789:
214:
The Goa Daman and Diu
Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964, passed in the 1964 by the then Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party government, extended the tenancy rights of the tenants to lands from the comunidade, for the payment of a quit-rent called the comunidade foro. This has resulted in most field property
210:
The sole official function of the comunidades, currently, is to parcel out their land at government-approved rates. However, supporters of the comunidade movement, have been waging a determined, if small, campaign to safeguard what they see as their rights, and continue to fight against the erosion
197:
The emergence of private property in land created a new set of socio-economic relationships at the village level, especially the comunidades and the ghar-bhaatt, the two principal forms of land tenure that came to characterise
Portuguese
173:
Over time and subject to conflicting land ownership and administration systems, the old institutions lost their original characteristics and comunidades are now mere societies of rights-holders who are members by birth.
222:
In the populous and well-developed central coastal parts of the state, almost all the land that once belonged to the comunidades has been allotted to tenants or taken over for industrial purpose by the government.
28:, where land-ownership is collectively held, but controlled by the male descendants of those who claimed to be the founders of the village, who in turn mostly belonged to upper caste groups. Documented by the
218:
Thus at present most of comunidade land is in the hills, which is either uncultivated or given over to cashew plantations, to tenants. Uncultivated comunidade land draws squatters who develop shanty towns.
32:
as of 1526, it was the predominant form of landholding in Goa prior to 1961. In form, it is similar to many other rural agricultural peoples' form of landholding, such as that of pre-Spanish
Bolivia and the
202:
The working of the comunidades is now tightly controlled by the Goa state government, which supporters of the comunidade movement say leaves little scope for them to act as self-governing units.
226:
There are provisions under Code of
Comunidade (a Legislative Enactment No. 2070 dated 15 April 1961) to take action against illegal encroachments, however action is usually not taken.
492:
Sonak, Sangeeta; Kazi, Saltanat; Sonak, Mahesh; Abraham, Mary (2006). "Factors affecting land-use and land-cover changes in the coastal wetlands of Goa". In Sonak, Sangeeta (ed.).
1158:
1530:
450:
Breves Notas sobre a
Historia das Comunidades de Goa com Diversos Mapas Anexes (A Short Note concerning the History of the Comunidades of Goa with Several Maps Attached
1242:
896:
211:
of the comunidade system in Goa, by, for example, bringing land ownership lawsuits. In 2004, the Goa Su-Ray Party issued a polemic supporting the comunidades.
1095:
177:
After
Portuguese rule ended in Goa in 1961, the village development activities, which were once the preserve of the comunidades or more specifically the
85:
or village. This institution pre-existed the arrival of the
Portuguese, but was codified by them. The first of these codifications was contained in the
1237:
1211:
526:
Kamat, Pratima (2000), "Peasantry and the
Colonial State in Goa 1946-1961", in Borges, Charles J.; Pereira, Oscar Guilherme; Stubbe, Hannes (eds.),
1100:
793:
537:
510:
777:
588:
385:
886:
833:
290:
1232:
45:
as the dualism of rural communities: the existence of collective land ownership together with private production on the land.
1525:
871:
527:
1457:
1452:
717:
618:
502:
1163:
1132:
1105:
1085:
1488:
744:
1510:
1411:
1168:
755:
1173:
853:
38:
1178:
493:
251:. (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Panaji, Goa, India: Pereira. p. 1.
1183:
942:
876:
770:
1520:
1355:
1216:
843:
1188:
965:
932:
1515:
1375:
1370:
1330:
1090:
1406:
1127:
838:
473:. (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Panaji, Goa, India: Pereira.
1467:
1427:
1142:
763:
104:
1115:
1054:
564:
427:
360:
666:
Report of the
Committee of the Problems of Mundkars in the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu
596:
1345:
863:
848:
697:
669:
652:
533:
506:
474:
381:
252:
1350:
1285:
1198:
1137:
419:
352:
325:
316:
Agrawal, A. (2001). "Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources".
34:
1447:
1401:
1315:
1290:
917:
828:
823:
215:
of the comunidades passing into private hands, and erosion of the comunidades as a whole.
294:
1462:
1365:
1280:
1275:
1252:
1206:
993:
983:
978:
901:
813:
805:
718:"Now that Your Land is My Land …. Does it matter? : A case study in Western India"
184:
329:
165:), or shares. The system applies equally to agricultural land and to village housing.
1504:
1018:
927:
818:
109:
1481:
1300:
1295:
1265:
1110:
1008:
998:
691:
464:
1003:
988:
881:
724:
622:
1380:
1360:
1260:
1064:
891:
423:
501:. New Delhi: TERI Press, The Energy and Resources Institute. pp. 44–61,
955:
950:
748:
42:
701:
673:
656:
478:
256:
139:). The former are the members of the village, the latter were entitled to
922:
29:
568:
1122:
1069:
1028:
1023:
1013:
364:
431:
1385:
1305:
1059:
1049:
1044:
973:
188:
178:
148:
114:
94:
72:
66:
60:
54:
696:. Panaji: Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. 1969. pp. 56–57.
356:
1320:
1310:
1270:
86:
25:
693:
Annual administration report [Goa, Daman and Diu (India)]
410:
Potekhin, Ivan I. (1963). "Land relations in
African countries".
270:
Vanjari, Shrikrishna (1968). "Feudal Land Tenure System in Goa".
683:
759:
71:
is derived from the name for those who compose it, that is the
797:
555:
Goswami, Rahul (2008). "The Konkan Packaging Company of Goa".
21:
532:, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, pp. 133–159,
113:
system of managed wetlands in Goa is an offshoot of the
386:"Ownership and inheritance in an American Indian tribe"
552:
today the 223 comunidades of Goa are moribund at best
119:
system, but now quite distinct from the comunidades.
651:. Panaji: Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. 1964.
621:. Goa Su-Ray Party. 12 November 2004. Archived from
1440:
1420:
1394:
1338:
1329:
1251:
1225:
1197:
1151:
1078:
1037:
964:
941:
910:
862:
804:
495:Multiple dimensions of global environmental change
345:The Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics
65:(ग्रामसंस्था)). Some scholars argue that the term
24:are a form of land association developed in Goa,
1243:National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
147:, which is a dividend paid by the comunidade to
343:Weeks, David (1947). "Land tenure in Bolivia".
771:
8:
1096:Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi
743:Association of Componentes of Comunidades.
53:Comunidades are a variant of the system of
1335:
778:
764:
756:
668:. Panaji, Goa: Government Printing Press.
452:(in Portuguese). Goa: Tipografia Nacional.
649:Report of the Goa Land Reforms Commission
583:
581:
529:Goa and Portugal: History and Development
289:Mascarenhas, Nascimento (25 April 2010).
1531:1520s establishments in Portuguese India
589:"In Agonda, rain makes life a nightmare"
235:
127:Members of the comunidades are called
741:A non-neutral statement of position:
412:The Journal of Modern African Studies
7:
1238:National Institute of Oceanography
293:. Saligao Serenade. Archived from
89:of Afonso Mexia in 1526. The term
14:
1101:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary
787:
747:. Goa-World.com. Archived from
595:. 31 July 2001. Archived from
245:Goa: Hindu temples and deities
1:
1458:Kadamba Transport Corporation
716:Mukhopadhyay. Pranab (2002).
557:Economic and Political Weekly
330:10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00063-8
272:Economic and Political Weekly
1086:Churches and Convents of Goa
189:
179:
149:
115:
107:word for "communities". The
95:
73:
67:
61:
55:
1412:Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium
897:Fire and Emergency Services
463:Pereira, Rui Gomes (1978).
243:Pereira, Rui Gomes (1978).
1547:
183:, became entrusted to the
49:Codified by the Portuguese
39:Southwestern United States
1476:
682:is a tenant or landbound
424:10.1017/s0022278x00000707
278:(22). New Delhi: 843–844.
1184:Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
745:"The Comunidades of Goa"
448:Menezes, Maximo (1961).
1356:Churchill Brothers S.C.
1106:Church of St. Augustine
574:(subscription required)
437:(subscription required)
399:(subscription required)
370:(subscription required)
99:refers to the village.
77:; i.e. those who make (
854:1967 status referendum
1526:Social history of Goa
1376:Sporting Clube de Goa
1371:Sesa Football Academy
1091:Basilica of Bom Jesus
664:Mazarelo, S. (1966).
563:(6): 10–12, page 11.
123:Members and dividends
1407:Tilak Maidan Stadium
1152:Wildlife sanctuaries
877:Legislative Assembly
619:"Comunidades of Goa"
291:"Comunidades de Goa"
1468:Mormugao Port Trust
1428:Goa Football League
1143:Shanta Durga Temple
844:Liberation movement
834:Portuguese conquest
690:"III Comunidades".
1511:Comunidades of Goa
1116:St. Cajetan Church
593:The Times of India
382:Beaglehole, Ernest
1498:
1497:
1436:
1435:
1346:Goa football team
887:Political parties
849:Indian annexation
539:978-81-7022-867-7
512:978-81-7993-091-5
324:(10): 1649–1672.
318:World Development
169:Changes over time
157:, the holders of
1538:
1351:Goa cricket team
1336:
1286:Konkani language
1233:Goans in science
1138:Mangueshi Temple
792:
791:
790:
780:
773:
766:
757:
752:
751:on 19 July 2012.
731:
730:on 26 July 2007.
729:
723:. Archived from
722:
705:
677:
660:
635:
634:
632:
630:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
599:on 15 March 2006
585:
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307:
306:
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297:on 25 April 2019
286:
280:
279:
267:
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260:
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193:non-functional.
192:
187:, rendering the
182:
152:
135:(in Portuguese,
118:
98:
76:
70:
64:
58:
41:, identified by
35:Puebloan peoples
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1472:
1453:Manohar Airport
1448:Dabolim Airport
1432:
1416:
1402:Fatorda Stadium
1390:
1325:
1316:Goans in sports
1247:
1221:
1193:
1189:Flora and fauna
1147:
1074:
1033:
960:
937:
918:Dudhsagar Falls
906:
872:Chief Ministers
858:
839:Portuguese rule
829:Goa Inquisition
824:Kadambas of Goa
800:
788:
786:
784:
742:
738:
727:
720:
715:
712:
710:Further reading
689:
663:
647:
644:
639:
638:
628:
626:
625:on 9 April 2009
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390:Iowa Law Review
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357:10.2307/3158806
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1521:Economy of Goa
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1463:Konkan Railway
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1366:Salgaocar F.C.
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1281:Konkani cinema
1278:
1276:Konkani people
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1207:Goa University
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1133:Mahadev Temple
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1079:Heritage sites
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814:History of Goa
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736:External links
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469:. Volume 2 of
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351:(3): 321–336.
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247:. Volume 1 of
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185:gram panchayat
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59:system called
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819:Bhojas of Goa
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466:Goa: Gaunkari
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1516:Colonial Goa
1487:
1480:
1421:Competitions
1111:Se Cathedral
749:the original
725:the original
692:
679:
665:
648:
627:. Retrieved
623:the original
613:
601:. Retrieved
597:the original
592:
560:
556:
551:
547:
528:
521:
494:
487:
470:
465:
458:
449:
443:
418:(1): 39–59.
415:
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348:
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321:
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311:
299:. Retrieved
295:the original
284:
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271:
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248:
244:
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225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:Limited role
201:
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96:gramasanstha
90:
82:
78:
62:gramasanstha
52:
17:
15:
1489:Wikiproject
1261:Comunidades
989:Dharbandora
155:accionistas
101:Comunidades
37:now in the
18:Comunidades
1505:Categories
1381:Vasco S.C.
1361:Dempo S.C.
1291:Literature
1128:Fontainhas
892:Goa Police
882:State seal
864:Government
642:References
603:9 November
396:: 304–316.
105:Portuguese
30:Portuguese
1441:Transport
1199:Education
1164:Netravali
956:South Goa
951:North Goa
943:Districts
911:Geography
190:gaunkaris
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1123:Old Goa
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1024:Sattari
1019:Sanguem
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806:History
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1301:Music
1296:Media
1271:Goans
1065:Ponda
1004:Ponda
794:State
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230:Notes
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26:India
698:OCLC
684:peon
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631:2009
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534:ISBN
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475:OCLC
303:2013
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