1001:, studies have linked prolonged inhalation of formaldehyde gases to cancer. Engineered wood composites have been found to emit potentially harmful amounts of formaldehyde gas in two ways: unreacted free formaldehyde and the chemical decomposition of resin adhesives. When excessive amounts of formaldehyde are added to a process, the surplus will not have any additive to bond with and may seep from the wood product over time. Cheap urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives are largely responsible for degraded resin emissions. Moisture degrades the weak UF molecules, resulting in potentially harmful formaldehyde emissions. McLube offers release agents and platen sealers designed for those manufacturers who use reduced-formaldehyde UF and melamine-formaldehyde adhesives. Many OSB and plywood manufacturers use phenol-formaldehyde (PF) because phenol is a much more effective additive. Phenol forms a water-resistant bond with formaldehyde that will not degrade in moist environments. PF resins have not been found to pose significant health risks due to formaldehyde emissions. While PF is an excellent adhesive, the engineered wood industry has started to shift toward polyurethane binders like pMDI to achieve even greater water resistance, strength, and process efficiency. pMDIs are also used extensively in the production of rigid
365:
timber, have existed for over a hundred years. Mass timber enjoyed increasing popularity from 2012 onward, due to growing concern around the sustainability of building materials, and interest in prefabrication, off site construction, and modularization, for which mass timber is well suited. The various types of mass timber share the advantage of faster construction times as the components are manufactured off-site, and pre-finished to exact dimensions for simple on-site fastening. Mass timber has been shown to have structural properties competitive with steel and concrete, opening the possibility to build large, tall buildings out of wood. Extensive testing has demonstrated the natural fire resistance properties of mass timber – primarily due the creation of a char layer around a column or beam which prevents fire from reaching the inner layers of wood. In recognition of the proven structural and fire performance of mass timber, the
251:(OSB) is a wood structural panel manufactured from rectangular-shaped strands of wood that are oriented lengthwise and then arranged in layers, laid up into mats, and bonded together with moisture-resistant, heat-cured adhesives. The individual layers can be cross-oriented to provide strength and stiffness to the panel. Similar to plywood, most OSB panels are delivered with more strength in one direction. The wood strands in the outermost layer on each side of the board are normally aligned into the strongest direction of the board. Arrows on the product will often identify the strongest direction of the board (the height, or longest dimension, in most cases). Produced in huge, continuous mats, OSB is a solid panel product of consistent quality with no laps, gaps, or voids. OSB is delivered in various dimensions, strengths, and levels of water resistance.
240:, a wood structural panel, is sometimes called the original engineered wood product. Plywood is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated veneer and bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By alternating the grain direction of the veneers from layer to layer, or "cross-orienting", panel strength and stiffness in both directions are maximized. Other structural wood panels include oriented strand boards and structural composite panels.
325:(PSL) consists of long veneer strands laid in parallel formation and bonded together with an adhesive to form the finished structural section. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands in PSL is about 300. A strong, consistent material, it has a high load-carrying ability and is resistant to seasoning stresses so it is well suited for use as beams and columns for post and beam construction, and for beams, headers, and lintels for light framing construction.
135:
200:
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33:
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314:(LVL) is produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet, similar to plywood. The grain of all veneers in the LVL billet is parallel to the long direction (unlike plywood). The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability that offer a broader range in product width, depth, and length than conventional lumber.
4128:
388:(CLT) is a versatile multi-layered panel made of lumber. Each layer of boards is placed perpendicular to adjacent layers for increased rigidity and strength. It is relatively new and gaining popularity within the construction industry as it can be used for long spans and all assemblies, e.g. floors, walls, or roofs.
827:
Engineered wood panels are easy to work with using ordinary tools and basic skills. They can be cut, drilled, routed, jointed, glued, and fastened. Plywood can be bent to form curved surfaces without loss of strength. Large panel sizes speeds up construction by reducing the number of pieces that need
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MT built buildings perform very well in seismic events because they are roughly half the mass and half the stiffness when compared to reinforced concrete buildings. Reduced stiffness allows MT buildings to be ductile and resist lateral distortion without compromising the structural integrity of
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White wood can also be put through a compression process, similar to the process mentioned for densified wood, which increases its mechanical performance compared to natural wood (8.7 times higher in tensile strength and 10 times higher in toughness). The thermal and structural advantages of nanowood
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Densified wood can be made by using a mechanical hot press to compress wood fibers, sometimes in combination with chemical modification of the wood. These processes have been shown to increase the density by a factor of three. This increase in density is expected to enhance the strength and stiffness
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Wood ply construction ("sandwich core"): Uses multiple thin plies of wood adhered together. The wood grain of each ply runs perpendicular to the ply below it. Stability is attained from using thin layers of wood that have little to no reaction to climatic change. The wood is further stabilized due to
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Throughout the years mass timber was used in buildings, codes were added to and adopted by the
International Building Code (IBC) to create standards for them for the proper use and handling. For example, in 2015, CLT was incorporated into the IBC. The 2021 IBC is the latest issue of building codes,
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Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL) are manufactured from flaked wood strands that have a high length-to-thickness ratio. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL and OSL offer good fastener-holding strength
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There is not a strong consensus for measuring the carbon sequestration potential of wood. In life-cycle assessment, sequestered carbon is sometimes called biogenic carbon. ISO 21930, a standard that governs life cycle assessment, requires the biogenic carbon from a wood product can only be included
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e (carbon dioxide equivalent) could be eliminated by 2050 with the full uptake of a hybrid construction system utilizing engineered wood and steel. When considering the added effects that carbon sequestration can have over the lifetime of the material, the emissions reductions of engineered wood is
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An engineered flooring construction that is popular in parts of Europe is the hardwood lamella, softwood core laid perpendicular to the lamella, and a final backing layer of the same noble wood used for the lamella. Other noble hardwoods are sometimes used for the back layer but must be compatible.
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Finger core construction: Finger core engineered wood floors are made of small pieces of milled timber that run perpendicular to the top layer (lamella) of wood. They can be 2-ply or 3-ply, depending on their intended use. If it is three-ply, the third ply is often plywood that runs parallel to the
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Fibreboard: The core is made up of medium or high-density fibreboard. Floors with a fibreboard core are hygroscopic and must never be exposed to large amounts of water or very high humidity - the expansion caused by absorbing water combined with the density of the fibreboard, will cause it to lose
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Mass timber, also known as engineered timber, is a class of large structural wood components for building construction. Mass timber components are made of lumber or veneers bonded with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. Certain types of mass timber, such as nail-laminated timber and glue-laminated
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New techniques have been introduced in the field of engineered wood in recent years. Natural wood is being transformed in laboratories through various chemical and physical treatments to achieve tailored mechanical, optical, thermal, and conduction properties, by influencing the wood's structure.
399:(glulam) is composed of several layers of dimensional timber glued together with moisture-resistant adhesives, creating a large, strong, structural member that can be used as vertical columns or horizontal beams. Glulam can also be produced in curved shapes, offering extensive design flexibility.
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or guinea corn husk. Particleboard is cheaper, denser, and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when the cost is more important than strength and appearance. A major disadvantage of particleboard is that it is very prone to expansion and discoloration due to
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MT is fire resistant to an extent. Although it is considered a combustible material, MT burns slowly and in a predictable manner. When burned, a charred layer forms on the outside that protects the inner layers of the material. However, if the charred layer comes off, the inner
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The densified wood possessed mechanical strength properties on par with steel used in building construction, opening the door for applications of densified wood in situations where regular strength wood would fail. Environmentally, wood requires significantly less carbon dioxide to produce than
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that are found naturally in the wood. Following dissolution, the cellulose strands that remain are mechanically hot compressed. Compared to the three-fold increase in strength observed from hot pressing alone, chemically processed wood has been shown to yield an 11-fold improvement. This extra
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Structural composite lumber (SCL) is a class of materials made with layers of veneers, strands, or flakes bonded with adhesives. Unlike wood structural panels, structural composite lumber products generally have all grain fibers oriented in the same direction. The SCL family of engineered wood
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to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial
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Using similar chemical modification techniques to chemically densified wood, wood can be made extremely moldable using a combination of delignification and water shock treatment. This is an emerging technology and is not yet used in industrial processes. However, initial tests show promising
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Wood structural panels are a collection of flat panel products, used extensively in building construction for sheathing, decking, cabinetry and millwork, and furniture. Examples include plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). Non-structural wood-based panels are flat-panel products, used in
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products are commonly used in the same structural applications as conventional sawn lumber and timber, including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs, and columns. SCL products have higher dimensional stability and increased strength compared to conventional lumber products.
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Nail laminated timber (NLT) is a mass timber product that consists of parallel boards fastened with nails. It can be used to create floors, roofs, walls, and elevator shafts within a building. It is one of the oldest types of mass timber, being used in warehouse construction during the
2466:
Mi, Ruiyu; Li, Tian; Dalgo, Daniel; Chen, Chaoji; Kuang, Yudi; He, Shuaiming; Zhao, Xinpeng; Xie, Weiqi; Gan, Wentao; Zhu, Junyong; Srebric, Jelena; Yang, Ronggui; Hu, Liangbing (January 2020). "A Clear, Strong, and
Thermally Insulated Transparent Wood for Energy Efficient Windows".
3143:
Sotayo, Adeayo; Bradley, Daniel; Bather, Michael; Sareh, Pooya; Oudjene, Marc; El-Houjeyri, Imane; Harte, Annette M.; Mehra, Sameer; O'Ceallaigh, Conan; Haller, Peer; Namari, Siavash; Makradi, Ahmed; Belouettar, Salim; Bouhala, Lyazid; Deneufbourg, François (February 1, 2020).
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Sotayo, Adeayo; Bradley, Daniel; Bather, Michael; Sareh, Pooya; Oudjene, Marc; El-Houjeyri, Imane; Harte, Annette M.; Mehra, Sameer; O'Ceallaigh, Conan; Haller, Peer; Namari, Siavash; Makradi, Ahmed; Belouettar, Salim; Bouhala, Lyazid; Deneufbourg, François (February 1, 2020).
1215:, is going to be a 19,100-square-metre (206,000 sq ft) garage that features CLT. It will be 4 stories tall and hold 360 parking spaces. The parking garage however is under construction as of December 2022, and the year of completion is not yet known.
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Engineered wood flooring is a type of flooring product, similar to hardwood flooring, made of layers of wood or wood-based composite laminated together. The floor boards are usually milled with a tongue-and-groove profile on the edges for consistent joinery between boards.
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Some engineered wood products, such as DLT, NLT, and some brands of CLT, can be assembled without the use of adhesives using mechanical fasteners or joinery. These can range from profiled interlocking jointed boards, proprietary metal fixings, nails or timber dowels.
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performance. I-joists are designed to carry heavy loads over long distances while using less lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist of a size necessary to do the same task. As of 2005, approximately half of all wood light framed floors were framed using I-joists.
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Using MT has an estimated savings of around 20% in embodied carbon when compared to steel or concrete. This is because MT is a lot lighter when compared to these two materials, so it is less intensive for the machinery to transport both to site and once
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components. LSL is manufactured from relatively short strands—typically about 1 foot (0.30 m) long—compared to the 2-to-8-foot-long (0.61–2.44 m) strands used in PSL. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands is about 150 for LSL and 75 for OSL.
1894:
Abed, Joseph & Rayburg, Scott & Rodwell, John & Neave, Melissa. (2022). A Review of the
Performance and Benefits of Mass Timber as an Alternative to Concrete and Steel for Improving the Sustainability of Structures. Sustainability. 14. 5570.
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are "ęž®"-shaped structural members designed for use in floor and roof construction. An I-joist consists of top and bottom flanges of various widths united with webs of various depths. The flanges resist common bending stresses, and the web provides
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and has added three new codes regarding construction with timber material. The new three construction types go as follows, IV-A, IV-B, and IV-C, and they allow mass timber to be used in buildings up to 18, 12, and nine stories respectively.
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Engineered wood products are versatile and available in a wide variety of thicknesses, sizes, grades, and exposure durability classifications, making the products ideal for use in unlimited construction, industrial, and home project
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or HDF) are made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, combining them with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is used in non-structural applications.
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There are a wide variety of engineered wood products for both structural and non-structural applications. This list is not comprehensive, and is intended to help categorize and distinguish between different types of engineered wood.
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Like solid wood, when exposed to high moisture conditions or termites, biodeteriorations and/or fungi decay will occur which reduces the structural integrity and durability of the wood product; essentially the wood will start to
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Engineered wood products are designed and manufactured to maximize the natural strength and stiffness characteristics of wood. The products are very stable and some offer greater structural strength than typical wood building
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As the hardwood dowel absorbs moisture from the softwood to reach an equilibrium moisture content, it expands into the surrounding wood, creating a connection and 'locking' them together through friction. The dowels can be
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lamella. Stability is gained through the grains running perpendicular to each other, and the expansion and contraction of wood are reduced and relegated to the middle ply, stopping the floor from gapping or cupping.
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as a negative input (i.e. carbon sequestration) when the wood product originated in a sustainably managed forest. This generally means that wood needs to be FSC or SFI-certified to qualify as carbon sequestering.
2071:
Song, Jianwei; Chen, Chaoji; Zhu, Shuze; Zhu, Mingwei; Dai, Jiaqi; Ray, Upamanyu; Li, Yiju; Kuang, Yudi; Li, Yongfeng (February 2018). "Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material".
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make it an attractive material for energy-efficient building construction. However, the changes made in the wood's structural properties, like the increase in structural porosity and the partially isolated
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Because engineered wood is human-made, it can be designed to meet application-specific performance requirements. Required shapes and dimension do not drive source tree requirements (length or width of the
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properties and functions of the natural wood and is an effective approach to regulating its thermal properties, as it removes the thermally conductive lignin component, while generating a large number of
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The lamella is the face layer of the wood that is visible when installed. Typically, it is a sawn piece of timber. The timber can be cut in three different styles: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn.
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Engineered wood products are a more efficient use of wood as they can be made from wood that has defects, underutilized species or smaller pieces of wood which also enables the use of smaller trees
1162:, Wisconsin, and is the tallest high-rise building using different mass timber components in combination with some steel and concrete. This plyscraper is 87 meters tall and has 25 stories.
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nanofibrils, damage the material's mechanical robustness. To deal with this issue, several strategies have been proposed, with one being to further densify the structure, and another to use
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MT products sequester carbon and store it within themselves over their lifespan. Using this instead of concrete and steel in buildings will reduce the embodied emissions in buildings.
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2393:
Xiao, Shaoliang; Chen, Chaoji; Xia, Qinqin; Liu, Yu; Yao, Yuan; Chen, Qiongyu; Hartsfield, Matt; Brozena, Alexandra; Tu, Kunkun; Eichhorn, Stephen J.; Yao, Yonggang (October 22, 2021).
1302:
1127:
EN 16485 - Round and sawn timber - Environmental
Product Declarations - Product category rules for wood and wood-based products for use in construction (complementary-PCR to EN 15804)
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non-structural construction applications and furniture. Non-structural panels are usually covered with paint, wood veneer, or resin paper in their final form. Examples include
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or another suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Research published in 2017 showed that durable particle board can be produced from agricultural waste products, such as
3030:, George I.; Athanassiadou, Eleftheria Th.; Barbu, Marius C.; Wijnendaele, Kris (March 15, 2018). "Adhesive systems used in the European particleboard, MDF and OSB industries".
2131:
Ramage, Michael H.; Burridge, Henry; Busse-Wicher, Marta; Fereday, George; Reynolds, Thomas; Shah, Darshil U.; Wu, Guanglu; Yu, Li; Fleming, Patrick; Densley-Tingley, Danielle;
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are new materials, currently only made at the laboratory scale, that combines transparency and stiffness via a chemical process that replaces light-absorbing compounds, such as
1839:
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Mass timber (MT) is lightweight allowing the material to be easily handled, manufactured, and transported. This contributes to it being cost effective and easy to use on site.
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of the wood by a proportional amount. Studies published in 2018 combined chemical processes with traditional mechanical hot press methods. These chemical processes break down
3146:"Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications"
1929:"Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications"
2538:
Churkina, Galina; Organschi, Alan; Reyer, Christopher P. O.; Ruff, Andrew; Vinke, Kira; Liu, Zhu; Reck, Barbara K.; Graedel, T. E.; Schellnhuber, Hans
Joachim (April 2020).
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Removing lignin from wood has several other applications, apart from providing structural advantages. Delignification alters the mechanical, thermal, optical, fluidic and
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MT products can provide high levels of airtightness and low coefficients of thermal conductivity meaning that the air inside cannot escape, and heat is not lost easily.
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over a 24-hour period, meaning that this wood does not "absorb" heat and therefore only emits the heat embedded in it. Moreover, white wood not only possesses a lower
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Wooden trusses are competitive in many roof and floor applications, and their high strength-to-weight ratios permit long spans offering flexibility in floor layouts.
2201:
Chen, Chaoji; Kuang, Yudi; Zhu, Shuze; Burgert, Ingo; Keplinger, Tobias; Gong, Amy; Li, Teng; Berglund, Lars; Eichhorn, Stephen J.; Hu, Liangbing (September 2020).
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MT buildings are susceptible to wind driven oscillation because of the relative flexibility of the MT material which may cause discomfort to people in the building.
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EN 1193 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of shear strength and mechanical properties perpendicular to the grain
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965:(PU) resins: expensive, generally waterproof, and does not contain formaldehyde, notoriously more difficult to release from platens and engineered wood presses.
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MT offers greater strength and stiffness (based on its strength to weight ratio), increased dimensional stability, and uniformity in structures than solid wood.
1192:, Canada, in 2014 is a 160-meter-long bridge that features both glulam beams and CLT panels. The bridge was designed to cross over the Uupaachikus Pass.
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are skyscrapers that are either partially made of wood or entirely made of wood. Around the world, there have been many different plyscrapers built including
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ISO 21930 - Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works - Core rules for environmental product declarations of construction products and services
694:) into the atmosphere. Engineered wood has the potential to reduce carbon emissions if it replaces steel and/or concrete in the construction of buildings.
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scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood composed of wood particles or fibers, but whole logs are usually used for veneers, such as
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EN 15804 - Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products
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typically has a surface density of 4.9–5.9 kg/m (1–1.2 lb/sq ft). Many other engineered woods have densities much higher than OSB.
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When compared to steel/concrete, MT built buildings use up to 15% less energy because of the reduced energy needed to create these wood products.
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for refrigeration. pMDIs outperform other resin adhesives, but they are notoriously difficult to release and cause buildup on tooling surfaces.
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New construction is in high demand due to growing worldwide population. However, the main materials used in new construction are currently
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its form. Fibreboard is less expensive than timber and can emit higher levels of harmful gases due to its relatively high adhesive content.
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and mechanical-connector performance and are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as beams, headers, studs, rim boards, and
3113:
2340:"Delignified Wood from Understanding the Hierarchically Aligned Cellulosic Structures to Creating Novel Functional Materials: A Review"
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EN 408 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties
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moisture, particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer. Particle board is used in non-structural applications.
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EN 14081-1 - Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross-section - Part 1: General requirements
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advocates recommend using engineered wood, which can be produced from relatively small trees, rather than large pieces of solid
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layers. Sometimes layers are not impregnated before lamination. It is also possible to impregnate wood chips to produce molded
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even more substantial, as laminated wood that is not incinerated at the end of its lifecycle absorbs around 582 kg of CO
1180:, London. It has 6 stories reaching 17.8 meters tall. It uses CLT panels, glulam curtain walling and LVL columns and beams.
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MT buildings on average save 20-25% in time when compared to conventional steel/concrete buildings and 4.2% on capital cost.
1100:
EN 12369-1 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 1: OSB, particleboards, and fibreboards
411:, is a wood-on-wood timber. The biggest benefit of this method is that no glue or metal is needed, thus eliminating
4169:
2783:"Assessing the Climate Change Impacts of Biogenic Carbon in Buildings: A Critical Review of Two Main Dynamic Approaches"
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DLT: Offers high dimensional stability, is easy and safe to manufacture, and no metal fasteners or adhesive is required.
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advantages in improved mechanical properties, with the molded wood exhibiting strength comparable to some metal alloys.
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is made of cement and wood fiber, while cement board is a low-density cement panel, often with added resin, faced with
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Engineered wood products may be preferred over solid wood in some applications due to certain comparative advantages:
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824:) has greater strength and stiffness than comparable dimensional lumber and, pound for pound, is stronger than steel.
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SCL: Is able to withstand greater loads compared to solid timber and is not prone to shrinking, splitting or warping.
434:, but instead of wood adhesives to fix lumbers in place, holes are drilled vertically or in a 45° angle, and 15-20mm
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1173:. It has 9 stories reaching 30 meters tall. It uses CLT panels as load-bearing walls and floor 'slabs'.
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EN 387 - Glued laminated timber — large finger joints - performance requirements and minimum production requirements
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EN 1194 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber - Strength classes and determination of characteristic values
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EN 1995-1-1 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures — Part 1-1: General — Common rules and rules for buildings
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which help reduce temperature change. Delignified wood reflects most incident light and appears white in color.
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3096:"Interlocking Cross Laminated Timber Could Use Up Square Miles Of Beetle-Killed Lumber, and Look Gorgeous, Too"
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products. The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many building projects. The term
642:. Other suggestions include hybridizing natural wood with other organic particles and polymers to enhance its
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791:: Offers high strength and stiffness, is structurally efficient, and can be manufactured into complex shapes.
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2673:"Global potential for material substitution in building construction: The case of cross laminated timber"
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resins (MF): white, heat, and water-resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs.
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equal pressure being exerted lengthwise and widthwise from the plies running perpendicular to each other.
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2020:
Ashby, M. F.; Medalist, R. F. Mehl (September 1, 1983). "The mechanical properties of cellular solids".
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EN 12369-3 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 3: Solid wood panels
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79:. The panels vary in size but can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet (19.5 by 2.4 m) and in the case of
83:(CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to 16 inches (410 mm) or more. These products are
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NLT: Does not require any specialized equipment to manufacture, is cost effective, and easy to handle.
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Breton, Charles; Blanchet, Pierre; Amor, Ben; Beauregard, Robert; Chang, Wen-Shao (June 14, 2018).
2395:"Lightweight, strong, moldable wood via cell wall engineering as a sustainable structural material"
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used in some products may cause harmful emissions. A concern with some resins is the release of
471:. Like DLT, no chemical adhesives are used, and wood fibers are oriented in the same direction.
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is typically made out of human-made wood due to its low manufacturing costs and its low weight.
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May 22, 2016, at the
Portuguese Web Archive. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
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May 22, 2016, at the
Portuguese Web Archive. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 15, 2012.
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CLT: Offers high dimensional stability, high strength and stiffness and is easy to manufacture.
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Range of derivative wood products engineered for uniform and predictable structural performance
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EN 12369-2 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 2: Plywood
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EN 386 - Glued laminated timber — performance requirements and minimum production requirements
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Ayanleye, Samuel; Udele, Kenneth; Nasir, Vahid; Zhang, Xuefeng; Militz, Holger (April 2022).
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1948:
1940:
1725:
1592:
1582:
1267:
1239:
1234:
1199:, United States, in 2013. It spans 85 metres (280 ft) long and is located in the
1088:
EN 622-5 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF)
2919:
4091:
3027:
2926:
2767:
1843:
1679:
1672:
1660:
1492:
1473:
1170:
978:
622:
than natural wood, and it has better thermal performance than most commercially available
286:
182:
134:
742:
Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often in applications similar to
2731:
2688:
2555:
2410:
2355:
2218:
2152:
2085:
2033:
199:
4016:
3995:
3990:
3975:
3866:
3670:
2132:
1034:
EN 300 - Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) — Definitions, classification, and specifications
1030:
The following technical performance standards are related to engineered wood products:
952:
687:
582:
558:
540:
278:
226:
120:
2394:
1625:
1571:"Particleboard Based on Rice Husk: Effect of Binder Content and Processing Conditions"
1569:
Ciannamea, E. M.; Marin, D. C.; Ruseckaite, R. A.; Stefani, P. M. (October 14, 2017).
373:, adopted new provisions in the 2021 code cycle that permit mass timber to be used in
4158:
4046:
3965:
3955:
3861:
3816:
3809:
3476:
3306:"Waugh Thistleton Architects designs "visibly sustainable" London mass-timber office"
3189:
3015:
2998:
2963:
2876:
2704:
2628:
2579:
2519:
2496:
2452:
2379:
2296:
2242:
2057:
535:
370:
64:
2539:
2202:
3950:
3899:
3836:
3773:
3586:
3551:
3541:
3516:
3491:
2739:
2117:
1542:
Cheever, Ellen; Association), NKBA (National
Kitchen and Bath (November 10, 2014).
990:
962:
894:
570:
416:
352:
3043:
2718:
Zabalza Bribián, Ignacio; Valero
Capilla, Antonio; Aranda UsĂłn, Alfonso (2011). .
2696:
1274:
emissions, for instance, has the same global warming potential as 25 kg of CO
858:
Potential widespread deforestation without a sustainable forestry management plan.
713:
potential of engineered wood into account, it was found that roughly 50 Mt CO
32:
697:
In 2014, steel and cement production accounted for about 1320 megatonnnes (Mt) CO
4096:
4081:
4066:
3730:
3616:
3471:
1082:
EN 622-3 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 3: Requirements for medium boards
451:
408:
84:
68:
3162:
3145:
2859:
2842:
2279:
2262:
2161:
2136:
1944:
686:. The manufacturing of these materials creates comparatively high emissions of
67:
which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or
3919:
3886:
3768:
3745:
3638:
3561:
3521:
3456:
2809:
2563:
2226:
1802:
1439:
1177:
1148:
1144:
1085:
EN 622-4 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 4: Requirements for soft boards
878:
SCL: Limited panel sizing and thickness; more suitable for low rise buildings.
743:
639:
603:
290:
222:
204:
92:
describes a group of building materials that can replace concrete assemblies.
17:
3181:
3051:
2868:
2818:
2571:
2488:
2436:
2371:
2339:
2288:
2234:
2180:
2101:
2049:
1962:
1606:
1278:
emissions, so 1 kg of methane emissions can be reported as 25 kg CO
1079:
EN 622-2 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 2: Requirements for hardboards
3929:
3924:
3804:
3799:
3753:
3735:
3643:
3566:
3511:
3501:
3496:
2611:
2594:
2418:
1587:
1570:
1166:
1159:
1152:
635:
591:
420:
374:
266:
150:
37:
2644:"Greenhouse Gases, CO 2, CO 2 e, and Carbon: What Do All These Terms Mean?"
2620:
2480:
2444:
2363:
2171:
2109:
1782:
1729:
1626:"Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) - APA – The Engineered Wood Association"
1419:
1176:
The Black & White
Building is an office building topped out in 2023 in
914:
of 560–640 kg/m (35–40 lb/cu ft). For example, 9.5 mm (
2203:"Structure–property–function relationships of natural and engineered wood"
1906:"Lumber Legacy : A Silent Tale of Dowel Laminated Timber – IAAC BLOG"
1046:
EN 313-1 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 1: Classification
777:
layers will be exposed which can compromise the integrity of the material.
630:
structure of the wood is responsible for the changes in wood performance.
4102:
4036:
3945:
3914:
3894:
3876:
3856:
3846:
3826:
3778:
3725:
3708:
3648:
3626:
3576:
3280:
1545:
Kitchen & Bath Products and Materials: Cabinetry, Equipment, Surfaces
890:
886:
They require more primary energy for their manufacture than solid lumber.
683:
607:
587:
439:
431:
254:
OSB and plywood are often used interchangeably in building construction.
100:
96:
72:
2093:
4011:
3985:
3909:
3720:
3713:
3675:
3633:
3172:
2799:
2782:
2041:
1953:
1755:"Tall Wood Buildings and the 2021 IBC: Up to 18 Stories of Mass Timber"
1718:
Kaufmann, Hermann; Krötsch, Stefan; Winter, Stefan (October 24, 2022).
1597:
1485:
1271:
1203:. This bridge features glulam as it was used create the trusses.
1049:
EN 313-2 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 2: Terminology
911:
882:
When compared to solid wood the following disadvantages are prevalent:
566:
347:
282:
237:
128:
112:
108:
1753:
Breneman, Scott; Timmers, Matt; Richardson, Dennis (August 22, 2019).
1076:
EN 622-1 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 1: General requirements
3970:
3871:
3831:
3536:
3531:
3446:
3435:
1196:
1189:
998:
949:(PF): yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products.
788:
667:
531:
154:
104:
3204:"Status of Building Code Allowances for Tall Mass Timber in the IBC"
1109:
EN 14080 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber — Requirements
1476:, APA – The Engineered Wood Association. Accessed October 22, 2007.
511:
This is thought by many to be the most stable of engineered floors.
4051:
3783:
3763:
3581:
3481:
3466:
3334:
2999:"Adhesives from renewable resources for binding wood-based panels"
2956:"Wood Composite - The Alternative, Sustainable Solution to Timber"
2892:
1421:
Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods
679:
435:
198:
174:
162:
133:
31:
2135:; Dupree, Paul; Linden, P.F.; Scherman, Oren (February 1, 2017).
3486:
3427:
3396:
1064:
EN 390 - Glued laminated timber — sizes - permissible deviations
455:
170:
166:
3400:
2985:"Weights of building materials -- pounds per square foot (PSF)"
2843:"Durability and protection of mass timber structures: A review"
3841:
158:
2261:
Mao, Yimin; Hu, Liangbing; Ren, Zhiyong Jason (May 4, 2022).
2515:"The hottest new thing in sustainable building is, uh, wood"
2137:"The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction"
872:
NLT: Labor intensive to make with potential for human error.
2671:
D'Amico, Bernardino; Pomponi, Francesco; Hart, Jim (2021).
1694:"October 15, 1934: Glued Laminated Timber Comes to America"
1116:
The following product category rules can be used to create
1055:
EN 314-2 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 2: Requirements
1052:
EN 314-1 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 1: Test methods
369:, a model code that forms the basis of many North American
281:
is manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even
95:
Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same
2920:
APA Engineered Wood and the Environment: Facts and Figures
1070:
EN 392 - Glued laminated timber — Shear test of glue lines
1067:
EN 391 - Glued laminated timber — shear test of glue lines
610:
wavelengths. These two characteristics generate a passive
145:
Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar
1787:. International Code Council. Country Club Hills. 2020.
936:
The types of adhesives used in engineered wood include:
1424:. Joseph Iano (Seventh ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey.
1037:
EN 309 - Particleboards — Definition and classification
943:
resins (UF): most common, cheapest, and not waterproof.
407:
Dowel laminated timber (DLT), sometimes referred to as
181:, in which case they contain no actual wood but rather
709:
emissions that year. In a study that did not take the
3360:"Glenwood CLT Parking Garage Study — SRG Partnership"
2338:
Kumar, Anuj; Jyske, Tuula; PetriÄŤ, Marko (May 2021).
2941:. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1169:
building is a residential building built in 2009 in
4004:
3938:
3885:
3792:
3744:
3701:
3595:
3434:
3230:"'Plyscrapers': The rise of the wooden skyscraper"
2895:. Wood University. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
2888:
2886:
2003:"Mechanical properties of laminated modified wood"
1663:. Austin Energy Green Building. HARSHITA p. 31-32.
722:/m, while reinforced concrete emits 458 kg CO
553:Resin impregnated densified wood is also known as
3335:"Bridges - APA – The Engineered Wood Association"
1977:"Nail Laminated Timber Construction | NLT Lumber"
1648:
1646:
705:respectively, which made up about 9% of global CO
543:formed between the aligned cellulose nanofibers.
458:) prior to fitting, to maximize their expansion.
2987:. Boise Cascade: Engineered wood products. 2009.
3392:Canadian Wood Council Engineered Wood Products
2929:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1837:FPInnovations Cross-Laminated Timber: A Primer
1682:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1507:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1505:Oriented Strand Board Product Guide, Form W410
1495:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1357:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1355:A Guide To Engineered Wood Products, Form C800
3412:
1158:The Ascent MKE building was built in 2022 in
1040:EN 338 - Structural timber - Strength classes
131:family, a common but non-structural species.
8:
1195:The Placer River Pedestrian Bridge built in
1058:EN 315 - Plywood — Tolerances for dimensions
869:CLT and Glulam: More costly than solid wood.
602:) has high reflection haze, as well as high
36:Large self-supporting wooden roof built for
1784:IBC 2021 : International Building Code
1620:
1618:
1616:
3419:
3405:
3397:
2263:"Engineered wood for a sustainable future"
1815:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1350:
1348:
430:, DLT uses a cross laminated pattern with
3281:"Stadthaus | Waugh Thistleton Architects"
3171:
3161:
2997:Papadopoulou, Electra (January 1, 2009).
2858:
2808:
2798:
2610:
2428:1983/42254c72-9df6-4b0f-b7ce-2f1da2ea48ff
2426:
2278:
2170:
2160:
1952:
1846:. (PDF) . Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
1721:Manual of Multistorey Timber Construction
1596:
1586:
959:Polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
897:in the finished product, often seen with
614:effect, with an average cooling power of
2141:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1654:"Guide to the single-family home rating"
875:DLT: Limited panel sizing and thickness.
3255:"World's tallest timber building opens"
3066:"Formaldehyde in pressed wood products"
3032:Wood Material Science & Engineering
2949:
2947:
1486:APA A glossary of Engineered Wood Terms
1294:
1251:
423:used in most other engineered timbers.
75:, or other methods of fixation to form
3329:
3327:
2763:
2752:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1808:
1467:"Milestones in the History of Plywood"
1445:
844:, which requires cutting a large tree.
123:. Some engineered wood products, like
3150:Developments in the Built Environment
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2527:from the original on August 14, 2022.
2508:
2506:
2333:
2331:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1933:Developments in the Built Environment
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1832:
1830:
1673:APA – The Engineered Wood Association
7:
4127:
1322:
1320:
149:from bamboo; and similar engineered
4139:
3387:APA The Engineered Wood Association
2954:Johnson, Chad (February 22, 2017).
2660:from the original on June 28, 2022.
2595:"Net-zero emissions energy systems"
2540:"Buildings as a global carbon sink"
2513:Roberts, David (January 15, 2020).
1519:Materials for Interior Environments
1211:The Glenwood CLT Parking Garage in
924: in) plywood sheathing or OSB
265:(MDF) and high-density fibreboard (
1392:. November 8, 2018. Archived from
1270:using a common unit. 1 kg of
1135:Examples of mass timber structures
1118:environmental product declarations
446:) are placed between the lumbers.
25:
3208:WoodWorks | Wood Products Council
1692:Lehman, Eben (October 15, 2018).
910:Plywood and OSB typically have a
71:or boards of wood, together with
63:, includes a range of derivative
4138:
4126:
4117:
4116:
3114:"Wohnen und Leben mit der Natur"
2642:Brander, Matthew (August 2012).
1329:The Case for Tall Wood Buildings
3666:Oriented structural straw board
2939:Naturally: wood Engineered wood
2847:Journal of Building Engineering
1188:The Mistissini Bridge built in
865:Disadvantages by product type:
551:Synthetic resin densified wood
377:construction up to 18 stories.
2905:Naturally:wood engineered wood
2740:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.002
1575:Journal of Renewable Materials
1383:"Mass Timber in North America"
1367:Naturally:wood Engineered wood
1331:. Michael Green Architecture.
1120:for engineered wood products:
993:is an essential ingredient of
726:/m and steel 12.087 kg CO
670:, with a transparent polymer.
203:Engineered wood products in a
157:-containing materials such as
127:(OSB), can use trees from the
1:
3044:10.1080/17480272.2017.1396622
2697:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123487
2677:Journal of Cleaner Production
2469:Advanced Functional Materials
2009:. Forest Products Laboratory.
1262:e) is a way of measuring the
1258:Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO
141:, one kind of engineered wood
2344:Advanced Sustainable Systems
2311:"What is Radiation Cooling?"
2022:Metallurgical Transactions A
1022:Building codes and standards
828:to be handled and installed.
781:Advantages by product type:
516:Other types of modified wood
664:Transparent wood composites
659:Transparent wood composites
565:to impregnate and laminate
442:or densified wood (such as
367:International Building Code
298:Structural composite lumber
4196:
4057:Non-timber forest products
3681:Structural insulated panel
3163:10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100004
2860:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103731
2280:10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.013
2162:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107
1945:10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100004
1678:February 21, 2011, at the
947:Phenol formaldehyde resins
626:. The modification of the
4112:
2925:January 27, 2011, at the
2593:Davis, Steven J. (2018).
2564:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4
2227:10.1038/s41578-020-0195-z
2001:Erickson, E.C.O. (1965).
1659:October 11, 2007, at the
1548:. John Wiley & Sons.
969:A more inclusive term is
263:Medium-density fibreboard
117:medium-density fibreboard
4180:Wood-related terminology
4022:Destructive distillation
2720:Building and Environment
2207:Nature Reviews Materials
1842:October 7, 2011, at the
1521:. John Wile & Sons.
1517:Binggeli, Corky (2013).
1264:global warming potential
820:Glued laminated timber (
475:Engineered wood flooring
4042:Green building and wood
2612:10.1126/science.aas9793
2419:10.1126/science.abg9556
1588:10.7569/JRM.2017.634125
1327:Green, Michael (2011).
1225:Green building and wood
1201:Chugach National Forest
493:Types of core/substrate
312:Laminated veneer lumber
3686:Wood–plastic composite
3612:Glued laminated timber
3607:Cross-laminated timber
3364:www.srgpartnership.com
2481:10.1002/adfm.201907511
2364:10.1002/adsu.202000251
1730:10.11129/9783955535827
1698:Forest History Society
1491:July 17, 2011, at the
1472:July 17, 2011, at the
1418:Allen, Edward (2019).
674:Environmental benefits
403:Dowel-laminated timber
397:Glued laminated timber
392:Glued laminated timber
386:Cross-laminated timber
381:Cross-laminated timber
323:Parallel-strand lumber
208:
142:
139:Wood–plastic composite
81:cross-laminated timber
41:
3759:Corrugated fiberboard
3661:Oriented strand board
2966:on September 19, 2020
2544:Nature Sustainability
1819:) CS1 maint: others (
1390:American Wood Council
1313:on September 6, 2017.
971:structural composites
953:Melamine-formaldehyde
469:Industrial Revolution
462:Nail-laminated timber
249:Oriented strand board
244:Oriented strand board
202:
137:
125:oriented strand board
35:
4144:WikiProject Forestry
3124:on December 17, 2013
1013:Mechanical fasteners
711:carbon sequestration
624:insulating materials
620:thermal conductivity
539:strength comes from
153:products from other
103:used to manufacture
4170:Composite materials
3905:Ramial chipped wood
2732:2011BuEnv..46.1133Z
2689:2021JCPro.27923487D
2556:2020NatSu...3..269C
2411:2021Sci...374..465X
2356:2021AdSSy...500251K
2219:2020NatRM...5..642C
2153:2017RSERv..68..333R
2094:10.1038/nature25476
2086:2018Natur.554..224S
2034:1983MTA....14.1755A
2007:ScholarsArchive@OSU
1895:10.3390/su14095570.
1652:Mary McLeod et al.
1230:Natural Fibre Board
1213:Springfield, Oregon
995:cellular metabolism
975:fiber cement siding
701:and 1740 Mt CO
454:(such as through a
189:Flat-pack furniture
40:in Hanover, Germany
4175:Building materials
3822:Cellulosic ethanol
3312:. January 18, 2023
2810:20.500.11794/30525
2800:10.3390/su10062020
2042:10.1007/BF02645546
1207:Parking structures
1003:polyurethane foams
842:dimensional lumber
838:Sustainable design
644:thermal insulation
563:impregnation resin
444:thermal-compressed
419:) associated with
209:
179:sugar cane residue
143:
77:composite material
61:manufactured board
42:
4152:
4151:
4087:Wood preservation
4032:Engineered bamboo
3852:Pyroligneous acid
3259:US Forest Service
3076:on March 13, 2018
3070:www.nicnas.gov.au
2405:(6566): 465–471.
2080:(7691): 224–228.
1794:978-1-60983-955-0
1739:978-3-95553-582-7
1555:978-1-118-77528-8
1431:978-1-119-45024-5
1338:978-1-366-37741-8
1151:building and the
941:Urea-formaldehyde
899:urea-formaldehyde
612:radiative cooling
216:Wood-based panels
195:Types of products
147:engineered bamboo
16:(Redirected from
4187:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4077:Timber recycling
4072:Reclaimed lumber
4062:Natural building
4027:Dry distillation
3981:Split-rail fence
3421:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3228:Gorvett, Zaria.
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3175:
3165:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3120:. Archived from
3110:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3072:. Archived from
3062:
3056:
3055:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:. Archived from
2951:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2726:(5): 1133–1140.
2715:
2709:
2708:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2430:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2273:(5): 1326–1329.
2258:
2247:
2246:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2028:(9): 1755–1769.
2017:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1847:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1806:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1483:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1399:on July 21, 2021
1398:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1309:. Archived from
1303:"Brettsperrholz"
1299:
1283:
1268:greenhouse gases
1256:
1240:Timber recycling
1235:Reclaimed lumber
923:
922:
918:
901:bonded products.
617:
577:Delignified wood
329:Laminated strand
307:Laminated veneer
183:vegetable fibers
21:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4165:Engineered wood
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4108:
4092:Wood processing
4000:
3934:
3881:
3788:
3740:
3697:
3627:parallel strand
3598:
3591:
3439:
3430:
3425:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3339:www.apawood.org
3333:
3332:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3261:. July 29, 2022
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2927:Wayback Machine
2918:
2914:
2903:
2899:
2893:Wood University
2891:
2884:
2840:
2839:
2826:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2761:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2133:Allwood, Julian
2130:
2129:
2125:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1850:
1844:Wayback Machine
1835:
1828:
1807:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1671:
1667:
1661:Wayback Machine
1651:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1630:www.apawood.org
1624:
1623:
1614:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1493:Wayback Machine
1484:
1480:
1474:Wayback Machine
1465:
1461:
1444:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1221:
1209:
1186:
1171:Hackney, London
1142:
1137:
1024:
1015:
987:
985:Health concerns
979:fiberglass mesh
973:. For example,
934:
920:
916:
915:
908:
851:
740:
729:
725:
721:
716:
708:
704:
700:
693:
676:
661:
652:
615:
598:(also known as
579:
527:
518:
495:
486:
477:
464:
405:
394:
383:
362:
345:
331:
320:
318:Parallel-strand
309:
300:
287:synthetic resin
276:
260:
246:
235:
218:
197:
57:human-made wood
45:Engineered wood
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4124:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Certified wood
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:Timber framing
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Sawdust brandy
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:Sandalwood oil
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Particle board
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3381:External links
3379:
3377:
3376:
3351:
3323:
3297:
3272:
3246:
3220:
3195:
3135:
3105:
3100:treehugger.com
3087:
3057:
3038:(2): 104–116.
3019:
2989:
2977:
2943:
2931:
2912:
2897:
2882:
2824:
2787:Sustainability
2773:
2710:
2663:
2634:
2585:
2550:(4): 269–276.
2530:
2502:
2475:(1): 1907511.
2458:
2385:
2350:(5): 2000251.
2327:
2315:www.hko.gov.hk
2302:
2248:
2213:(9): 642–666.
2186:
2123:
2063:
2012:
1993:
1968:
1918:
1897:
1848:
1826:
1793:
1774:
1745:
1738:
1710:
1684:
1665:
1642:
1612:
1581:(5): 357–362.
1561:
1554:
1534:
1527:
1509:
1497:
1478:
1459:
1430:
1410:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1337:
1316:
1293:
1291:
1288:
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1284:
1279:
1275:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1185:
1182:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
986:
983:
967:
966:
956:
950:
944:
933:
930:
907:
904:
903:
902:
887:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
863:
862:
859:
856:
850:
847:
846:
845:
835:
832:
829:
825:
818:
814:
810:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
786:
779:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
739:
736:
727:
723:
719:
714:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:carbon dioxide
675:
672:
660:
657:
651:
648:
578:
575:
573:components.
559:phenolic resin
541:hydrogen bonds
526:
525:Densified wood
523:
517:
514:
513:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
491:
485:
482:
476:
473:
463:
460:
421:wood adhesives
404:
401:
393:
390:
382:
379:
371:building codes
361:
358:
344:
341:
330:
327:
319:
316:
308:
305:
299:
296:
279:Particle board
275:
274:Particle board
272:
259:
256:
245:
242:
234:
231:
227:particle board
217:
214:
196:
193:
121:particle board
53:composite wood
47:, also called
26:
24:
18:Composite wood
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4192:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:List of woods
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Billet (wood)
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Hemicellulose
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Railroad ties
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:Wood products
3422:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:Chimar Hellas
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2970:September 30,
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:10044/1/42921
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1528:9781118421604
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
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849:Disadvantages
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669:
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650:Moldable wood
649:
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646:performance.
645:
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640:cross-linking
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3996:Wooden masts
3966:Dugout canoe
3951:Bavin (wood)
3900:Black liquor
3837:Liquid smoke
3596:
3587:Utility pole
3572:Timber truss
3492:Log building
3369:December 13,
3367:. Retrieved
3363:
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3338:
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3207:
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3128:December 17,
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3117:
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3099:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:the original
3069:
3060:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3006:. Retrieved
3003:ResearchGate
3002:
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2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2960:Build Abroad
2959:
2934:
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2900:
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2790:
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2776:
2755:cite journal
2745:November 18,
2743:. Retrieved
2723:
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2666:
2651:Econometrica
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1986:November 13,
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
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1932:
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1911:September 4,
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1783:
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1767:November 19,
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
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1703:November 12,
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1697:
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1635:November 13,
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1578:
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1401:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1389:
1377:
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1328:
1311:the original
1307:dataholz.com
1306:
1297:
1266:of multiple
1254:
1210:
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1187:
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1115:
1029:
1025:
1016:
991:formaldehyde
988:
970:
968:
963:polyurethane
935:
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895:formaldehyde
881:
864:
813:application.
803:
780:
741:
732:
696:
677:
662:
653:
632:
599:
595:
580:
571:pressed wood
554:
550:
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528:
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438:made of dry
425:
417:formaldehyde
406:
395:
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210:
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144:
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4097:Woodworking
4082:Wood drying
4067:Papermaking
3887:By-products
3793:Derivatives
3731:Pellet fuel
3472:Flitch beam
3234:www.bbc.com
3173:10379/15861
3118:soligno.com
2793:(6): 2020.
2320:December 1,
2147:: 333–359.
1954:10379/15861
1598:11336/30287
1403:February 7,
1145:Plyscrapers
1140:Plyscrapers
616:53 Wâ‹…m
561:is used as
426:Similar to
409:Brettstapel
360:Mass timber
177:stalks, or
90:mass timber
49:mass timber
4159:Categories
3939:Historical
3920:Wood flour
3769:Paperboard
3639:Fiberboard
3597:Engineered
3457:Bressummer
3156:: 100004.
2853:: 103731.
2764:|url=
2683:: 123487.
1981:Think Wood
1939:: 100004.
1803:1226111757
1724:. DETAIL.
1440:1081381140
1290:References
1178:Shoreditch
1155:building.
1149:Ascent MKE
1007:insulators
961:(pMDI) or
906:Properties
817:materials.
766:delivered.
746:products:
744:solid wood
738:Advantages
628:mesoporous
604:emissivity
596:White wood
592:cell walls
557:. Usually
258:Fibreboard
223:fiberboard
205:Home Depot
151:cellulosic
119:(MDF), or
85:engineered
3961:Clapboard
3930:Woodchips
3925:Wood wool
3805:Cellulose
3800:Birch-tar
3754:Cardboard
3736:Wood fuel
3644:hardboard
3547:Reclaimed
3512:Panelling
3502:Log house
3497:Log cabin
3190:212960329
3182:2666-1659
3080:March 12,
3052:1748-0272
2877:244563808
2869:2352-7102
2819:2071-1050
2705:224927490
2629:206666797
2580:213032074
2572:2398-9629
2497:209730638
2489:1616-301X
2453:239455815
2437:0036-8075
2380:233861060
2372:2366-7486
2297:248350196
2289:2590-2385
2243:218484374
2235:2058-8437
2181:1364-0321
2102:1476-4687
2058:135765088
2050:0360-2133
1963:2666-1659
1811:cite book
1762:Woodworks
1607:2164-6325
1448:cite book
1167:Stadthaus
1160:Milwaukee
1153:Stadthaus
932:Adhesives
926:sheathing
891:adhesives
636:cellulose
588:nanopores
432:softwoods
415:(such as
375:high-rise
291:rice husk
267:hardboard
101:softwoods
97:hardwoods
73:adhesives
38:Expo 2000
4122:Category
4103:Yakisugi
4037:Forestry
4005:See also
3946:Axe ties
3915:Tall oil
3895:Barkdust
3877:Wood gas
3857:Pine tar
3847:Methanol
3779:Pulpwood
3726:Firewood
3709:Charcoal
3702:Fuelwood
3649:Masonite
3577:Treenail
3477:Flooring
3285:Archello
3028:Mantanis
3008:March 7,
2923:Archived
2908:Archived
2655:Archived
2621:29954954
2605:(6396).
2525:Archived
2445:34672741
2110:29420466
1840:Archived
1676:Archived
1657:Archived
1489:Archived
1470:Archived
1370:Archived
1219:See also
684:concrete
608:infrared
600:nanowood
440:hardwood
348:I-joists
343:I-joists
336:millwork
285:, and a
173:stalks,
4133:Commons
4012:Biomass
3986:Tanbark
3910:Sawdust
3721:Firelog
3714:biochar
3676:Plywood
3634:I-joist
3552:Shingle
3507:Molding
3316:May 29,
2766:value (
2728:Bibcode
2685:Bibcode
2599:Science
2552:Bibcode
2407:Bibcode
2399:Science
2352:Bibcode
2215:Bibcode
2149:Bibcode
2118:4469909
2082:Bibcode
2030:Bibcode
1272:methane
1184:Bridges
999:mammals
919:⁄
912:density
606:in the
590:in the
567:plywood
555:compreg
547:steel.
484:Lamella
283:sawdust
238:Plywood
233:Plywood
169:straw,
165:straw,
161:straw,
113:plywood
109:Sawmill
69:veneers
3971:Potash
3872:Tannin
3832:Lignin
3746:Fibers
3691:lumber
3617:veneer
3557:Siding
3537:Rafter
3532:Purlin
3447:Batten
3440:timber
3436:Lumber
3310:Dezeen
3188:
3180:
3050:
2875:
2867:
2817:
2762:Check
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2627:
2619:
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2267:Matter
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2100:
2074:Nature
2056:
2048:
1961:
1801:
1791:
1736:
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1552:
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1428:
1335:
1197:Alaska
1190:Quebec
989:While
822:glulam
789:Glulam
668:lignin
532:lignin
436:dowels
155:lignin
129:poplar
105:lumber
4052:Mulch
3862:Pitch
3784:Rayon
3764:Paper
3582:Truss
3522:Plate
3517:Plank
3482:Joist
3467:Cruck
3186:S2CID
2873:S2CID
2701:S2CID
2658:(PDF)
2647:(PDF)
2625:S2CID
2576:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2376:S2CID
2293:S2CID
2239:S2CID
2114:S2CID
2054:S2CID
1758:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1386:(PDF)
1246:Notes
809:tree)
680:steel
583:ionic
452:dried
353:shear
207:store
175:kenaf
163:wheat
59:, or
3827:Dyes
3810:nano
3774:Pulp
3599:wood
3567:Stud
3562:Sill
3527:Post
3487:Lath
3452:Beam
3371:2022
3346:2022
3318:2024
3292:2022
3267:2022
3241:2022
3215:2022
3178:ISSN
3130:2013
3082:2018
3048:ISSN
3010:2024
2972:2020
2865:ISSN
2815:ISSN
2768:help
2747:2021
2617:PMID
2568:ISSN
2485:ISSN
2441:PMID
2433:ISSN
2368:ISSN
2322:2022
2285:ISSN
2231:ISSN
2177:ISSN
2106:PMID
2098:ISSN
2046:ISSN
1988:2022
1959:ISSN
1913:2024
1821:link
1817:link
1799:OCLC
1789:ISBN
1769:2022
1734:ISBN
1705:2022
1637:2022
1603:ISSN
1550:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1454:link
1436:OCLC
1426:ISBN
1405:2020
1333:ISBN
1165:The
1005:and
889:The
855:rot.
730:/m.
682:and
534:and
456:kiln
413:VOCs
225:and
171:hemp
167:rice
99:and
3842:Lye
3654:MDF
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3462:CLS
3168:hdl
3158:doi
3040:doi
3014:by
2855:doi
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2607:doi
2603:360
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