980:
1059:). These religious-based social movements had led the internal opposition to Japanese colonial rule in Korea and were very well organized in the northern areas of the Korean peninsula. One of these leaders was actually a first choice by the Soviets (over Kim Il Sung) to lead the newly minted North Korean state in 1945, but he turned down the invitation. Suppressing these non-communist parties led to numerous arrests and executions. And again, family members who remained in the north remained under suspicion.
1188:
179:
2168:
326:
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1078:. Yet in practice, the distribution of roles between the respective security agencies has apparently varied over time and between provinces, influenced by political priorities, available capacity, the relative power of senior officials, and the extent to which a particular agency enjoyed the trust of the supreme leader. In many cases, the three main security agencies—State Security Department,
1764:
1124:
77:
2043:
1858:
1546:
1110:. The number is down from 150,000–200,000 during the 1990s and early 2000s, due to releases, deaths, and also the near-abandonment of the family responsibility principle, where immediate family members of a convicted political criminal were also regarded as political criminals and imprisoned. The earliest estimates were from 1982, when the number was thought to be 105,000.
36:
1086:—competed to show their efficiency in identifying ideological opponents to gain favor with the leader. In relation to incidents or issues seen as major political threats, the leader or central-level decision-making organs required security agencies to coordinate their investigations. There are reports, for example, that semi-permanent structures were set up by secret order of
638:
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1211:
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the only faction Kim Il Sung desired: his loyal band of
Manchuria-based, communist, anti-Japanese partisans who became the enduring foundation of the present North Korean regime. Yet, there are no references in the documentation to a collectivization process or a systemic means of imprisoning accused “traitors” in dedicated camps.
1842:
Family members: The primary suspect in the family is firstly escorted to the prison camp, and the Bowibu officers later escort family members from their home to the encampment. Family members are usually allowed to bring their own goods with them into the camp; however, these are usually only used by
939:
often, but the split created enormous problems for Kim, who struggled to keep on good terms with both of them. To a large extent, he owed his career as well as his country's well-being to the Soviet Union and China, yet he was always wary of their dominant power. But the Sino-Soviet dispute also gave
1334:
are usually surrounded at their outer perimeters by barbed-wire fences punctuated with guard towers and patrolled by heavily armed guards. The encampments include self-contained, closed "village" compounds for single persons, usually the alleged wrongdoers, and other closed, fenced-in "villages" for
1070:
members and government ministers, were forced to undergo these purposefully humiliating displays of dedication to the Party. These were uniquely cruel, as some victims were ousted from their jobs while a smaller number of individuals even lost their lives. This 1950s wave of persecution finally left
2151:
camps: "Men, women and children in the camp face forced hard labor, inadequate food, beatings, totally inadequate medical care and unhygienic living conditions. Many fall ill while in prison, and a large number die in custody or soon after release." The organization demands the immediate closure of
1031:. Numerous purged police officials and disposed Korean landlords fled to the south, but their family members who remained in the north remained under suspicion, and many would end up imprisoned in the North Korean prison system. During the Korean War, North Koreans accused of collaboration with the
998:
produced an endless wave after wave of persecuted individuals, yet there is no coherent trail showing when the political and penal mechanisms developed to systematically accommodate them. The story of persecuted groups in North Korea begins with the country's origin following Japan's defeat in WWII
1322:
consist of a series of sprawling encampments measuring kilometers long and kilometers wide. The number of these encampments has varied over time. They are located mostly in the valleys between high mountains in the northern provinces of North Korea. There are between 5,000 and 50,000 prisoners per
1097:
Such a huge prison camp system – operating in secret and completely outside the law and the reach of the law, such as is the case in North Korea – risks becoming a dumping ground for all sorts of persons. It is widely suspected that the North Korean camps, then, became the sites for un-repatriated
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653:
902:
detailing the story of Ali Lameda, a
Venezuelan poet imprisoned in North Korea. He had been arrested in 1967, held for a year without trial, placed on house arrest, then incarcerated again for six years, a portion of his twenty-year sentence. It was the first-ever report on
1046:
While Kim attempted to fuse returning Korean exiles (mostly members of the
Chinese, Japanese, or Soviet Russian communist parties) into the Korean Workers Party, his plans for northern Korea were challenged by other Korean political parties affiliated with two religions:
1098:
South Korean prisoners of war from the Korean War, or for other South Korean and
Japanese citizens who have been abducted by North Korean security and police operatives over the course of the last thirty to forty years of the 20th century, and into the 21st century.
1964:
Areas of the encampments are zoned or designated accordingly for individuals or families of the wrong-doers or wrong-thinkers. Both individuals and families are further sub divided accordingly into either a "revolutionary processing zone" or "total control zone":
1989:) accommodates prisoners having the opportunity of future release from the camp back into society. Thus these prisoners are likely ideologically re-educated in so called "revolutionizing" areas of the camp – tasks include forced memorization of speeches by
1951:
fences usually demark camp boundaries apart from where terrain is impassable. Prisoners are housed within scattered villages usually at the base of valleys and mountains. Single inhabitants are sub grouped accordingly into an assigned communal
2153:
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and the liberation of the Korean peninsula. In the North, Kim Il Sung systematically purged his political opponents, creating a highly centralized system that accorded him unlimited power and generated a formidable
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has decided, in its mercy, not to kill, but to keep alive in order to repay the nation for their treachery, through forced labor for the rest of their lives. The emphasis of these camps is very much placed upon
633:
907:. Yet this international awareness did not indicate something new, for long before this report was compiled, individuals had been systematically imprisoned for political crimes in North Korea for decades.
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940:
Kim Il Sung ample space to maneuver between the two great powers of communism, each of which was forced to tolerate his independence for fear of pushing him decisively to the opposite camp.
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level food rations coupled with hard, forced labor results in a high level of deaths in detention not only as a result of working to death but also by rife disease caused by poor
2962:
691:
2136:, ordinary North Korean citizens are aware that the camps exist, if not the exact locations. Political prisoners are referred to as the "people who are sent to the mountains".
951:, hailed as the fundamental original Korean ideology, has been attributed to earlier Korean philosophers. In sum, the model for the prison camp system may have come from the
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650:
1682:'s speeches into wood signs and door entrances. Work teams are given stringent work quotas, and the failure to meet them means even further reduced food rations.
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600:
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was closed to convert the area into a villa for Kim Il Sung. Approximately 20,000 family prisoners were transferred to other political penal labor camps.
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of any prisoner but these may be supplemented by other foods found during labor such as weeds and animals. Each five-person work group has an
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Detainees are regularly told that they are traitors to the nation who have betrayed their leader and thus deserve execution, but whom the
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983:
Map of the location of political prison camps (kwanliso) and ordinary prison camps (kyohwaso) in North Korea. Map issued in 2014 by the
1074:
Today, the internment camps for people accused of political offenses or denounced as politically unreliable are reportedly run by the
967:, led by the Soviet Union, in the 1950s. Another possibility is that Kim's departure from Soviet doctrine indicated a shift closer to
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2918:– Report to emphasize the urgent need to respond to mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, torture and related international crimes
2905:
1710:, as does every prison camp "village". Survivors and commentators have compared the conditions of these camps to those operated in
1453:, was closed. Approximately 20,000 prisoners were relocated after fears that the camp was located too close to the Chinese border.
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2191:
1474:, South Hamgyong Province was closed in 1984, and approximately 30,000-40,000 prisoners were relocated to help develop a mine in
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1000:
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752:. They constitute one of three forms of political imprisonment in the country, the other two being what Washington DC based NGO
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Another round of purges occurred during the fallout after the attempt to overthrow Kim Il Sung in 1956. Here, the practice of “
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camps originally operating within North Korea, these later merged or were closed following the reallocation of prisoners.
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2614:
Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1997:
with specific emphasis placed on re-education of children. A revolutionary processing zone is thought to be operating in
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2638:
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1926:
1614:
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was closed in 2014 to create a model prison as part of a campaign to whitewash North Korea's human rights record.
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2002:
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1835:, detained in small cells and subjected to intense and prolonged interrogation, involving beatings and severe
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1495:, North Hamgyong Province was closed in 2012 and approximately 3,000 remaining prisoners were relocated to
947:, Kim is the sole originator of all policy, the original leader was not original in all of his ideas. Even
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2028:) presumably because these prisoners are not seen fit to be released and are deemed counter-revolutionary.
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and dormitories and families are usually placed into shack rooms and are required to feed themselves.
1003:. North Korea instituted a revolution that included genuinely popular reforms such as establishing an
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1894:
1734:. There have also been comparisons between the North Korean network of political prison camps to the
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353:
109:
2231:
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Durations of imprisonment are variable. However, many are condemned to labor for their whole life.
1015:. However, it also included a purge of Koreans in the police and government bureaucracies who had
17:
2657:
2173:
735:
2868:
Report of the
Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2592:
Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
923:. Immediately after the end of the Korean War (1953), North Korea and Kim Il Sung looked to the
1434:, North Hamgyong Province was also closed in 1989 because the camp was deemed too close to the
2847:
2506:
1485:, South Hamgyong Province was closed in 1990 to decrease the amount of political prison camps.
928:
2912:– Analysis of the phenomena of repression associated with North Korea's political labor camps
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2612:
1514:
964:
960:
413:
2500:
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2426:
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2268:
2009:
1970:
1378:
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1028:
724:
710:
2902:
2844:
Escape from Camp 14: One Man's
Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West
2590:
192:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1711:
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where individuals ultimately take responsibility for their own class's "wrongdoing".
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823:
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2618: page 226 (paragraph 749). 7 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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916:
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325:
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1506:, South Hamgyong Province was shut down in 1987 with all prisoners being released.
2596: page 12 (paragraph 61). 7 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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2152:
all other political prison camps in North Korea. The demand is supported by the
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1994:
1990:
1948:
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1703:
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761:
2916:
Christian
Solidarity Worldwide: North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act
2899:– Comprehensive analysis of various aspects of life in political prison camps
1953:
1727:
1707:
1651:. However, each camp is expected to operate in strict accordance with state
1446:
1417:
804:
2870:—detailed report, resources include maps and satellite photographs of camps
915:
From its inception, North Korea has maintained a complex relationship with
1499:. The camp was closed after the warden running it and an officer defected.
1027:
that expropriated the landholdings of absentee
Japanese landlords and the
2008:
There is no reported re-education of prisoners in "total control zones" (
1647:
agency and are therefore not specifically tied to the laws and courts of
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1392:
1008:
792:
400:
1836:
1695:
1482:
1471:
1350:
1233:
1052:
936:
408:
2814:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea
2340:
2337:
2287:
2154:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea
1106:
In 2013, there were between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners in
283:
268:
2201:
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959:
in the 1930s, which ironically might have come into North Korea as a
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927:
and China for both economic and military support. Prior to the great
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241:
1839:, after which they are dispatched to one of the prison labor camps.
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2278:
2196:
1735:
1699:
1653:
952:
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guards emphasize this point by reportedly carving excerpts from
1531:, North Pyongan Province was closed in 1990 for unknown reasons.
788:
784:
2944:
1066:” was introduced. People at all levels of the party, including
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and an indigenous syncretic faith known as “Eastern Learning” (
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1851:
1757:
1539:
1117:
837:
172:
70:
29:
2929:
2559:
1827:
statements suggest prisoners come to the camps in two ways:
810:
Estimates suggest that at the start of 2007, a total of six
2930:"North Korea's Largest Concentration Camps on Google Earth"
2874:
Amnesty International: North Korea: Political Prison Camps
2060:
1875:
1563:
814:
camps were operating within the country. Despite fourteen
783:
typically include work in mines (known examples including
2748:
North Korea isn't Nazi Germany — in some ways, it's worse
2729:"The Invisible Holocaust: North Korea's Horrible Mimicry"
2704:"North Korean Prison Camps Are 'Like Hitler's Auschwitz'"
1730:
calling the DPRK's network of political prison camps the
297:
2924:- Explore North Korean prison camps with interactive map
2232:"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps"
2064:
1879:
1567:
2628:"1. History of Political Prison Camps (p. 61 - 428)".
2876:- Document on conditions in North Korean prison camps
2156:, a coalition of over 40 human rights organizations.
2361:
2351:
2307:
2297:
2147:
summarizes the human rights situation North Korea's
2023:
1984:
3051:
2982:
2780:"End horror of North Korean political prison camps"
291:
277:
256:
240:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2502:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
1338:The following lists former or currently operating
2505:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 172.
1831:Individuals are likely taken and escorted by the
985:Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the DPRK
2531:"The Surprising News From North Korea's Prisons"
826:, an American college student, was jailed in a
2922:Washington Post: North Koreas Hard Labor Camps
2604:
2602:
2524:
2522:
1746:, with many Western media outlets describing "
1055:), later called “Church of the Heavenly Way” (
2956:
2888:Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
2881:"Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today"
2240:The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
822:gained yet more international attention when
799:duties. Furthermore, camps contain state run
760:/forced-labor centers" and "long-term prison
685:
8:
2762:"The North Korean Holocaust. Yes. Holocaust"
2582:
2580:
2486:Everyday Life in The North Korean Revolution
2335:
2325:
2282:
2272:
2069:introducing citations to additional sources
2013:
1974:
1884:introducing citations to additional sources
1572:introducing citations to additional sources
714:
263:
247:
2903:Freedom House: Concentrations of inhumanity
2631:Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today
1792:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1524:'s Hwachŏn-dong was closed in January 1991.
1152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2963:
2949:
2941:
2225:
2223:
2221:
1843:prisoners as bribing commodities later on.
1335:the extended families of the wrongdoers.
898:In January 1979, a report was released by
894:Historical emergence and conceptualization
692:
678:
306:
1812:Learn how and when to remove this message
1172:Learn how and when to remove this message
881:Learn how and when to remove this message
754:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2059:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1874:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1562:Relevant discussion may be found on the
978:
929:split between the Soviet Union and China
2217:
611:Korean War POWs detained in North Korea
314:
2790:from the original on December 25, 2011
2665:
2655:
830:and died very shortly after release.
228:
2768:from the original on August 25, 2016.
2716:from the original on August 16, 2016.
2554:
2552:
2407:from the original on October 30, 2012
1969:The "revolutionary processing zone" (
975:Development of the prison camp system
931:in the early 1960s, Kim visited both
723:
7:
2735:from the original on August 8, 2016.
2479:
2477:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1790:adding citations to reliable sources
1438:. The prisoners were transferred to
1150:adding citations to reliable sources
795:), tree felling, timber cutting, or
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2820:from the original on April 26, 2012
2691:from the original on April 3, 2016.
2609:United Nations Human Rights Council
2587:United Nations Human Rights Council
2529:Lankov, Andrei (October 13, 2014).
2312:, literally "place(s) of gathering"
2250:from the original on March 13, 2015
1445:At the end of 1990, Camp No. 13 in
989:United Nations Human Rights Council
606:Abductions of South Korean citizens
3171:Concentration camps in North Korea
2683:Sichel, Jared (January 23, 2014).
853:tone or style may not reflect the
27:Concentration camps in North Korea
25:
18:Concentration camps in North Korea
45:This article has multiple issues.
3042:
2207:Penal labor in the United States
2192:Forced labor in the Soviet Union
2166:
2052:relies largely or entirely on a
2041:
1867:relies largely or entirely on a
1856:
1762:
1555:relies largely or entirely on a
1544:
1289:
1273:
1257:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1122:
1029:native Korean landed aristocracy
863:guide to writing better articles
842:
409:Songbun (ascribed social status)
324:
177:
75:
34:
2727:Hearn, Patrick (May 24, 2016).
2637:. July 15, 2011. Archived from
1274:
1258:
911:Stalinist and Maoist influences
601:Abductions of Japanese citizens
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2389:"Concentrations of Inhumanity"
2336:
2326:
2283:
2273:
2014:
1975:
1242:
1021:Japanese colonization of Korea
715:
385:Kwanliso (concentration camps)
264:
248:
1:
2928:Stanton, Joshua (July 2017).
1290:
1080:Ministry of People's Security
510:Re-education camps (Kyohwaso)
2810:"ICNK Letter To Kim Jong Il"
2468:North Korea: Another Country
1999:Pukch'ang concentration camp
1750:" as "North Korea's Gulag".
664:List of human rights reports
659:Balloon propaganda campaigns
453:Political prisons (Kwanliso)
3181:Penal system in North Korea
2611: Session 25
2589: Session 25
2533:. Bloomberg. Archived from
2362:
2352:
2308:
2298:
2182:Human rights in North Korea
2024:
2005:in South Hamgyong Province.
1985:
1412:closures are listed below:
905:human rights in North Korea
341:Human rights in North Korea
317:Human rights in North Korea
298:
284:
3197:
2908:September 8, 2011, at the
2760:Judith Apter Klinghoffer.
2685:"Holocaust in North Korea"
1011:, and positing the formal
491:Sunghori (No. 26 - closed)
481:Hoeryong (No. 22 - closed)
3040:
2366:, literally "place(s) of
1833:State Security Department
1672:collective responsibility
1641:State Security Department
1084:Military Security Command
1076:State Security Department
756:described as "short-term
654:United Nations COI Report
573:Tanchon (No. 77 - closed)
439:Persecution of Christians
401:Kippumjo (Pleasure Squad)
231:
186:This article needs to be
2451:Oberdorfer, Don (1997).
2003:Yodŏk concentration camp
1416:In 1989, Camp No. 11 in
1330:As typical for prisons,
1313:locations in North Korea
496:Onsong (No. 12 - closed)
2842:Harden, Blaine (2012).
2499:Cha, Victor D. (2013).
1754:Internment of prisoners
1465:South Hamgyong Province
1422:North Hamgyong Province
1049:Protestant Christianity
945:North Korean propaganda
834:Origins and development
772:offenses respectively.
646:South Korea Law of 2016
623:International reactions
466:Yodok (No. 15 - closed)
2984:Political prison camps
2702:Agence France Presse.
2187:Prisons in North Korea
2134:North Korean defectors
1960:Zoning of prison camps
1732:North Korean Holocaust
1702:rations are the usual
1043:were also imprisoned.
1041:United Nations Command
992:
651:UNGA Resolution 62/167
2784:Amnesty International
2145:Amnesty International
1536:Legislative structure
1090:and maintained under
1013:equality of the sexes
982:
900:Amnesty International
725:[kwa̠ʎʎisʰo̞]
721:Korean pronunciation:
568:Oro (No. 22 - closed)
434:Human experimentation
2897:on October 19, 2013.
2816:. October 13, 2011.
2065:improve this article
2025:wanjŏn t'ongje kuyŏk
1880:improve this article
1786:improve this section
1736:penal labor colonies
1661:Operating principles
1568:improve this article
1307:class=notpageimage|
1146:improve this section
996:North Korean history
634:Japanese Law of 2006
279:Revised Romanization
95:improve this article
2644:on October 19, 2013
2616: A/HRC/25/CRP.1
1986:hyŏngmyŏnghwa kuyŏk
1517:was closed in 1990.
1025:land reform program
1005:eight-hour work day
1001:cult of personality
943:While according to
595:Abductions and POWs
367:Freedom of religion
335:Human rights abuses
310:Part of a series on
2174:North Korea portal
2140:Demand for closure
1686:Working conditions
1489:Prison camp No. 22
1428:Prison camp No. 12
1389:Prison camp No. 25
1375:Prison camp No. 18
1361:Prison camp No. 16
1347:Prison camp No. 14
993:
963:against a wave of
3158:
3157:
3053:Reeducation camps
2853:978-0-670-02332-5
2537:on August 3, 2017
2512:978-0-06-199850-8
2466:Cummings, Bruce.
2130:
2129:
2115:
1947:Guard towers and
1945:
1944:
1930:
1848:Encampment outlay
1822:
1821:
1814:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1182:
1181:
1174:
891:
890:
883:
857:used on Knowledge
855:encyclopedic tone
702:
701:
563:Chongori (No. 12)
558:Chungsan (No. 11)
486:Chongjin (No. 25)
476:Pukchang (No. 18)
418:Human trafficking
305:
304:
293:McCune–Reischauer
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3188:
3046:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2898:
2896:
2890:. Archived from
2885:
2857:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2709:Business Insider
2699:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2606:
2597:
2594: A/HRC/25/63
2584:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:freedomhouse.org
2556:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2496:
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2481:
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2456:
2448:
2442:
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2439:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2355:
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2313:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2227:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2073:
2045:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2016:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1888:
1860:
1852:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1766:
1758:
1643:, North Korea's
1628:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1576:
1548:
1540:
1515:Chagang Province
1418:Kyŏngsŏng County
1293:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1126:
1118:
965:de-Stalinization
886:
879:
875:
872:
866:
865:for suggestions.
861:See Knowledge's
846:
845:
838:
734:is the term for
727:
722:
718:
717:
694:
687:
680:
642:
629:U.S. Law of 2004
548:Ryongdam (No. 8)
533:Kangdong (No. 4)
511:
471:Hwasong (No. 16)
461:Kaechon (No. 14)
454:
328:
318:
307:
301:
287:
272:
271:
251:
250:
229:
220:
213:
202:
199:
193:
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159:
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152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3047:
3038:
2978:
2969:
2927:
2910:Wayback Machine
2894:
2883:
2879:
2864:
2854:
2841:
2838:
2836:Further reading
2833:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2786:. May 4, 2011.
2778:
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2773:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2726:
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2721:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2560:"Freedom House"
2558:
2557:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2431:www.amnesty.org
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2320:
2316:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2142:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2074:
2072:
2058:
2046:
2035:
1962:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1861:
1850:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1783:
1767:
1756:
1688:
1663:
1639:are run by the
1629:
1623:
1620:
1577:
1575:
1561:
1549:
1538:
1527:Camp No. 27 at
1520:Camp No. 26 in
1509:Camp No. 24 in
1502:Camp No. 23 in
1481:Camp No. 19 in
1470:Camp No. 17 in
1406:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1143:
1127:
1116:
1104:
1023:and a sweeping
977:
955:established by
913:
896:
887:
876:
870:
867:
860:
851:This section's
847:
843:
836:
807:manufacturing.
720:
698:
669:
668:
636:
624:
616:
615:
596:
588:
587:
578:Wonsan (No. 88)
553:Hamhung (No. 9)
543:Kanggye (No. 7)
538:Sariwon (No. 6)
528:Sinuiju (No. 3)
523:Tongrim (No. 2)
518:Kaechon (No. 1)
513:
509:
501:
500:
456:
452:
444:
443:
405:
389:
358:
336:
316:
273:
252:
221:
210:
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182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
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3173:
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3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3105:
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3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2934:One Free Korea
2925:
2919:
2913:
2900:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2862:External links
2860:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2801:
2771:
2752:
2746:Weber, Peter,
2738:
2719:
2694:
2675:
2620:
2598:
2576:
2548:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2473:
2458:
2453:The Two Koreas
2443:
2418:
2372:
2314:
2261:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2158:
2141:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2063:. Please help
2049:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2006:
1961:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1878:. Please help
1864:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1820:
1819:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1716:Eastern Europe
1687:
1684:
1667:Workers' Party
1662:
1659:
1631:
1630:
1566:. Please help
1552:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1500:
1486:
1479:
1472:Toksong County
1468:
1454:
1443:
1436:Chinese border
1425:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:North Hamgyong
1386:
1372:
1369:North Hamgyong
1358:
1318:North Korea's
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:
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1216:
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1199:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:Camp locations
1112:
1103:
1100:
1064:self-criticism
976:
973:
912:
909:
895:
892:
889:
888:
850:
848:
841:
835:
832:
779:duties within
743:rehabilitation
700:
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478:
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238:
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223:
222:
205:
204:
185:
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176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
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3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
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3100:
3097:
3094:
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3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
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3045:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2659:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2411:September 21,
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:Freedom House
2390:
2387:Hawk, David.
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2254:September 21,
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:Hawk, David.
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2132:According to
2124:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082: –
2081:
2077:
2076:Find sources:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2054:single source
2050:This section
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897: –
1896:
1892:
1891:Find sources:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1869:single source
1865:This section
1863:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:This section
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:Joseph Stalin
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:secret police
1642:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585: –
1584:
1580:
1579:Find sources:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1557:single source
1553:This section
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:Onsŏng County
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Onsŏng County
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1404:Camp closures
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:South Pyongan
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:South Pyongan
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1203:
1189:
1176:
1173:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:This section
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:United States
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
990:
986:
981:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Joseph Stalin
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
901:
893:
885:
882:
874:
864:
858:
856:
849:
840:
839:
833:
831:
829:
825:
824:Otto Warmbier
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
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737:
733:
732:
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712:
708:
707:
695:
690:
688:
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681:
676:
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672:
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609:
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602:
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467:
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448:
447:
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435:
432:
430:
427:
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308:
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296:
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2824:November 28,
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1497:Camp No. 16
1476:Camp No. 18
1457:Camp No. 15
1440:Camp No. 22
1092:Kim Jong Un
1088:Kim Jong Il
1037:South Korea
871:August 2019
766:misdemeanor
762:labor camps
750:North Korea
739:penal labor
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3165:Categories
2846:. Viking.
2427:"Document"
2309:chipkyŏlso
2299:jipgyeolso
2213:References
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2080:"Kwalliso"
1954:cafeterias
1906:newspapers
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372:Disability
362:Corruption
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121:newspapers
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2658:cite book
2121:July 2023
2061:talk page
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1936:July 2023
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1802:July 2023
1773:does not
1728:Holocaust
1708:informant
1624:July 2023
1564:talk page
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1399:province.
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1637:kwalliso
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816:kwalliso
812:kwalliso
793:iron ore
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