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18th and 19th centuries, and fourth in the 20th century. Rome topped the rankings in the 15th century, dropped to second in the 16th and 17th centuries, eighth in the 18th century, ninth in the 19th century but back at sixth in the 20th century. Berlin appears in the top ten rankings only in the 18th century and was ranked third most important city in both the 19th and 20th centuries. New York City entered the rankings in the 19th century (in fifth place) and stood at second rank in the 20th century. The patterns are very similar for a sample of 522 top composers.
494:. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as
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846:, ensemble experience, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two concerts featuring the composition student's pieces. A master's degree in music (referred to as an M.Mus. or M.M.) is often a required minimum credential for people who wish to teach composition at a university or conservatory. A composer with an M.Mus. could be an adjunct professor or instructor at a university, but it would be difficult in the 2010s to obtain a
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594:. In genres other than classical music, the performer generally has more freedom; thus for instance when a performer of Western popular music creates a "cover" of an earlier song, there is little expectation of exact rendition of the original; nor is exact faithfulness necessarily highly valued (with the possible exception of "note-for-note" transcriptions of famous
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interpreted, although how strictly and minutely these are dictated varies from one composer to another. Because of this trend of composers becoming increasingly specific and detailed in their instructions to the performer, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composer's written intention came to be highly valued (see, for example,
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bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Students must submit examples of their compositions. If available, some schools will also accept video or audio recordings of performances of the student's pieces. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination are required.
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music. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by the examination of methods and practice of
Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough for the creation of popular and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of
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to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and, instead, compose the song in their mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical
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According to Abbey
Philips, "women musicians have had a very difficult time breaking through and getting the credit they deserve." During the Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (religious) purposes and due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious
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Paris has been the main hub for western classical music in all periods. It was ranked fifth in the 15th and 16th centuries but first in the 17th to 20th centuries inclusive. London was the second most meaningful city: eighth in the 15th century, seventh in the 16th, fifth in the 17th, second in the
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or B.M) are four-year programs that include individual composition lessons, amateur orchestra/choral experience, and a sequence of courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Usually, composition
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Students must prepare significant compositions under the guidance of faculty composition professors. Some schools require DMA composition students to present concerts of their works, which are typically performed by singers or musicians from the school. The completion of advanced coursework and a
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Doctor of
Musical Arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in composition provide an opportunity for advanced study at the highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a
817:, which are the standard musical training system in countries such as France and Canada, provide lessons and amateur orchestral and choral singing experience for composition students. Universities offer a range of composition programs, including bachelor's degrees, Master of Music degrees, and
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to the melody line during a performance. Such freedom generally diminished in later eras, correlating with the increased use by composers of more detailed scoring in the form of dynamics, articulation et cetera; composers became uniformly more explicit in how they wished their music to be
452:, the function of composing music initially did not have much greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive enormous attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance.
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intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers.
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being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music discuss almost exclusively the role of male composers. As well, very few works by women composers are part of the standard repertoire of classical music. In
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A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st centuries, computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples of this range from
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era in the 19th century. In the 20th century, composers began to seek employment as professors in universities and conservatories. In the 20th century, composers also earned money from the sales of their works, such as
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asked, "Why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received
400:"Composer" is a loose term that generally refers to any person who writes music. More specifically, it is often used to denote people who are composers by occupation, or those who work in the tradition of
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The nature and means of individual variation of the music are varied, depending on the musical culture in the country and the time period it was written. For instance, music composed in the
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students must complete significant pieces or songs before graduating. Not all composers hold a B.Mus. in composition; composers may also hold a B.Mus. in music performance or music theory.
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Women today are being taken more seriously in the realm of concert music, though the statistics of recognition, prizes, employment, and overall opportunities are still biased toward men.
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degrees. As well, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and festivals, which give students the opportunity to get coaching from composers.
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minimum B average are other typical requirements of a D.M.A program. During a D.M.A. program, a composition student may get experience teaching undergraduate music students.
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are written out in musical notation, the performer has a degree of latitude to add artistic interpretation to the work, by such means as by varying their articulation and
571:). This musical culture is almost certainly related to the high esteem (bordering on veneration) in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers.
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era, composers typically worked for aristocratic employers. While aristocrats typically required composers to produce a significant amount of religious music, such as
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486:(held notes) or pauses, and — in the case of bowed string instruments, woodwinds or brass instruments — deciding whether to use expressive effects such as
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genres. In other contexts, the term 'composer' can refer to a literary writer, or more rarely and generally, someone who combines pieces into a whole.
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movement has revived to some extent the possibility of the performer elaborating seriously the music as given in the score, particularly for
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646:: the respectful, reverential love of a great woman from afar. Courtly love songs were very popular during the Renaissance era. During the
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Across cultures and traditions composers may write and transmit music in a variety of ways. In much popular music, the composer writes a
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Famous composers have a tendency to cluster in specific cities throughout history. Based on over 12,000 prominent composers listed in
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Professional classical composers often have a background in performing classical music during their childhood and teens, either as a
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Some composers did not complete composition programs, but focused their studies on the performance of voice or an instrument or on
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Wegman, Rob C. (Autumn 1996). "From Maker to
Composer: Improvisation and Musical Authorship in the Low Countries, 1450-1500".
740:] is one of the only female composers mentioned", but other notable women composers of the common practice period include
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Piotrowska, Anna G. (December 2007). "Modernist
Composers and the Concept of Genius / Skladatelji Moderne i pojam genija".
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often has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in
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Mugmon, Matthew (November 2013). "Beyond the
Composer-Conductor Dichotomy: Bernstein's Copland-Inspired Mahler Advocacy".
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of the 19th century, composition almost always went side by side with a combination of either singing, instructing and
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O'Hagan, John; Borowiecki, Karol (8 July 2010). "Birth
Location, Migration, and Clustering of Important Composers".
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studies in a variety of formal training settings, including colleges, conservatories, and universities.
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measurement techniques, the most important cities for classical music can be quantitatively identified.
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1468:(2013). "Master and Disciple: Teaching the Composition of Polyphony in the Thirteenth Century".
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Master of Music degrees (M.mus.) in composition consists of private lessons with a composition
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708:' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote
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1236:"Historical Patterns Based on Automatically Extracted Data: The Case of Classical Composers"
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faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to
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era, many composers were employed by aristocrats or as church employees. During the
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their compositions, but in musical theatre and pop music, songwriters may hire an
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Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and
Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture
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Even in a conventional
Western piece of instrumental music, in which all of the
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is done by an orchestrator, and the words may be written by a third person.
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jingling in a breeze, to avant-garde music from the 20th century that uses
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1605:. Vol. 4: Picture That: Making a Show of the Jongleur. Cambridge:
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To become a tenure track professor, many universities require a
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may be called composers, but since the 20th century the terms '
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This article is about composers of music. For other uses, see
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International Review of the
Aesthetics and Sociology of Music
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The Study of Ethnomusicology: Twenty-nine Issues and Concepts
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leaders, few women composed this type of music, with the nun
397:] be good descanters and yet wil be but bad composers".
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The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity
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Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2015) .
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Williams, Justin A.; Williams, Katherine, eds. (2016).
349:. The term is especially used to indicate composers of
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206:
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During the Middle Ages, most composers worked for the
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809:). Teens aspiring to be composers can continue their
586:. The movement might be considered a way of creating
513:, where the songs may be written by one person, the
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Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
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110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1240:Historical Social Research (Section 'Cliometrics')
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829:Bachelor's degrees in composition (referred to as
630:and composed music for religious services such as
1246:(2). Association Française de Cliométrie: 298–314
862:. In composition, the key doctoral degree is the
1573:The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter
1184:"The history of women and gender roles in music"
797:, or as a performer on a solo instrument (e.g.,
509:when a band collaborates to write a song, or in
389:A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Music
1177:
1175:
1173:
712:for performance in small recitals rather than
614:performers and African percussionists such as
517:of the accompaniment parts and writing of the
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1680:
1543:Journal of the American Musicological Society
1210:"Her Music: Today's Emerging Female Composer"
601:In Western art music, the composer typically
195:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
663:publications of their songs or pieces or as
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2127:
2065:
2051:
2043:
1687:
1673:
1665:
2702:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1313:The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music
1234:Borowiecki, Karol; O'Hagan, John (2012).
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1087:
938:
936:
924:
313:Learn how and when to remove this message
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
1649:) is being considered for deletion. See
689:Nineteenth-century composer and pianist
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1129:
1058:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26215
912:
416:' are more often used, particularly in
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681:List of female composers by birth date
404:. Writers of exclusively or primarily
2240:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
1117:
850:professor position with this degree.
7:
391:, where he says "Some wil [
108:adding citations to reliable sources
1182:Philips, Abbey (1 September 2011).
3916:Classical and art music traditions
2348:History of lute-family instruments
2165:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
25:
1653:to help reach a consensus. ›
1401:The Modern Composer and His World
576:historically informed performance
455:In the Western world, before the
427:, and it is then transmitted via
54:This article has multiple issues.
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3632:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3107:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2707:Sound recording and reproduction
2160:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
249:
186:
84:
43:
3936:Jazz and popular music glossary
1954:Political or revolutionary song
1208:Alex Ambrose (21 August 2014).
728:Concise Oxford History of Music
677:Women in music § Composers
533:, to text compositions such as
448:In the development of European
95:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
3177:Federated States of Micronesia
979:New Oxford American Dictionary
1:
2220:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
2140:Afghan classical music—Klasik
4081:Record production portal
3926:Cultural and regional genres
2185:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
1345:University of Illinois Press
1150:Gender and the Musical Canon
1075:UK public library membership
482:, choosing how long to make
444:Relationship with performers
2697:Music technology (electric)
2235:Thai classical music—Piphat
2190:Japanese court music—Gagaku
1500:University of Chicago Press
1409:University of Toronto Press
1307:(2011). "Introduction". In
1015:Online Etymology Dictionary
367:The term is descended from
275:the claims made and adding
209:, discuss the issue on the
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2343:History of the harpsichord
2230:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
1577:Cambridge University Press
1317:Cambridge University Press
949:Collins English Dictionary
674:
360:
333:composing at his desk, by
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2170:Chinese traditional music
1298:General and cited sources
1279:10.1080/01615441003729945
582:and music from the early
439:Role in the Western world
380:Oxford English Dictionary
34:Composer (disambiguation)
3052:Central African Republic
2595:Computational musicology
2145:Andalusi classical music
1651:templates for discussion
1403:. Heritage. Foreword by
357:Etymology and definition
3941:Music genres and styles
2245:Western classical music
2215:Persian classical music
1380:(subscription required)
1375:Oxford University Press
1050:Oxford University Press
1036:Root, Deane L. (2001).
402:Western classical music
351:Western classical music
345:is a person who writes
331:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
27:Person who writes music
3921:Classical music genres
2997:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2538:Doctor of Musical Arts
2363:History of the trumpet
2175:Indian classical music
864:Doctor of Musical Arts
819:Doctor of Musical Arts
693:
338:
3747:São Tomé and Príncipe
3622:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3602:Republic of the Congo
2368:History of the violin
688:
634:melodies. During the
622:History of employment
328:
4147:Occupations in music
3817:United Arab Emirates
2590:Cognitive musicology
1607:Open Book Publishers
1427:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfcx
723:Hildegard von Bingen
536:Aus den Sieben Tagen
496:performance practice
215:create a new article
207:improve this article
197:may not represent a
104:improve this article
4142:Musical terminology
3967:Aesthetics of music
3782:Trinidad and Tobago
2917:Antigua and Barbuda
2401:Band (rock and pop)
2325:Musical instruments
2200:Lao classical music
1767:Electronic libretto
1696:Musical composition
1437:Music & Letters
793:, as a player in a
503:musical composition
4029:Musical instrument
3997:Music and politics
3127:Dominican Republic
2875:By sovereign state
2195:Korean court music
2155:Azerbaijani Mugham
1835:Sentimental ballad
1595:Ziolkowski, Jan M.
1267:Historical Methods
1045:Grove Music Online
866:, rather than the
766:Grove Music Online
696:In 1993, American
694:
553:Witold Lutosławski
363:Lists of composers
339:
260:possibly contains
4102:
4101:
3987:Music and fashion
3982:Music and emotion
3884:
3883:
3152:Equatorial Guinea
2648:A-side and B-side
2553:Music archaeology
2528:Bachelor of Music
2376:
2375:
2310:Psychedelic music
2305:Progressive music
2225:Scottish Ceòl Mór
2040:
2039:
1736:Singer-songwriter
1616:978-1-01-329142-5
1599:"1. The Composer"
1586:978-1-107-06364-8
1509:978-0-226-52144-2
1490:Meyer, Leonard B.
1470:Musica Disciplina
1450:10.1093/ml/gct131
1418:978-0-608-16267-6
1354:978-0-252-01039-2
1326:978-0-19-316303-4
1146:Citron, Marcia J.
1073:(subscription or
1067:978-1-56159-263-0
988:978-0-19-539288-3
742:Fanny Mendelssohn
636:Renaissance music
433:written documents
414:singer-songwriter
323:
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262:original research
243:
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217:, as appropriate.
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4067:Music portal
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4019:Music technology
4007:Environmentalism
3960:Related articles
3567:Papua New Guinea
3432:Marshall Islands
2879:
2825:Central American
2563:Music psychology
2448:Backing vocalist
2285:Electronic music
2128:
2082:History of music
2067:
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1825:Execution ballad
1784:Musical notation
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931:
922:
746:Cécile Chaminade
667:of their works.
665:sound recordings
652:Classical period
584:Classical period
531:graphic notation
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277:inline citations
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3532:North Macedonia
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2730:regional genres
2729:
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2687:Record producer
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2620:Sociomusicology
2605:Ethnomusicology
2533:Master of Music
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2180:Byzantine music
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1869:Christmas carol
1862:Repetitive song
1857:Cumulative song
1847:Children's song
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860:doctoral degree
856:
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827:
795:youth orchestra
783:
781:Modern training
761:
750:Nadia Boulanger
683:
675:Main articles:
673:
628:Catholic church
624:
541:aleatoric music
511:musical theatre
457:Romantic period
450:classical music
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4055:
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4046:Women in music
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4034:Classification
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3862:Western Sahara
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3822:United Kingdom
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3404:
3399:
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3329:
3324:
3319:
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3309:
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3299:
3294:
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3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
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3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
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3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Czech Republic
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
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3019:
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3009:
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2999:
2994:
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2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2837:North American
2834:
2833:
2832:
2830:South American
2827:
2820:Latin American
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Middle Eastern
2783:
2778:
2768:
2767:
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2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2722:
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2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Audio engineer
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
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2650:
2639:
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2633:
2632:
2630:
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2627:
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2617:
2612:
2610:New musicology
2607:
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2420:
2419:
2418:
2416:Rhythm section
2413:
2408:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2378:
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2374:
2373:
2371:
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2320:
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2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
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2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
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2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2097:
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2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2008:Football chant
2005:
1995:
1993:Signature song
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
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1971:
1966:
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1684:
1677:
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1634:
1633:External links
1631:
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1591:
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1556:10.2307/831769
1550:(3): 409–479.
1537:
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1431:
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1393:Beckwith, John
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691:Clara Schumann
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656:Romantic music
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569:Urtext edition
549:Morton Feldman
445:
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429:oral tradition
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335:Valentin Serov
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285:September 2021
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201:of the subject
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3387:Liechtenstein
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3355:
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3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Guinea-Bissau
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
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3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
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3150:
3148:
3145:
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3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
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2728:Cultural and
2724:
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2700:
2698:
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2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:Extended play
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2625:Zoomusicology
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Ecomusicology
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Biomusicology
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Music history
2556:
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2526:
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2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Improvisation
2492:
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2482:
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2477:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Lead vocalist
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:Military band
2436:
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2431:
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2426:
2424:
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2417:
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2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Hip hop music
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Country music
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
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2258:
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2243:
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2228:
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2223:
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2218:
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2213:
2211:
2210:Ottoman music
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
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2168:
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2158:
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2101:
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2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:Sporting song
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:"I Want" song
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Campaign song
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:Nonsense song
1928:
1927:
1926:
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1919:
1916:
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1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Drinking song
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Campfire song
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Murder ballad
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Orchestration
1787:
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1575:. Cambridge:
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1466:Everist, Mark
1463:
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1428:
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1398:
1397:Kasemets, Udo
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:"composer, n"
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1343:. Champaign:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1315:. Cambridge:
1314:
1310:
1309:Everist, Mark
1306:
1305:Everist, Mark
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
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1163:9780521392921
1159:
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879:
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873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
837:
835:
832:
825:Undergraduate
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:postsecondary
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
767:
758:
756:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
732:Clara Shumann
729:
724:
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
701:Marcia Citron
699:
692:
687:
682:
678:
671:Role of women
670:
668:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
648:Baroque music
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Baroque music
577:
572:
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
522:
520:
516:
515:orchestration
512:
508:
507:popular music
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
443:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
418:popular music
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:Thomas Morley
382:
381:
376:
375:
370:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
336:
332:
327:
317:
314:
299:
296:
288:
278:
274:
270:
264:
263:
258:This article
256:
247:
246:
237:
234:
226:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
193:
184:
183:
174:
171:
163:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121: –
120:
116:
115:Find sources:
109:
105:
99:
98:
93:This article
91:
87:
82:
81:
76:
74:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
50:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4086:
4072:
4058:
3847:Vatican City
3797:Turkmenistan
3697:South Africa
3667:Sierra Leone
3647:Saudi Arabia
3022:Burkina Faso
2682:Record label
2568:Music school
2428:Concert band
2338:Angular harp
2265:Circus music
2150:Arabic music
2020:Tragedy song
1969:Protest song
1964:Freedom song
1925:Novelty song
1918:Breakup song
1779:Musical form
1713:
1644:
1602:
1572:
1547:
1541:
1524:
1518:
1494:
1473:
1469:
1441:
1435:
1400:
1368:
1339:
1335:Nettl, Bruno
1312:
1273:(2): 81–90.
1270:
1266:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1239:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1149:
1132:, p. 2.
1130:Everist 2011
1125:
1113:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1043:
1039:"Songwriter"
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
978:
953:. Retrieved
947:
925:
896:music theory
893:
890:Other routes
884:
880:
876:music theory
857:
848:tenure track
841:
828:
784:
775:
764:
762:
754:
735:
727:
719:
698:musicologist
695:
644:courtly love
625:
616:Ewe drummers
603:orchestrates
600:
596:guitar solos
587:
573:
557:
534:
523:
500:
465:
454:
447:
422:
399:
392:
388:
378:
373:
366:
342:
340:
329:Portrait of
309:
291:
282:
259:
229:
220:
196:
166:
157:
147:
140:
133:
126:
114:
102:Please help
97:verification
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
29:
3951:Terminology
3931:Instruments
3737:Switzerland
3707:South Sudan
3702:South Korea
3627:Saint Lucia
3582:Philippines
3527:North Korea
3507:New Zealand
3502:Netherlands
3307:Ivory Coast
3147:El Salvador
2892:Afghanistan
2859:Micronesian
2660:Compilation
2573:Composition
2468:Composition
2433:Disc jockey
2406:Backup band
2333:Arched Harp
2090:Prehistoric
1937:Patter song
1891:Sleeper hit
1874:Advent song
1810:Answer song
1639:‹ The
1625:j.ctv8d5t5s
1498:. Chicago:
1407:. Toronto:
1188:Rvanews.com
1154:CUP Archive
661:sheet music
560:Baroque era
527:wind chimes
501:Although a
425:composition
4131:Categories
3837:Uzbekistan
3757:Tajikistan
3662:Seychelles
3642:San Marino
3477:Mozambique
3467:Montenegro
3437:Mauritania
3402:Madagascar
3397:Luxembourg
3352:Kyrgyzstan
3327:Kazakhstan
3132:East Timor
3082:Costa Rica
3047:Cape Verde
2957:Bangladesh
2942:Azerbaijan
2864:Polynesian
2854:Melanesian
2636:Production
2615:Organology
2580:Musicology
2315:Soul music
2270:Folk music
2255:Vernacular
2030:Sea shanty
2015:Theme song
2003:Fight song
1913:Torch song
1896:Summer hit
1803:Song types
1794:Song cycle
1750:Components
1741:Hymnwriter
1731:Songwriter
1373:. Oxford:
1370:OED Online
1250:13 October
1193:20 January
1118:Nettl 1983
1106:: composer
1091:: composer
1048:. Oxford:
975:"Composer"
955:19 January
944:"Composer"
928:: composer
902:References
872:musicology
803:pipe organ
771:word count
769:and using
759:Clustering
734: [
714:symphonies
632:plainchant
492:portamento
461:theorizing
410:songwriter
361:See also:
269:improve it
130:newspapers
119:"Composer"
59:improve it
4137:Composers
3972:Album era
3852:Venezuela
3717:Sri Lanka
3672:Singapore
3557:Palestine
3512:Nicaragua
3442:Mauritius
3392:Lithuania
3277:Indonesia
3232:Guatemala
2932:Australia
2922:Argentina
2842:Caribbean
2796:Southeast
2521:and study
2519:Education
2509:Technique
2390:Ensembles
2300:Pop music
2132:Art music
2110:Religious
2025:Work song
1981:Show tune
1947:Hymn tune
1942:Plainsong
1908:Love song
1903:List song
1656:Composers
1476:: 51–71.
1287:128708194
1077:required)
907:Citations
844:professor
710:art songs
612:free jazz
592:improvise
564:ornaments
545:John Cage
476:basslines
273:verifying
211:talk page
65:talk page
4093:Category
3906:Timeline
3877:Zimbabwe
3767:Thailand
3762:Tanzania
3727:Suriname
3682:Slovenia
3677:Slovakia
3592:Portugal
3572:Paraguay
3547:Pakistan
3462:Mongolia
3417:Maldives
3412:Malaysia
3337:Kiribati
3257:Honduras
3172:Ethiopia
3167:Eswatini
3122:Dominica
3117:Djibouti
3072:Colombia
3037:Cameroon
3032:Cambodia
3017:Bulgaria
3002:Botswana
2962:Barbados
2849:Oceanian
2803:European
2759:Southern
2692:Sampling
2489:Notation
2423:Big band
2385:Musician
2115:Biblical
1974:War song
1886:Hit song
1842:Car song
1815:Art song
1762:Libretto
1726:Lyricist
1714:Composer
1641:template
1597:(2018).
1533:25487527
1492:(2010).
1482:24429413
1458:24547378
1399:(1961).
1337:(1983).
1219:13 April
1148:(1993).
854:Doctoral
607:arranger
519:overture
484:fermatas
480:phrasing
468:melodies
387:'s 1597
383:is from
343:composer
205:You may
4002:Warfare
3901:Outline
3857:Vietnam
3842:Vanuatu
3832:Uruguay
3812:Ukraine
3787:Tunisia
3692:Somalia
3652:Senegal
3607:Romania
3522:Nigeria
3487:Namibia
3482:Myanmar
3472:Morocco
3452:Moldova
3377:Liberia
3372:Lesotho
3367:Lebanon
3312:Jamaica
3292:Ireland
3267:Iceland
3262:Hungary
3227:Grenada
3212:Germany
3207:Georgia
3187:Finland
3162:Estonia
3157:Eritrea
3137:Ecuador
3112:Denmark
3087:Croatia
3077:Comoros
3027:Burundi
2992:Bolivia
2972:Belgium
2967:Belarus
2952:Bahrain
2947:Bahamas
2937:Austria
2927:Armenia
2907:Andorra
2902:Algeria
2897:Albania
2776:Central
2744:Central
2739:African
2122:Secular
2105:Martial
2095:Ancient
1643:below (
1311:(ed.).
1021:4 April
994:4 April
838:Masters
588:greater
488:vibrato
374:compōnō
267:Please
144:scholar
4107:Portal
3911:Albums
3872:Zambia
3807:Uganda
3802:Tuvalu
3792:Turkey
3752:Taiwan
3732:Sweden
3657:Serbia
3617:Rwanda
3612:Russia
3587:Poland
3562:Panama
3537:Norway
3457:Monaco
3447:Mexico
3407:Malawi
3362:Latvia
3347:Kuwait
3342:Kosovo
3322:Jordan
3297:Israel
3247:Guyana
3237:Guinea
3222:Greece
3202:Gambia
3192:France
3097:Cyprus
3042:Canada
3012:Brunei
3007:Brazil
2987:Bhutan
2977:Belize
2912:Angola
2883:
2813:Nordic
2808:Balkan
2643:Single
2548:Method
2499:Lyrics
2463:Theory
1820:Ballad
1774:Lyrics
1660:Curlie
1646:Curlie
1623:
1613:
1583:
1564:831769
1562:
1531:
1506:
1480:
1456:
1425:
1415:
1351:
1323:
1285:
1160:
1064:
985:
831:B.Mus.
807:violin
787:singer
679:, and
640:Masses
551:, and
474:, and
472:chords
412:' or '
337:, 1898
146:
139:
132:
125:
117:
4121:Music
3946:Songs
3896:Index
3889:Lists
3867:Yemen
3777:Tonga
3742:Syria
3722:Sudan
3712:Spain
3637:Samoa
3597:Qatar
3552:Palau
3517:Niger
3497:Nepal
3492:Nauru
3427:Malta
3382:Libya
3332:Kenya
3317:Japan
3302:Italy
3272:India
3252:Haiti
3217:Ghana
3197:Gabon
3142:Egypt
3067:China
3062:Chile
2982:Benin
2791:South
2771:Asian
2754:North
2717:Remix
2712:Cover
2670:Remix
2484:Genre
2353:Nafir
2275:Blues
2257:music
2100:Dance
2074:Music
1707:Roles
1621:JSTOR
1560:JSTOR
1529:JSTOR
1478:JSTOR
1454:JSTOR
1423:JSTOR
1283:S2CID
1108:, 1..
1093:, 2..
930:, 3..
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