530:. But he did not give the expected triumphant political sermon, or yet another standard election sermon of the sort that had been delivered since almost the founding of Connecticut in 1638. Instead, he gave an Election sermon in the spring of 1818 that strongly insisted on the total separation of church and state. Croswell's sermon had strong and immediate impact. It was ordered printed in an unprecedented four editions around the state. Croswell had been a newspaper editor during a time when paper was scarce and space was tight; his sermon was only 11 pages when printed, or about 30 minutes long when preached.
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reinstated, including the reinstatement of all leaders previously in place before the interruption. In May 1689, the
General Court issued a declaration that "all the laws of this colony formerly made, according to the Charter, and Courts constituted in this colony for administration of justice as they were before the late interruption, shall be of full force and virtue for the future." After reaching this conclusion, the colony petitioned the monarchy for approval of their return to operation under the charter. In the meantime, New York Governor
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separation of powers was finally brought to
Connecticut government. The word "white" was also codified as a voting requirement. An independent judiciary was approved. Both Supreme and Superior Court judges were now given life tenure to the age of seventy (this was changed to eight years in 1856). The Supreme Court of Errors was reduced to five judges, with each judge retaining a role as a Superior Court judge. Decisions of the court could no longer be appealed to the legislature.
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116:(1639) states that "church members only shall be free burgesses". Voting rights were further limited under the Fundamental Orders. All males at least 21 years of age could become freemen (voters) if they met certain property qualifications. In order to vote, the citizen must own real estate assessed at a yearly rental value of 40 shillings or own taxable property assessed at 40 pounds sterling.
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representation. Small rural towns enjoyed equal representation with large urban communities. Apart from this major change, a majority of the language from the 1818 Constitution was reaffirmed verbatim or almost verbatim in 1965. Non-Christians were finally granted official freedom of religion in 1965, although a law had been passed by the legislature in 1843 which recognized
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friend of one of the parties. When it became too burdensome for the entire assembly to handle appeals, the
Supreme Court of Errors was created in 1784. Instead of being composed of the entire assembly, only the members of the Council sat as the Supreme Court of Errors. This change failed to alleviate many of the conflict of interest problems inherent in the appellate process.
102:, and one of the main purposes of the Fundamental Orders was to formalize the relationship among these settlements. The foundation of the Fundamental Orders incorporated the religious background of the colony's founders. They called for "an orderly and decent government according to God" in attempts to pursue "the liberty and purity of the gospel of our Lord
401:. The Dominion includes all the Atlantic Colonies from New Jersey to New Hampshire. Sir Edmund Andros is appointed Governor. In 1686, he demands that the 7 Colonies Surrender their Charters; all are null and void. Connecticut ignores the initial request. Andros serves a writ on the governor, again demanding the surrender of the charter; he finally went to
628:, but the office was granted a more significant power of veto under the latest constitution. Instead of being able to be overridden by a second majority vote, the legislature now must muster two-thirds support in both houses to defeat a veto. Also of note, the 1965 Constitution includes a constitutional right to free
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The constitution did not significantly change the role of the executive, and the branch remained relatively weak. The executive did become a constitutional and independent part of the government, however. The governor was no longer granted a seat in the legislature. He was granted the new power of
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Each town sent a number of delegates equal to the number of representatives held in the
Assembly. The convention convened in Hartford on 26 August 1818. As one of the first orders of business, a twenty-four man committee was appointed to prepare a draft constitution. The very next day, the committee
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Connecticut was last state to effectively have an established state religion in practice and not just on paper; it also had the only
Constitution going back to the days of the British Empire. In 1815, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, and members of other dissident denominations to the established
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was appointed the third governor of the
English Colony of New York in 1674. Andros sailed to Connecticut in 1675 demanding that all undeeded land west of the Connecticut river be relinquished to James. Captain Bull, of the Connecticut Militia, refused his entry into the Colony. Andros returned to New
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A notorious instance of legislative interference with the courts occurred in 1815, when Peter Lung was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Lung filed a petition with the
General Assembly, and they overturned his conviction. The court retried him, convicted him again—and promptly executed him.
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in
Hartford to celebrate the fusion of church and state. A procession of militia, assemblymen, and clerics from all over the state would move through Hartford; then a prominent cleric would preach a political sermon to the assembly. One measure of the event's importance is the attention given to the
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had helped to draft it. The legislature declared in its resolution that
Connecticut's government "shall continue to be as established by Charter received from Charles the second, King of England, so far as an adherence to the same will be consistent with an absolute independence of this State on the
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The historical accuracy of what followed is somewhat uncertain, but the commonly accepted version is that Andros met with the leaders of the colony one night at the meetinghouse, expecting them to relinquish the charter. They had it lying on a table, but they suddenly blew out the candles and threw
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over all lower courts. If a litigant was dissatisfied with the court's decision, he simply had to go to the legislature to request a review. This often led to circumstances where a representative or assistant sat in review of a case in which he was personally interested as an attorney, litigant, or
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was finally disestablished, although
Christianity remained the constitutionally favored religion. Newly received voting rights were also solidified, as the convention provided constitutional rights to vote for all white males who paid taxes or had served in the militia. With the 1818 Constitution,
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had created a year earlier in 1817. After the remainder of the constitution was drafted, the convention approved the document by a two-to-one margin on 16 September 1818. The voters were given three weeks to consider the proposed constitution. A vote was held on October 5. A small majority cast
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It seems that Croswell's well-received and powerful short sermon was efficacious; those in favor of a simple majority carried the vote by 81–80. Thus a single-vote margin passed the resolution vital to the future success of the constitution that disestablished the state church and separated church
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Under political pressure, the General Assembly changed the makeup of the Supreme Court of Errors in 1806. Members of the Council no longer sat on the court; instead, the nine Superior Court judges acted as the Supreme Court of Errors when all of them sat together. This created a judicial body, but
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took turns with the position, each serving a two-year term and then rotating back to the role of lieutenant governor. The primary responsibilities of the governor were as an official statesman and a member of the legislature. Before the split into two houses, the governor acted as the moderator of
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granted governmental authority and a royal charter to the Connecticut colonies. These two documents laid the groundwork for the state's government but lacked characteristics of what is generally thought of as a constitution. Separate branches of government did not exist during this period, and the
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The Constitution of 1965 remains the supreme authority in Connecticut today. It represents the fourth distinct document in state history laying out the mechanics for its form of government. Connecticut is known as the Constitution State because of its early adoption of the Fundamental Orders in
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A state constitutional convention was held in Hartford in 1902 for reapportionment, but the proposed constitution was rejected by voters. Many amendments were added over the years, but the Constitution of 1818 remained in operation until 1965. There was also a Constitution of 1955, but it merely
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The Connecticut Charter displaced the Fundamental Orders and became the governing authority for the colony. Its practical effect was minimal on the government, however, and Connecticut continued to operate much as it had under the Fundamental Orders. The Charter did incorporate a few noteworthy
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Connecticut was left with several options on how to restart its government. Some advocated direct ties to the crown with a royal government, while others lobbied for drafting a completely new charter, but Connecticut finally opted to return to the status quo. The government under the Charter was
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The legislative body was the General Court, which began as a one-house legislature that wielded supreme authority. The General Court split in 1698 and was renamed the General Assembly, although it continued to enjoy dominance over the executive and judiciary until 1818. After the 1698 split, the
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Governor Wolcott knew that the Toleration Party would soon have the votes to take a slim majority in the upper house, after the spring elections of 1818. He asked Episcopalian Rev. Harry Croswell to give the politically important Anniversary Election Sermon the next year. Croswell was a former
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attempted to claim military authority over Connecticut. John Winthrop's son Fitz John went as the emissary to England as his father had done more than 30 years earlier in 1661, and he was successful in his mission. The Attorney General and Solicitor General reported to the king that the charter
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was sent as an emissary to negotiate with the English government, and set sail for England on 23 July 1661. He proved successful in his mission, and the English attorney general approved a bill for incorporation of the Connecticut Charter. The document was returned to Connecticut after being
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Connecticut currently operates under the constitution passed in 1965. The primary purpose of the 1965 constitutional convention was reapportionment of the representatives in the lower legislative house. Assigning each town one or two representatives had resulted in grossly disproportional
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The English Parliament restored the monarchy in 1660, and King Charles II assumed the English throne. Connecticut had never been officially recognized as a colony by the English government, so the General Court determined that the independence of Connecticut must be legitimized. Governor
593:. Surprisingly, the method in which towns were assigned a number of representatives was left unchanged. Each town predating the constitution retained two representatives in the lower house regardless of population, with the exception of several newer towns which were granted one vote.
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of 1639, but with a strong single assembly. However, the colony elected its own governor and appointed its own judges, rather than having a royally appointed governor. It changed over the next 50 years into a bicameral legislature with a strong governor and a more independent judiciary.
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Initially, the position of governor was somewhat symbolic. The executive had no power of pardon and no ability to veto bills passed by the General Assembly. Under the Fundamental Orders, the maximum term for the governor was two years, and he could not succeed himself. For many years,
75:, the Connecticut legislative body (or General Court) began secret committee meetings to discuss drafting the orders in June 1638. The Council completed its efforts by the beginning of 1639, and the Fundamental Orders became the cornerstone of government in Connecticut soon after.
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changes. All colonists in Connecticut were given "all liberties and immunities" of the realm of England. The governor was granted the additional authority to convene a session of the General Court, while freemen were stripped of this ability. The colony's borders were to be
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in Connecticut. All white males who paid taxes or served in the militia were deemed eligible to vote. This eliminated the previous property requirements that had grown onerous, as more of the population moved to jobs in commerce or manufacturing rather than agriculture.
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outraged all Connecticut judges, most notably Chief Justice Zephaniah Swift, who spoke out for judicial independence in a pamphlet the following year. Establishment of an independent judiciary became one of the central rallying cries in support of a new constitution.
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General Assembly acted as the supreme authority. Connecticut did not adopt a true constitution until 1818. The current state constitution was implemented in 1965; it absorbed the majority of its 1818 predecessor and incorporated a handful of important modifications.
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in 1776. Connecticut became known as "the land of steady habits" for re-electing the same men over and over. Various wars also strengthened the position of the governor, who organized the militia. The governorship was an extremely important role during the
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Two years after the Connecticut Charter was granted, Charles II granted his brother, James-Duke of York, a Patent for a New York Colony. It extended from the Delaware River to the Connecticut River, thus creating a conflict with the Connecticut Charter.
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to death had subsequently been given refuge in New Haven, and Charles II may have been exacting revenge. After a brief dispute, New Haven decided to voluntarily join Connecticut in 1665. Today the city of New Haven still maintains Three Judges Cave on
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their ballots in favor of the constitution, with the resolution passing 13,918 to 12,364. The ultimate vote proved the importance of requiring only a simple majority's approval, for a sixty or eighty percent requirement would not have been met.
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and 12 elected assistants. The 12 assistants were not elected from particular jurisdictions, but represented the state as a whole. The Assembly varied in number up to 200 members, with each town sending one or two representatives.
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of 1638–39 which represent the framework for the first formal government written by a representative body in Connecticut. Connecticut's government has operated under the direction of five separate documents in its history. The
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the General Assembly still retained the power to reverse decisions of the court. It also resulted in the constant situation of a Superior Court judge sitting in review of a case over which he had presided at the trial level.
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had drafted state constitutions by 1786, but Connecticut elected to continue operation under the Charter. Connecticut forged ahead under this scheme of government until 1818, when the first true constitution was adopted.
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on the north, while its southwestern boundary was expanded to the "South Sea on the West", meaning the Pacific Ocean. Connecticut's borders never approached this limitation, but the Charter did place the separate
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Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates: Convened at Hartford, 26 August 1818, for the Purpose of Forming a Constitution of Civil Government for the People of the State of Connecticut,
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Despite this accomplishment, Andros briefly succeeded in forcing Connecticut to succumb to his rule, and the General Court of Connecticut declared itself dissolved, but Andros's reign ended after
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the room into darkness; when the lights were reignited, it had vanished. Joseph Wadsworth fled with the document and hid it in an oak tree on the Wyllys estate, and this tree became known as the
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The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were adopted on 14 January 1639, and the document has been referred to as the world's first written constitution. At the urging of influential preacher
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Even more significantly, the General Assembly also called for a constitutional convention that year. The most important ballot cast in the General Assembly was the vote on whether only a
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Perhaps the least influential branch of government under the Fundamental Orders was the judiciary. Until 1818, the legislative branch was the court of final resort in the state, holding
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would be required to approve whatever constitution was ultimately drafted. Many favored requiring anywhere from a sixty to eighty percent majority for adoption of a new government.
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General Assembly consisted of the houses of the Council and the Assembly. The council was the more powerful of the two houses, consisting of the governor and lieutenant governor
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The legislative branch also experienced a few changes. The council was renamed the Senate. By constitutional mandate, half the legislative sessions were to take place in
616:' right to worship, though these laws were largely ignored following large-scale Jewish and Catholic immigration in the last half of the 19th century. The reference to
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and the established Congregationalist Church. Connecticut was known as "the land of steady habits" for its custom of re-electing those in power until they died; the
413:, a famous landmark in Connecticut. The precise details of this account have never been confirmed, but it is certain that Andros never got his hands on the charter.
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York. 10 years later, James ascends the Throne with the death of his childless brother Charles II. James II creates a new colony by combining 7 colonies into the
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640:. Since that time Connecticut has undergone several constitutional crises and alterations, which have led the state to its present state of affairs today.
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returned with the Preamble and Bill of Rights. Their speed was not due to ingenuity. The draft was borrowed "almost verbatim" from the constitution that
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484:. In 1816, they held a convention and ran a slate of candidates. In 1817, they took control of the state Assembly (lower house), and elected
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essentially useless since any bill would have to pass both houses by a majority anyway. The General Assembly retained the authority to
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remained valid, and the king ratified it on 19 April 1694. This represented the end of serious challenges to Connecticut's autonomy.
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The General Assembly met just after the unusually short Anniversary Election Sermon was delivered and made a significant change to
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is known as "The Constitution State". The origin of this title is uncertain, but the nickname is assumed to be a reference to the
632:. In addition, the most recent constitution has provided a mechanism to convene future constitutional conventions if necessary.
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624:. The executive obtained a significant power under the new constitution. The governor still does not enjoy the privilege of
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judges under the new constitution. This was not changed until 1880, when nomination powers were transferred to the governor.
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450:". Even in independence, Connecticut wished to remain governed in accordance with King Charles' Charter. Eleven of the
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Federalist crusading journalist who had been sued for seditious libel by the Jefferson-party in New York in the famous
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from the earlier constitution was deleted. After 1965, the Supreme Court of Errors' title was changed to the
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veto, but any of his vetoes could be overruled by a simple majority vote from the Assembly. This made the
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case. He had entirely abandoned politics for religion; he was now the Rector of the large and influential
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The governance of Connecticut developed over the roughly 180 years from the ideas presented by Rev.
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676:, Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legislative Research, May 6, 2008. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
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Bishop, Cortlandt, History of Elections in the American Colonies, Columbia College, 1893, p. 153
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503:, the first state Constitution. Since then, an "Anniversary Election Sermon" was given at the
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The End of Theocracy in America: The Distinguishing Line of Harry Croswell's Election Sermon
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party had been organized in 1804, yet Connecticut remained one of the last holdouts of the
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officially sealed and registered, and was adopted by the General Court on 9 October 1662.
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incident, and the office of governor was made stronger as a result. There were only nine
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of Yale preached one in 1783 that lasted five hours and was 99 pages when printed.
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Congregationalist church combined with the Democratic-Republican party to form the
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took place in England in November 1688. He was deposed from power shortly after.
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Buck, Edward, Massachusetts Ecclesiastical Law, Gould and Lincoln, 1866, p. 45
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Horton, Wesley. The Connecticut State Constitution (Greenwood Press) (1993).
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154: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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THE HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN CONNECTICUT, HURD AND HOUGHTON,
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incorporated prior amendments into the main body of the constitution.
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due to its responsibility as commander-in-chief of the state militia.
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between 1635 and 1636. The first settlers founded three towns on the
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was the only other colony not to draft a constitution by this point.
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in 1638 to the Constitution of 1818. Connecticut's government had
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the General Court. Afterwards, he held the spot on the council.
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784:
A Sermon Preached at the Anniversary Election Hartford, May 14,
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as a tribute to the judges who hid from Charles II's agents.
892:"Constitution of 1818 & Black Suffrage: Rights For All?"
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at Hartford was governed by the Fundamental Orders, and the
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In 1639, a year after the founding of the state, the Rev.
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within its jurisdiction. Several judges who had sentenced
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1639, thought to be the earliest document of its kind in
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In 1816, Connecticut was entirely in the control of the
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with an average of 10 years in office from the time of
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From Revolution to Constitution, Connecticut 1763–1818
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party in America. Once Massachusetts passed the 1811
1031:
A Neglected Period of Connecticut's History 1818–1850
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A Year's Residence in the United States of America,
914:Connecticut Constitutional Convention, pp. 106-110
441:with the other colonies, especially since its own
303:Connecticut's claims according to the 1662 charter
47:The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony
854:Connecticut Constitutional Convention, pp. 12-13
60:
1059:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1003:"Connecticut Constitutional History 1636–1776"
984:"Connecticut Constitutional History 1776–1988"
61:Connecticut's foundation as a religious colony
905:Connecticut Constitutional Convention, p. 111
881:Connecticut Constitutional Convention, p. 112
845:Case, Lockwood & Brainard, printers, 1873
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655:
653:
8:
923:Connecticut Constitutional Convention, p. 79
696:The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
499:had given a sermon that formed the basis of
405:with a band of soldiers on 31 October 1687.
1042:, (Wesleyan University Press 1963) (11918).
437:The General Assembly formally approved the
433:Connecticut governance after the Revolution
949:"The Land of Steady Constitutional Habits"
890:Ganeshram, Ramin & Normen, Elizabeth
565:As a result of the new constitution, the
508:sometimes long-winded sermons; President
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
45:at New Haven had its own Constitution in
674:"Connecticut Constitutional Conventions"
841:Connecticut Constitutional Convention,
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1015:from the original on February 2, 2015.
996:from the original on January 19, 2015.
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120:Separation of powers from 1639 to 1818
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804:
730:
7:
1103:The Mississippi Constitution of 1817
1039:Connecticut in Transition: 1775–1818
934:"Wilton's history of historic trees"
820:Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 16
685:
152:adding citations to reliable sources
112:was separate at the time, and their
818:The Connecticut State Constitution,
721:London, J. M. Cobbett, 1822, p. 222
224:to take control as governor of the
1045:Roth, David M. and Freeman Meyer,
947:Hermes, Kathy (January 31, 2017).
220:In 1667, King James II sent Sir
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18:Connecticut Constitutional History
589:with the other half convening in
501:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
67:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
49:which was signed on 4 June 1639.
1133:Political history of Connecticut
1098:Connecticut Constitution of 1965
1093:Connecticut Constitution of 1818
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296:
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128:
274:The Connecticut Charter of 1662
139:needs additional citations for
1001:Cohn, Henry S. (August 1988).
1:
1128:Legal history of Connecticut
1033:(Octagon Books 1978) (1933).
751:Beardsley, E. Edward, Author
1118:Constitution of Connecticut
1086:September 28, 2007, at the
1081:Connecticut Charter of 1662
607:Constitution of Connecticut
524:Trinity Church on the Green
439:Declaration of Independence
289:Connecticut's royal charter
190:as defined by the original
78:Connecticut was founded by
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604:
381:Hiding the charter in the
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247:American Revolutionary War
64:
1123:Government of Connecticut
1008:Connecticut State Library
989:Connecticut State Library
622:Connecticut Supreme Court
1049:(The Pequot Press 1975).
492:as Lieutenant-governor.
459:The Constitution of 1818
84:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1053:Olsen, Neil C. (2013).
418:The Glorious Revolution
399:Dominion of New England
228:, provoking the famous
226:Dominion of New England
1138:Constitutional history
477:Religious Freedom Act,
254:appellate jurisdiction
1029:Morse, Jarvis Means.
567:Congregational Church
469:Democratic-Republican
367:Andros in Connecticut
234:Connecticut governors
114:Fundamental Agreement
100:Hartford, Connecticut
54:Charles II of England
1036:Purcell, Richard J.
953:Connecticut Explored
638:western civilization
601:Constitution of 1965
188:separation of powers
148:improve this article
816:Horton, Wesley, W.
773:Olsen 2013, p. 63
519:People v. Croswell
490:Jonathan Ingersoll
486:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
192:Fundamental Orders
39:Connecticut Colony
34:Fundamental Orders
1066:978-1-4783-6546-4
980:Horton, Wesley W.
782:Croswell, Harry,
452:Thirteen Colonies
426:Benjamin Fletcher
313:John Winthrop Jr.
242:Jonathan Trumbull
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137:This section
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146:Please help
141:verification
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96:Wethersfield
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51:
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28:
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662:Horton 1988
559:Mississippi
553:and state.
547:legislature
510:Ezra Stiles
411:Charter Oak
352:Charter Oak
267:Lung's Case
240:in 1689 to
230:Charter Oak
210:John Haynes
160:August 2016
30:Connecticut
1112:Categories
830:Olsen 2013
805:Olsen 2013
731:Olsen 2013
644:References
576:veto power
473:Federalist
201:ex officio
686:Cohn 1988
591:New Haven
528:New Haven
446:Crown of
340:West Rock
335:Charles I
82:from the
1084:Archived
1013:Archived
994:Archived
973:Articles
587:Hartford
580:nominate
403:Hartford
80:Puritans
545:of the
92:Windsor
1063:
626:pardon
98:, and
1021:Books
104:Jesus
1061:ISBN
614:Jews
212:and
526:in
383:oak
150:by
90:in
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898:^
652:^
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20:)
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