Understanding the Global Journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach.
1337:
Reese, S. D. (2001). Understanding the Global Journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach.
1116:
872:
836:
595:
521:
506:
473:
397:
387:
377:
277:
201:
191:
181:
110:
1465:
For an extensive list of journalism cultures see the table in: Hanitzsch, T. (2007), p. 381.
1158:
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Towards a universal theory.
984:
811:
511:
468:
463:
392:
362:
312:
267:
166:
1211:
848:
572:
367:
287:
141:
131:
852:
844:
567:
347:
100:
1843:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120110180236/http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/pilot.htm
1623:
Scotton, J. (2010). The Impact of New Media. In: Scotton, J. & Hachten, W. (ed.).
17:
1852:
1731:
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Towards a universal theory.
860:
664:
562:
452:
423:
372:
307:
1698:
840:
819:
557:
438:
428:
871:
Study design for journalism culture research provides challenges for appropriate
516:
85:
677:
643:
537:
482:
448:
257:
211:
95:
55:
32:
642:
is described as a "shared occupational ideology among newsworkers". The term
1090:
1060:
748:
542:
491:
418:
1094:
1053:
803:
744:
501:
716:
552:
59:
1390:
cf. Quandt, Kolmer, Weaver in: Weaver, D. & Löffelholz, M. (2008).
767:
577:
1819:
Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking
1584:, Pilot Study. Conceptualization: journalism culture and influences.
959:
Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking
1812:
Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content
1570:
Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content
1719:
Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges
1712:
Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges
1661:
Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges
1441:
Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges
763:
1205:
http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/research/2007-2011-pilot-study/
1069:
859:
of the early 20th century and is located in the broader area of
695:, distance to ruling powers, and their market orientation) are:
547:
247:
50:
1784:
Global Journalism Research. Theories, Methods, Findings, Future
1485:
Global Journalism Research. Theories, Methods, Findings, Future
1317:
Global Journalism Research. Theories, Methods, Findings, Future
1295:
Global Journalism Research. Theories, Methods, Findings, Future
1638:
Journalism Education in Countries With Limited Media Freedom
1193:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700500533643
1726:
Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics
1032:
Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media
964:
Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics
953:
Notable comparative research can be found in Weaver's 1998
789:
Western journalism culture is classified by a dominance of
933:
The combination of various objects of analysis, such as "
1541:
2004 -2007, Bochum and Freiburg: Projekt Verlag, p. 185.
786:
promotion of particular values, ideas or social change.
1775:
2004-2007, Bochum and Freiburg: Projekt Verlag, 183-96.
782:
found Western journalists to be less supportive of any
1076:, shaping the contemporary Chinese reporting culture.
1047:
Influence of new technologies on journalism cultures
1833:
The Global Journalist: News People around the World
1663:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–44.
687:The four types of journalism cultures found in the
1505:Heinonen, A. & Luostarinen, H. (2008), p. 227.
1052:technological development within the world of the
1699:http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/17/2/237.full.pdf
1527:2004 -2007, Bochum and Freiburg: Projekt Verlag.
1496:Weaver, D. & Löffelholz, M. (2008), p. 292f.
680:are perceived as essential journalistic virtues
1328:Weaver, D. & Löffelholz, M. (2008), p. 288.
1568:Shoemaker, Pamela and Reese, Stephen (1996).
797:Tendencies in developing and emerging nations
620:
8:
1810:Shoemaker, Pamela and Reese, Stephen (1996)
1757:The International Journal of Press/Politics
1675:The International Journal of Press/Politics
1572:, 2nd edn, White Plains, New York: Longman.
1814:, 2nd edn, White Plains, New York: Longman
1017:Influences on European journalism cultures
627:
613:
28:
1773:Adequate Information Management in Europe
1724:Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004).
1539:Adequate Information Management in Europe
1525:Adequate Information Management in Europe
1782:Löffelholz, M. & Weaver, D. (2008).
1728:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1035:cross-national journalism culture study
697:
646:culture spans the cultural diversity of
1721:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1142:
529:
481:
410:
219:
123:
31:
1824:Splichal, S. & Sparks, C. (1994).
1803:Scotton, J. & Hachten, W. (2010).
1452:Splichal, S. & Sparks, C. (1994).
1097:, and the United States can be found.
1026:Influences of professional hierarchies
1821:, Lexington, Massachusetts: DC Heath.
1297:. Cambridge: Blackwell., pp. 185-196.
1059:Besides Western journalists adopting
7:
1765:Cross-national Research in Sociology
1379:Cross-national Research in Sociology
1030:Shoemaker's and Reese's 1996 volume
1749:International Communication Gazette
1717:Esser, F. & Pfetsch, B. (ed.),
1224:International Communication Gazette
1203:Worlds of Journalism, Pilot Study.
991:characterized by its strong use of
1235:Worlds of Journalism, Pilot Study.
25:
1767:, Newbury Park, California: Sage.
1627:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 28.
1381:, Newbury Park, California: Sage.
1182:Hanitzsch, T. (2007), 17, p. 368.
880:comparative media system research
1835:, Creskill, New Jersey: Hampton.
704:Specifics of journalism culture
589:
39:
1487:. Cambridge: Blackwell, p. 227.
1319:. Cambridge: Blackwell, p. 290.
949:Historical overview of research
818:, South Africa, is criticizing
1257:Hanitzsch, T. (2011a), p. 485.
1:
1828:. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.
1514:Hanitzsch, T. (2007), p. 368.
1456:. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.
1408:Hanitzsch, T. (2007), p. 369.
1284:Hanitzsch, T. (2011a), p. 487
1173:Hanitzsch, T. (2007), p. 368.
895:dimensions of analysis system
578:Pundit / commentator
1474:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 176.
1417:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 179.
1368:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 177.
1359:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 177.
1275:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 176.
1266:Reese, S. D. (2001), p. 175.
993:journalistic interventionism
757:Opportunist facilitator
693:journalistic interventionism
116:Index of journalism articles
1831:Weaver, David (Ed.) (1998)
1800:, New York: Harcourt Brace.
1763:Kohn, Melvin (Ed.) (1989).
1377:Kohn, Melvin (Ed.) (1989).
1306:De Beer, A. (2008), p. 185.
814:, journalism researcher at
1880:
1807:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
1649:Scotton, J. (2010), p. 30.
1614:Kopper, G. (2007), p. 196.
1559:Kopper, G. (2007), p. 187.
1550:Kopper, G. (2007), p. 187.
1107:German American journalism
777:Western journalism culture
710:Populist disseminator
1805:New Media for a New China
1798:Washington Correspondents
1697:78(1), pp. 134–149.
1625:New Media for a New China
1605:Kopper, G. (2007), p. 196
1112:Irish American journalism
1080:Global convergence theory
973:Washington Correspondents
601:Category: Journalism
987:, popular journalism or
906:" as prevalent research
867:Study design and methods
1786:. Cambridge: Blackwell.
1760:, 16, pp. 404–426.
1640:. New York: Peter Lang.
971:Project. Rosten's 1937
916:" (nation) as dominant
816:Stellenbosch University
538:Journalists (reporters)
1864:Organizational culture
1779:Projekt Verlag, 45-77.
1012:Influences on cultures
106:Editorial independence
18:Comparative journalism
1132:Communication studies
1065:freedom of expression
999:Criticism of research
955:The Global Journalist
738:Critical change agent
660:communication science
596:Journalism portal
459:Pink-slime journalism
444:Horse race journalism
1839:Worlds of Journalism
1734:Communication Theory
1714:. Cambridge, 251-70.
1694:Journalism Quarterly
1636:Josephi, B. (2010).
1594:Worlds of Journalism
1582:Worlds of Journalism
1443:. Cambridge, 251-70.
1428:Journalism Quarterly
1161:Communication Theory
1089:as Brazil, Germany,
1037:Worlds of Journalism
969:Worlds of Journalism
967:and Hanitzsch’ 2011
689:Worlds of Journalism
434:Freedom of the press
1817:Sigal, Leon (1973)
1796:Rosten, Leo (1937)
1430:78(1), pp. 134-149.
1122:Watchdog Journalism
989:advocacy journalism
981:watchdog journalism
928:objects of analysis
926:and often combined
806:) can be observed.
791:watchdog journalism
701:Journalistic milieu
648:journalistic values
496:Newspaper of record
1791:Journalism Studies
1742:Journalism Studies
1339:Journalism Studies
1246:Journalism Studies
1210:2019-05-15 at the
1127:Comparative method
939:content production
889:Levels of analysis
876:operationalization
640:Journalism culture
1751:, 73(6), 477-494.
1744:, 12(3), 273-293.
1117:Journalism school
1072:, cellphones and
918:level of analysis
812:Arnold S. de Beer
774:
773:
726:Detached watchdog
671:Types of cultures
637:
636:
522:Alternative media
474:Yellow journalism
111:Journalism school
16:(Redirected from
1871:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
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1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
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1329:
1326:
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1307:
1304:
1298:
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1273:
1267:
1264:
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1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:, 73(6), p. 481.
1220:
1214:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1006:social cleavages
985:civic journalism
935:media structures
698:
650:, practices and
629:
622:
615:
594:
593:
592:
469:Propaganda model
464:Public relations
43:
29:
21:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1841:, Pilot Study,
1793:, 2(2), 173–187
1687:
1682:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1635:
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1618:
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1609:
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1592:
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1567:
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1558:
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1549:
1545:
1535:
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1522:
1518:
1513:
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328:Interpretive
278:Comics-based
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922:The use of
908:perspective
558:Copy editor
388:Underground
303:Explanatory
228:Adversarial
197:Video games
152:Environment
91:Attribution
86:News values
81:Objectivity
1859:Journalism
1853:Categories
1705:Journalism
1138:References
904:comparison
893:Using the
857:Humanities
719:, Israel.
678:government
644:journalism
492:Newspapers
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353:Non-profit
338:Multimedia
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96:Defamation
33:Journalism
1091:Indonesia
1061:new media
825:Apartheid
766:, China,
749:Indonesia
682:worldwide
543:Columnist
502:Magazines
419:Fake news
343:Narrative
323:Immersion
283:Community
253:Broadcast
1208:Archived
1101:See also
1095:Tanzania
1054:Internet
831:Research
804:Bulgaria
745:Bulgaria
512:Internet
403:Watchdog
293:Database
248:Blogging
243:Analytic
233:Advocacy
172:Politics
162:Medicine
137:Business
1087:diverse
941:" and "
924:various
717:Romania
548:Blogger
383:Tabloid
358:Opinion
263:Citizen
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192:Traffic
177:Science
157:Fashion
76:Culture
60:Five Ws
855:) and
784:active
768:Uganda
553:Editor
398:Visual
378:Sensor
220:Genres
182:Sports
66:Ethics
1070:blogs
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530:Roles
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313:Gonzo
268:Civic
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167:Music
124:Areas
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851:and
288:Data
142:Data
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